Flammability Composition

Diagram
In chapter 4, we saw that when measuring oxygen content we
use the instrument "Servomex OA-262". For measuring
hydrocarbon gases in percent of volume the instrument, we use
the "Riken 17HC", and an explosimeter, "Riken GP-204" is used
for measuring combustible gas below LEL in air. Finally, the
"Drager Multi Gas Detector" is used for measuring low
concentrations of toxic gas.

When an inert gas, typically flue gas, is added to a hydrocarbon

gas/air mixture, the result increases the lower flammability limit
hydrocarbon concentration in order to decrease the upper
flammability limit concentration.

The effects illustrated on the following two diagrams, one for

crude oil and one for propane gas, should only be regarded as a
guide to the principles involved, and should not be used for
deciding acceptable gas compositions.

Every point on the diagram represents a hydrocarbon

gas/air/inert gas mixture, specified in terms of its hydrocarbon
and oxygen contents.

The first flammability diagram is for hydrocarbon gas above

crude oil where the UEL is 11% and the LEL is 1,5%. The left
side of the diagram (vertical) gives the hydrocarbon gas value.
The bottom line of the diagram (horizontal) represents the
oxygen content from 0% to 21%. Note that 21% oxygen
represents 100% clean air and, as mentioned before, 10,8% by
volume of oxygen is the minimum oxygen content present in a
mixture's ignition.

Also when measuring 21% oxygen, the atmosphere contains

100% clean air, so the ratio will be close to one to five. For
example when measuring the oxygen content at 20,5%, 0,5%
oxygen is still missing in the atmosphere in order to call it clean
air. When multiplying 0,5% with 5, the result will be 2,5%, and
the amount of clean air in the atmosphere will be (100-2,5)=
97,5%. The missing 2,5% from the clean air contain unknown gas
concentrations. So, proper tank venting is extremely important.
The following example is based on a cargo of crude oil. During
discharging the cargo tanks where refilled with inert gas. The
quality of the supplied inert gas was in accordance to the
regulations in force. After discharging is completed the tank
atmosphere contains a mixture of inert gas and "cargo gas".
During the ballast voyage, the arrival ballast tanks are cleaned.
Water washing takes place in an inerted atmosphere and before
any tanks are vented with air, they have to be re-inerted, in order
to avoid entering the flammable zone.

Follow example "1" on the this page:

After water washing is completed the measurements in

point "A" give the following values: HC=15%, O2=3%. These
values are plotted on the diagram and give the point "A".

Point "B" represents 21% oxygen and 0% HC.

From point "B" a line is drawn against the left side of the
diagram by keeping sufficient clearance from the flammable
zone. The inert gas that is supplied contains an O2 of 4,5%.

Point "C" on the diagram is the point, which the re-inerting

is heading toward. All measurements will follow a straight
line from point "A" to point "C".

Where the line from point "A" crosses the line from point
"B" the following measurements are found: HC= 2,6% and
O2= 4,2%, point "D".

In point "D" we stop the inerting and start venting with air.
All measurements taken from now on will follow a straight
line from point "D" toward point "B".

If we had started to vent with air at point "A", all the

measurements taken would have followed a straight line
from point "A" tofward point "B", through the flammable
zone involving a great deal of danger. Avoid all contact
with the flammable zone!

At point "D" there it is still too early to use the explosimeter,

because the content of hydrocarbon gas is above LEL.
Continue to use the instrument, which measures
hydrocarbon gas by volume until the HC-gas content is
below 1,5% by volume. This is the LEL value in this
example. Also, to repeat, the hydrocarbon concentration of
1,5% by volume corresponds to 100% LEL.

In point "E", the measurements are HC= 1% and O2=

15,3%. The hydrocarbon gas concentrations are now below
LEL and the explosimeter can be used. It is also possible to
calculate the explosimeter reading ahead of the measuring
by using the formula where measured HC gas is multiplied
by 100 and divided by LEL. In our example, the
explosimeter in point "E" will show (1 x 100): 1,5 = 66,67%
of LEL.

After sufficient venting the measuring in point "B" will be

HC= 0% and O2= 21%. The tank is ready to enter.

After inspection/repairing, the tank(s) must be re-inerted

before arrival at loading port in order to achieve the
required tank atmosphere according to the regulations in
force.

Example "2"

The above example is based on propane cargo. In the

example, nitrogen and air are used for tank purging
and air venting. Follow the diagram for propane.

After some time purging with nitrogen, a measurement

is taken at point "A": HC= 12% and O2= 0%.

Just like in example "1", a line is drawn from point "B"

toward point "C" on the left side of the diagram by
keeping sufficient clearance from the flammable zone.
Continue to purge with nitrogen until reaching point
"C" where the measurements are HC= 3,75% and O2=
0%.

Stop purging with nitrogen at point "C". Start dilution

with air. All measurements will now follow the straight
line toward point "B".
 Take a measurement at point "D" which is HC= 2,4%
and 02= 8%. When the LEL for propane is 2,1% by
volume, it is too early to use the explosimeter.

At point "E", the measurements are HC= 1% and 02=

15,25%. The explosimeter will in point "E" show
(1x100) : 2,1 = 48% of LEL.

After sufficient dilution, point "B" end up with

measurements of HC= 0% and 02= 21%.

After inspection/repairing etc., the tank must be

treated according to routines and regulations.

Gas Indicators
Sampling lines and
pumps
It is very important to realise that the quality of the sampling
hose has influence on the measuring result, and that correct use
and maintenance are important. If the hose is not properly
chosen, it is likely that a poor quality hose will absorb
hydrocarbon gases.

Make sure that the quality of hoses, being used on your ship, is
approved. Examples of hoses which have proved acceptable:

1. Teflon inner hose, neoprene outer hose. This hose's inside diameter is
3mm, which corresponds to an inner volume of about 7cm 3 per meter length.

2. "Tanol" (Trade mark of MSA). This hose is marked: "Tanol" - synthetic

rubber sampling line, low solvent absorption, anti-static. Note: In an
enclosed container use adequate electrical bonding. The inside diameter is
5mm corresponding to an inner volume of about 20cm3 per meter length.

When ordering a measuring hose make sure you are getting an

approved one. Always ask the deliverer for a certificate, which
shows the authorisation. It is very important to use a high quality
hose for the safety of the crew and the vessel.

Pumps
The hand pumps used are often in a rubber form with a volume of
40cm3 or more. When using long hoses, it is important to know
the number of pump strokes from the sampling point that are
necessary for the gas to reach the instrument. The number of
strokes depends on the hose length, as well as, the inside
diameter of the hose.

The number of strokes may vary from 6 to 15 for a hose length of

30 metres, depending on the inner diameter. The numbers
mentioned are based on a pump volume of 40cm3. Some types of
instruments are fitted with built-in pumps. Follow the user
instruction for such a pump.

Cleaning of hose
If the sampling hose gets dirtied with oil on the outside,
immediately clean it with a dry cotton rag. If the hose is dipped
by accident in oil and oil is drawn into the hose, discard the hose
because it is very hard to clean it.
Always follow this rule: Each gas measuring instrument has its
own hose only for using with the specific instrument. Do not mix
hoses with hoses, which belong to another instrument.

Leakage, plugging, contamination

Always check the hose, instruments and pumps before use, in
order to detect any leakage, plugging or contamination. Follow
the procedure check for the instrument being used.

Place a finger on the

hose opening and
check that the hand
pump remains
squeezed together for
about 1 minute. If
there is a built-in
pump, the flow
indicator gives an
alarm. See the
illustration to your
right.
Carry out
measurements with
and without the
sampling hose to check
that the hose does not
influence the
measurement by
absorbing or releasing
gases. For this purpose
use clean air and a
calibration gas,
depending on the type
of gas measuring
instrument being
checked.
Also carry out a
leakage test on the
instrument, and if
applicable, on a drop
catcher or other
optional equipment
that has been fitted.
See the illustration to
your right.
Maintenance
Make it a rule to always purge the hose by pumping clean air
through it after use. And blow the measuring hoses with
compressed air from time to time to remove water droplets and
dust. As the analysers are of vital importance, they must be
carefully maintained and tested strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer instructions.

Filters
Normally used in hydrocarbon gas meters are cotton filament
type filters, catalytic or non-catalytic. Additional filters are not
normally needed. In extremely moist or wet conditions, for
example during tank washing, excessive water can be removed
from the gas sample using materials that retain water, but do not
affect the hydrocarbons.

Materials for this purpose are granular calcium chloride or

sulphate. If required, soda asbestos will selectively retain
hydrogen sulphide without affecting the hydrocarbons. However,
it also retains carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide and must not
be used in tanks, which are inerted with scrubbed flue gas.

The use of water retaining filters is essential when using an

oxygen analyser, especially the analysers based on the
paramagnetic principle. This is because the presence of water
vapours in the sample can damage the measuring cell. Use only
manufacture recommended filters.

Calibration gas
Always have the appropriate calibration gas for the instruments
on board. This calibration gas has to be the right type and the
availability has to be good. Also, knowledge how to use the
different types of calibration gas must be properly understood.
Always follow the manufacture's recommendation when ordering
calibration gas. Also demand a certificate on the ordered
calibration gas to be sure that you are receiving a gas of high
quality.

Explosimeters use a mixture of hydrocarbon gas and air,

approximately 50% LEL or lower, as a calibration gas. (It is
important to have a certificate on the specified hydrocarbon gas,
showing the exact percent of LEL).

Various types of hydrocarbon gas measuring instruments may

have different requirements of calibration gas. Make sure you
have the right one on your vessel.

Oxygen analysers used at low concentrations usually use nitrogen

as the calibration gas in order to get a zero adjustment and dry
air is used for the 21% O2 by volume adjustment.

Attention
Those using the measuring instruments on board must have
sufficient knowledge about the instrument, and all such
instruments must have the operating instructions attached to the
instrument. Also keep a log for each instrument, where records
are made of the calibration performed, replacement of parts or
other repairs, faults and irregularities. Always have additional
spare parts in supply, which may have to be replaced from time
to time.

If the instrument not is in use for a long period of time, remove

the batteries; even the leak proof ones.

"Warning" - For the sake of safety, all instruments must be

operated and serviced by qualified personnel only. Read and
make sure you fully understand the instruction book before using
or servicing the instrument.

Volume %
hydrocarbon gas
measuring
instruments
We are going to discuss various principles for the measurement
of hydrocarbon gases given off by crude oil.

In order to measure hydrocarbon gases in a mixture with other

gases, for example inert gas, an instrument is used, which
measures the absorption of infrared light. Such infrared
absorption instruments are found both as laboratory instruments
and as instruments for fixed installations on board ships.

In the early 1970's, when trying to find portable gas measuring

instruments for the determination of % by volume HC in a tank
atmosphere, there were few commercial instruments, which
appeared suitable. An interferometer was modified and the Riken
Interferometer Type 17HC, with the measuring ranges 0-5% by
volume and 0-30% by volume HC, was developed in collaboration
with Riken Keiki Fine Instrument Co., Japan. At this time, only a
few ships had an inert gas system on board. The instrument was
used for measuring hydrocarbon concentrations in air, which
were higher than the lower explosive limit, to check for freeing
gas with air before tank washing in a "too lean" atmosphere.
Later on, the instrument also came to be used for the
measurement of hydrocarbon gas concentration in an inerted
atmosphere.

Riken portable <<hydrocarbon>> indicator  Model 17HC

Operating Principles
This instrument measures volume by percent of hydrocarbon
gases above crude oil using an optical registration at the speed of
light, which passes through the air and gas/air mixture
respectively. The gas in question is sucked into two chambers
that are placed in sequence and equipped with glass end walls
enabling the light to pass through. The volume percentage is
registered on a double scale that is graduated 0-5 and 0-30 and is
read through an adjustable lens.
With Riken 17HC one can measure concentrations of
hydrocarbon gases by utilising the difference between the speed
of light through air and the gas. The difference increases with
increasing hydrocarbon gas concentration.

The refractive index for a gas is an expression of the ratio

between the speed of light in vacuum and in the gas. The speed
in the gas will depend on pressure and temperature. The
refractive index is normally quoted at a pressure of 1 atmosphere
and either 00C or 200C.

Compared with the refractive index for the various hydrocarbon

gases, the hydrocarbon mixture index used by Riken is closest to
butane.

The instrument is tested for working within a temperature range

of +1130F (450C) to -220F (-300C). Hotter gases should be cooled
down to come within this range.

The interferometer was originally chosen to determine

hydrocarbon gases in air. The conditions become more
complicated if the interferometer is used for measuring
hydrocarbon gases in inert gas. There will be a difference
between the zero adjusts for air without hydrocarbon gas and
inert gas without hydrocarbon gas.

Oxygen and nitrogen have rather similar refractive indexes, but

there will be a positive deviation in relation to air when the
oxygen content decreases from 21% by volume. If the oxygen
content is reduced from 21% by volume to 5% by volume, the
reading on the interferometer increases from 0% by volume HC
to 0,5% by volume HC.

Carbon dioxide has a higher refractive index than air, so the

reading on the interferometer for 1% by volume CO2 is
approximately 0,15. Inert gas, which contains close to 14% by
volume CO2 and approximately 5% by volume O2, will therefor
give a reading on the interferometer of 2,5. (Approximately 2,0 is
due to carbon dioxide and about 0,5 is due to low oxygen
content). When the interferometer is used for measuring
hydrocarbon gas in inert gas, a correction is therefor necessary
for the difference between zero setting in clean air and zero
setting in inert gas.
Previously a method was used whereby carbon dioxide was
removed from the gas mixture before the introduction to the
interferometer. The gas mixture was passed through a tube filled
with soda lime, as an absorption material. Experience has shown
that the absorbent often is not very efficient, so that
measurements with the interferometer have given too high
values. It is therefor recommended to correct for the difference
between zero setting in clean air and in inert gas by using a
method, which does not include the use of the external filter.
Inert gas contains 12-14% CO2. To remove such a large
concentration by means of the external filter has proved difficult.
Instead of using the filter the measurement is read directly and
the values read are reduced by 2,5%. If there is a risk of sucking
in water vapour/condensate, one can use a moisture collector
(which usually accompanies the instrument) and install it
between the suction hose and the instrument.

When measuring hydrocarbon gases in an inerted tank

atmosphere with an interferometer without the soda lime, the
reading must be corrected by subtracting 2,5 from the values
 
read. For example, the correct value will be 2,5% by volume HC
for a reading of 5,0.

Optical diagram
 
How to use
Function of parts:

1. Inlet port to which the sampling tube is connected.

2. Outlet port to which the aspirator tube is connected.

3. Push button switch to illuminate the scale.

4. Screw off cover to protect zero setting from any disturbance in handling
the instrument during tests.

5. Zero adjusting knob for setting interference fringe to zero position in fresh
air.

6. Cock to change the sampling route either HIGH RANGE or LOW

RANGE.

7. Eyepiece lens and protecting push on cover (on chain) to the right. The
lens can be focused for personal vision by turning in either direction.

8. Aspirator bulb.
 9. Screw on covers, replaceable moisture absorbent cartridge and single cell
flashlight battery.

10. Cover for electric bulb for the light source.

Preparation:

1. a) Secure auxiliary filter in leather strap. Connect rubber tube to gas inlet
port (1) through auxiliary filter.

2. b) Connect rubber aspirator to gas outlet port (2).

3. c) Place cock (6) in position 5 and squeeze aspirator (8) at least five times
in fresh air to clean gas chamber.

4. d) Press the switch (3) and observe interference fringe through eyepiece.

5. e) Remove protective cover (4) of zero setting knob (5). Adjust the right
one of two black lines, just on the zero position of scale, by rotating the zero
setting knob.

6. f) Put the cover back on, in order to protect the knob from any accidental
movement.

Reading:

1. Suck the gas to be examined into instrument by squeezing aspirator about

5 times or more if extension tube is used.

2. Press the switch and examine amount of shift of marked black line
through eyepiece, which gives percentage of gas on 0 - 5% scale.

3. If the marked black line or fringe is beyond scale, gas concentration is

higher than 5%. In such case, change cock position to 0 - 30% scale.

4. Suck clean air into instrument by squeezing aspirator 3 to 5 times.

5. Press the switch and examine amount of shift of marked black line
through eyepiece, which gives percentage of gas on scale 0 - 30%.

After reading:

Place cock position to 5 and clean gas chamber with fresh air.

 
Before
setting zero

Two dark
stripes may
appear over
any part of
the scale

 
Ready for
use

RIGHT
hand edge
of the Index
Stripe
touches zero
line
 
Gas
reading

RIGHT
hand edge
of the Index
Stripe has
moved to
1,7%, Low
range scale-
(10% on
High range
scale).

Taking readings:

In gaseous atmosphere draw in test sample by squeezing bulb at

least 4 times for each meter of sampling hose in [Link] the
switch (3) and observe new position on scale of RIGHT HAND
EDGE of INDEX STRIPE.

The reading indicates the percentages of hydrocarbon gas.

Repeat for further gas tests.
Percent LEL
measuring
instruments &
explosimeters
Most types of instruments giving concentration of flammable gas
in air in %LEL use catalytic combustion as the measuring
principle. Such instruments are usually called explosimeters.

A catalyst is a substance, which helps a chemical reaction to take

place. Explosimeters normally use platinum metal or platinum
alloyed with other metals as a catalyst. To make the reaction take
place, the catalyst has to be heated to a high temperature.

Certain types of explosimeters use a platinum wire as a catalyst

and the reaction between flammable gas and the oxygen in the
air takes place on the surface of the metallic wire. The
temperature of the wire may then be 10000C. Other types of
explosimeters have a coating on the outside of a heated metal
wire, and it is the coating which catalyses the reaction. The
reaction takes place somewhat easier on this coating, and a
temperature of 5000C may be sufficient. The part of the
instrument where the reaction takes place is normally called a
sensor or detector.

The flammable gas to be measured

is burned on the surface and the
heat generated results in a
temperature increase. The electrical
resistance of the metallic wire
increases with the temperature. The
change in resistance is proportional
to the increasing temperature and
to the concentration of flammable
gas in the air. This applies only to a
lean mixture below the lower
explosive limit.
The instruments are usually designed in such away that they first
have to be adjusted to zero with clean air. Then the atmosphere
that should be measured is sucked into the instrument where the
sensor is located and a reading is made. Finally, clean air is
sucked in again and the zero setting checked. Some types of
instruments are intended for monitoring and are designed so that
the sensor is located at the spot where the measurement is to be
performed

Explosimeters are calibrated with a certain gas, for example

butane. It should be marked on the instrument, which gas is used
for calibration gas. To some extent the explosimeter will also be
suitable for measurement of other flammable gases, and many
manufactures of instruments quote the correction factors for
various gases other than the calibration gas. The most frequently
used calibration gases for commercial explosimeters are
methane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane or nonane. For ships
carrying crude oils, it is recommended to use butane in air or
alternatively propane in air.

Theoretical calculations of the sensitivity of an explosimeter for

various flammable gases show that the reading for 100% LEL of
the gas mixture is proportional to the heat of combustion, to the
diffusion coefficient of the flammable gas and to the gas
concentration at the lower explosive limit. The diffusion
coefficient is an expression for the speed at which the molecules
can move to the catalyst surface where the reaction takes place,
and the lighter molecules move faster than the heavy ones. For
example, the methane molecules move faster than the propane
molecules.

Theoretical calculations of sensitivity have been performed for

nearly 100 different flammable gases, and the value for
hydrocarbon gases are given in the table below:

Type of HC gas Sensitivity

Methane 100

Ethane 68

Propane 55
 Butane, n 59

Butane, i 52

Pentane, n 46

Hexane 37

Heptane 38

Octane 38

Nonane 31

The above figures are given in arbitrary units. As an example, an

explosimeter calibrated with propane will theoretically give a
deflection for 100% LEL of hexane which is (37:55) x 100 = 67%
LEL. There is however, some difference between theory and
practice.

In practice there will not be the same conversion factors for

different types of explosimeters, since the details of how the
instruments are designed are of great importance. There may
also be a large difference from one instrument to another
instrument of the same type, which is greatly dependent on how
good of a control the manufacturer has over own production.

From what we have seen so far, explosimeters calibrated with

butane should show higher values for methane, lower values for
pentane, hexane and the other heavier hydrocarbon gases.

There is a complicating factor, however, in that methane is a gas,

which requires a more efficient catalyst and/or a higher catalyst
temperature. On the market there are some types of
explosimeters with low sensitivity for methane and several types
of explosimeters which have been investigated showing that the
sensitivity to methane may drop after a short period of time of
using the instrument. However, it still gives a correct reading for
the heavier hydrocarbon gases.

For explosimeters being used on board LNG-carriers,

methane must be used as the calibration gas. For explosimeters
to be used on ships carrying crude oil, butane is recommended to
use as calibration gas, alternatively propane. This is because the
gas mixture given off by crude oil contains relatively small
amounts of methane gas and the gas given off from sediments
and oil residues contain quite negligible concentrations of
methane. Be aware that the explosimeter will give somewhat
misleading low values for the hydrocarbon gases that are heavier
than the calibration gas.

The catalyst will, when used gradually, lose its ability to bring
about combustion, and all types of explosimeters have, to a
greater or lesser extent, the regrettable characteristic that the
sensitivity is reduced. All explosimeters must therefor from
time to time be checked with its calibration gas. Certain
gases may poison the catalyst, and it is known that hydrogen
sulphide from sour crude may act in this manner. A poisoning will
lead to the properties of the catalyst being temporarily or
permanently damaged so that the sensitivity of the instrument to
flammable gases is greatly reduced or vanishes altogether. The
best-known catalyst poisons are silicones and vapours from
leaded gasoline, which give a solid deposit on the outer surface of
the catalyst.

We have mentioned that the reading of the explosimeter depends

on the concentration and diffusion coefficient of the flammable
gas. This only applies when we have a lean mixture of flammable
gas in air. For high concentration of flammable gas, the reading
will instead depend on the concentration and diffusion coefficient
of oxygen. Very high concentrations of flammable gas, in relation
to oxygen, at the catalyst surface may result in the combustion
reaction being completely prevented, so that the explosimeter
gives reading of close to zero for such a high concentration.

High concentrations of flammable gas and/or low concentrations

of oxygen give misleading, ambiguous readings and may also
damage the catalyst in that a sooty layer is formed. Therefor,
never use the explosimeter at concentrations of flammable
gas higher than 100% LEL, and never at lower oxygen
concentrations than approximately 10% O2 by volume.

Riken  , portable combustible detector,

model GP- 204
General description
The model GP-204 hand held portable gas detector is a compact
battery operated portable instrument used for taking an air
sample and indicating the presence and concentration of
combustible gas. Samples of the air under test are drawn by
means of a rubber aspirator bulb and analysed for combustible
gas content on a heated platinum filament in a Wheatstone
bridge measuring circuit. A built-in meter indicates combustible
gas content in units of explosibility. Power for operation of the
instrument is provided by built-in dry cells. A probe and
extension hose permit sampling from remote locations and the
instrument fits in a compact leather case with an over the
shoulder-carrying strap. The model GP-204 is suitable and
recommended for testing tanks, manholes, vessels other spaces
to determine presence or absence of combustible gas in pressure
cylinders, pipe lines and other closed systems. It is a valuable aid
to safety of operations whenever combustible gases or vapours
are handled.
 "D" is exposed to the gas.

"C" is isolated from the gas.

The resistance "D" increases during catalytic combustion.

Samples of air, which may contain flammable gases or vapours,

are sucked through the instrument by means of a suction bellow.

The content of flammable Gases effects a heated platinum

filament (D = detecting element) which forms part of a
Wheatstone bridge measuring circuit as shown in the circuit
diagram on the right hand side. Besides the measuring filament
"D", this circuit includes a compensating filament "C" and two
fixed resistance's "R1 & R2".

The flammable gases or vapours in the air are oxidised and burn
at the surface of the measuring filament "D", and the evolution of
heat causes a change in the resistance of the platinum wire
which gives rise to an imbalance in the Wheatstone bridge. This
corresponds to the content of flammable gases in the sample.

Operation
In a gas hazardous area the instrument should always be in the
carrying case and strapped to this.
Before taking the instrument to the hazardous area, check the
battery voltage. To check the voltages, put the switch in "VOLT
ADJ:" position. Meter should rise to the "check" position near top
of the scale. Lift and turn VOLT ADJ. Control clockwise to
determine maximum voltage setting. If the needle cannot be set
beyond the VOLT ADJ. mark, batteries need recharging or
replacing for full capacity. Do not attempt to use instrument at all
if reading cannot be set up to the mark or beyond the mark.

Do not replace batteries in a hazardous area; bring the

instrument to a safe area before changing taking place.

If the voltage is satisfactory, continue with the next steps of

preliminary adjustment, as follows:

1. Confirm operating of pilot light/meter illuminating lamp.

2. With sample inlet in fresh air, squeeze bulb several times to flush out any
remaining gas from the instrument.

3. Check zero setting by turning the switch in "ON" position. Meter should
read close to zero. If not, lift and turn the "ZERO" knob to bring the reading
exactly to "0".

4. Couple the sampling hose to the instrument's inlet pipe, which is located
on the left-hand end, and also connect the probe to the end of the hose.

5. Admit a sample of some combustible gas to the end of probe and confirm
that the meter rises upscale.

Instrument is adjusted and ready to use. Now it may be turned off

and carried to the job area. To run a gas test, proceed as follow:

1. Turn the instrument to VOLT ADJ. position, adjust voltage if necessary

2. Turn the instrument to ON position, zero adjust if necessary.

3. Hold probe within space to be tested. Squeeze bulb several times (4 times
for each metre of sampling hose being used) while watching the meter and
observe maximum reading.

4. After completion of test, remove probe from test space. Flush the
instrument with fresh air and turn it off.
The sampling hose being used for this instrument should not be
used for sampling with other instruments. Make it a rule that a
specific measuring instrument has its own sampling hose.

Interpretation
Meter readings are taken on a scale graduated 0 - 100% LEL. The
abbreviation LEL stands for Lower Explosive Limit and
represents the lowest concentration which can be ignited by a
source of ignition, hence the lowest concentration which can
produce an explosion. This quantity is also spoken as the LFL -
Lower Flammable Limit.

The mode GP - 204 is calibrated before shipment to read directly

in percent of LEL of iso-butane in air, based on the known LEL
for iso-butane of 1,8% by volume.

This 1,8% by volume will produce a reading of 100% LEL and

lower concentrations will be read in proportion.

Other combustible gases will read approximately correctly in

terms of explosibility, but for the maximum accuracy a calibration
curve for various gases has to be used. This curve is delivered
together with the instrument. This curve is drawn in terms of
percent LEL for both co-ordinates. See the table below.
Maintenance
Calibration and adjustment - In addition to the normal
operating controls found on the top of the panel, the following
auxiliary controls are available.

Calibration potentiometer - This adjustment is used to set

meter reading to the desired level, while sampling a known
concentration of combustible gas. In the GP-204 the top plate
must be removed by taking out the screws in each corner. The
calibration potentiometer is a slotted-shaft control located above
right upper corner of meter. Turn clockwise to increase meter
reading.

Element replacement - The element assembly, consisting of an

active filament and a similar but enclosed reference filament,
should be replaced if zero cannot be set within range of "ZERO
ADJ.", or if reading cannot be set high enough on a calibration
gas, using calibration potentiometer.

1. Loosen the two panel hold-down screws, remove and invert top panel.
 2. With switch off, loosen (do not remove) the three screws holding the
terminals for red, black and white wires. Pull wires from terminal.

3. Remove the two Phillips head screws holding cross-shaped element

retainer in place. Pull out both filaments and replace with new ones in same
position.

4. Check that gaskets are in place on element before installation. Be sure that
the active (black wire) filament is in the cavity with the flame arrestor.
Install wires on terminals as before.

5. Turn instrument on and adjust zero.

6. If a calibration gas is available reset span.

Batteries
The model GP-204 is furnished with two standard size "D" dry
cells. These dry cells (UM-1/1,5 size D/R 20 Maxell 100) will give
3 hours (maximum) of operating time.

When meter cannot be set as high as the "Check" line with switch
in "VOLT ADJ:" position and "VOLT ADJ." knob all the way
clockwise, batteries require replacement or recharging.

To replace batteries, remove instrument from hazardous area.

Take the instrument out of the leather case, and loosen the coin
slotted captive screw found in centre of bottom plate. Remove
bottom plate, exposing batteries in their spring contact holders.
Pull old batteries out and install new ones in the same position.
Observing polarity as marked on holder.

Sample system
Hose - The hose used is Teflon lined synthetic rubber jacketed
and immune to absorption or attack by any combustible vapours
or solvents. Keep hose clean and be sure that couplings make
airtight contact. Check occasionally by holding finger over hose
inlet. Bulb should remain flattened after squeezing if there is no
leak. Extension hoses in various lengths are available.

Flame arrestor - The active filament is installed within a

sintered bronze porous metal cup, which acts as a flame arrestor
to retain explosions that may occur when sampling explosive
gas/air mixtures. The flame arrestor may be removed by taking
out the four screws that hold the plate in which the elements are
installed. If flame arrestor is dusty, wet, oily or corroded, it must
be cleaned or replaced. Preferred cleaning method is by washing
in detergent solution, rinsing from the inside out, and drying
thoroughly in air. Before re-installing flame arrestor in
instrument, be sure that the reaction chamber cavity and
incoming lines are clean and dry.

Meter Lamp
The meter lamp is on whenever the instrument is on, and
provides illumination to permit reading meter in dark places. If
lamp fails, replace it as follows:

1. Remove four screws holding top plate to the top panel. Take off top plate
exposing lamp. Loosen set of screws, which lock lamp wires to terminal and pull
the lamp out. Install new lamp in the same position.

Precautions and notes on operation

1. Heated samples - When sampling spaces such as hot tanks that are
warmer than the instrument remember that condensation can occur as the
sample passes through the cool sample line. Water vapour condensed in this
way can block the flow system and corrode the flame arrestor. A water trap
can be used to control this, and is available as an accessory. If heated
hydrocarbon vapours of the heavier hydrocarbons (flash point 90 0F or above)
are present, they may also condense in the sample line and fail to reach the
filament. Thus an erroneous low reading may be obtained.

2. Element poisoning - Certain substances have the property of

desensitising the catalytic surface of the platinum filament. These substances
are termed "Catalyst Poison" and can result in reduced sensitivity or in
failure to give a reading on samples containing combustible gas. The most
commonly encountered catalyst poisons are the silicone vapours, and
samples containing such vapours even in small proportions should be
avoided. Occasional calibration checks on known gas samples are necessary,
especially if the possibility exists of exposure to silicones. A calibration
check on a known iso-butane gas is the most dependable as an indication of
normal sensitivity. A convenient calibration accessory is available and
described under "Accessories".

3. Rich mixture - When high concentrations of gas are sampled, especially

those above the LEL, considerable heat is liberated at the filament. This heat
 may cause damage to the filament or tend to shorten its life, so sustained
testing of samples beyond the meter range should be avoided. When
sampling rich mixtures, the following instrument action may be expected.

· Mixture up to 100% LEL reading on scale.

· Mixtures between LEL and Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

readings at top of meter.

· Mixtures above UEL - When a sample is introduced, the meter is

sent to the top of scale, then comes back down on scale or below,
depending upon concentration. Very rich mixtures will give a
zero or negative reading. The alarm circuit thus insures that a
very rich sample will not be overlooked, as it could otherwise be
with a simple indicating instrument

4. Oxygen deficient mixtures - Samples, which do not have the normal

proportion of oxygen, may tend to read low if there is not enough oxygen to
react with all combustible gas present in the sample. As a general rule,
samples containing 10% oxygen or more have enough oxygen to give a full
reading on any combustible gas sample up to the LEL.

5. Oxygen enriched mixtures - Samples having more than the normal

proportion of oxygen will give a normal reading. However, they should be
avoided because the flame arrestor used is not dense enough to arrest flames
from combustible gas in oxygen, which can be much more intense than those
in air can. Do not attempt to use the model GP-204 on samples of
combustible gas in oxygen.

6. Accessories - Additional lengths of extension hoses may be used for

sampling from deep tanks and spaces. The polyurethane hoses are
satisfactory for most samples including natural gas, hydrogen, and gasoline
vapours. Where there is danger of water being drawn into the instrument, a
water trap should be used. This glass-bodied trap, with sintered metal filter,
couples to the indicator inlet and will collect water that is drawn into or
condensed in sample hose. Inspect trap periodically while in use, and empty
or clean bowl and filter whenever visible water or dust accumulate. Regular
sample hoses connect to inlet of trap when it is installed on the instrument.
 Servomex,  oxygen analyzer, type OA 262

WARNING!

To ensure safe operation in hazardous applications, the

analyser must be used to comply with the conditions of
certification, relevant standards and codes of practice.
Failure to do so may invalidate the certification.

Any modification to the standard analyser, or repairs or

servicing using parts that are not specified or approved by
Servomex, will invalidate certification. In case of doubt
contact Servomex or their agents.

General description
The Servomex portable oxygen analyser type 262A is a robust
lightweight instrument built for industrial, marine and laboratory
applications.

The oxygen content of the gas is indicated directly on a 70mm

scale taut band meter after suitable zero and span adjustments.
The ranges, 0-100, 0-25, and 0-10% are selected by a rotary
switch on the front panel. Battery checks are also selected with
this switch.

This analyser is used on marine applications throughout the

world. The front panel controls are symbolic, such that engineers
from many different nations can understand them.

All analysers are supplied with a hand aspirator and silica gel
dryer. Batteries are not supplied with the analyser.

The 262A is powered by dry cells batteries which are housed in a

waterproof compartment at the rear of the analyser.

The analyser is supplied with a filter, elements of which are and

simply replaced from the front of the instrument.

Hazardous area and shipboard use

Hazardous area - For hazardous areas the 262A is certified by
BASEEFA as intrinsically safe code Ex ia s IIC T4 to SFA 3012,
SFA 3009. Certificate BAS No. 74149.
Instruments up to serial no. 2983 are approved by "Factory
Mutual" for use in class 1, division 1, groups B, C and D
hazardous locations. Report 25243 dated August 30th, 1975
applies.

Seaworthiness - Lloyds has approved the analyser as suitable

for shipboard use. Certificate Lon. 409515.574 applies.

The Norwegian Maritime Directorate (Sjøfartsdirektoratet) has

also approved the analyser for use on board ship. (Reference
letter A-44140/[Link]/MI dated 24.10.75 applies).

         

Specification Specification
Oxygen ranges 0-10%, 0-25%, 0-100% O2. Selected
by front panel switch. Indication on
front panel meter.
Accuracy Range:

:0-100% O2. +/- 3% F.S.D.

:0-25% O2. +/- 3% F.S.D.

:0-10% O2. +/- 3% F.S.D.

Effect of ambient The analyser will operate between
temperature the temperature of -100C to 500C (14
to 1220F). The accuracy will be
maintained for a temperature change
of +/- 100C (180F) of the calibration
temperature.
Effect of tilt 0,01% oxygen per degree.
Weight (net) 3kg. (6,5Ib).
Sample pressure Maximum inlet pressure, 2 psi.
(14kPa).
Flow rate pressure 0 to 3 I/min, depending on sample.
Materials contact with Acetal copolymer, Glass micro fibre,
sample gas Nickel, Platinum, Polypropylene,
Pyrex glass, Quartz glass, Stainless
steel 316, Synthetic rubber, Viton.
Calibration gases Zero on O2 free nitrogen (N2). Span
on clean dry air or high purity O2 if
desired.
Accessories Waterproof case with shoulder strap.
 Drying tube. Two hexagon wrenches
(2,5 and 3mm).
Case material Polypropylene. The case is splash
proof and sealed against ingress of
water, provided the sealing gaskets
around the front panel and battery
compartment are in good condition.

How the Servomex oxygen analyser works

The physical property, which distinguishes oxygen from most

other gases, is its paramagnetism. Faraday discovered this in
1851, who demonstrated that a magnet attracted a hollow glass
sphere at the end of a horizontal rod supported by silk fibres
when filled with oxygen.

In portable oxygen analysers, the convenience and sensitivity of

Faraday's arrangement are increased by having a sphere at both
ends of the bar, forming a "dumb-bell", which seals the gas
surrounding it. The dumb-bell is suspended in a symmetrical non-
uniform magnetic field, and being slightly diamagnetic, it takes
up a position away from the most intense part of the field. When
the surrounding gas contains oxygen, the dumb-bell spheres are
pushed further out of the field by the relatively strongly
paramagnetic oxygen. The strength of the torque acting on the
dumb-bell will be proportional to the paramagnetism of the
surrounding gas: it can therefor be used as a measure of the
oxygen concentration.

The only common gases having comparable paramagnetic

susceptibility are NO, NO2 and CO2. A magnetic oxygen analyser
cannot therefor be used where these gases occur in the mixture
other than in trace amounts. It is important to note, however,
that in the direct method of measuring susceptibility no other
physical property of the gases has any significant effect.

The heart of the Servomex analyser is a measuring cell using

these principles, but having a rare metal suspension in place of
the delicate materials used in earlier designs. The "zero" position
of the dumb-bell is sensed by a split photocell receiving light
reflected from a mirror on the suspension. The output from the
photocell is amplified and fed back to a coil wound on the dumb-
bell, so that the torque, due to the oxygen in the sample, is
balanced by a restoring torque, due to the feedback current. The
measuring system is thus "null-balanced", and has all the
inherent advantages of this type of system.
Because of the extremely linear relationship between the
feedback current and the susceptibility of the sample, a
proportional output voltage can be developed, and various ranges
can be obtained by means of a switched attenuator. Linearity of
scale also makes it possible to calibrate the instrument for all
ranges by checking at two points only. For example, accurate
calibration is obtained by using nitrogen for zero and air for
setting the span at 21%

Operating procedures
Installation and changing of the batteries. The following batteries
are required:

3 of 1,5V Type IEC LR6 (HP7)

1 of 9V Type IEC 6F22 (PP3).

It is recommended that alkaline batteries be used.

The batteries are housed in a waterproof compartment at the

bottom of the analyser. This compartment is opened using the
3mm-hexagon wrench supplied with the analyser.

A battery strap is provided for easy removal of old batteries. The

batteries must be installed with the correct polarity, as indicated
by + and - signs moulded into the plastic holder.

The stud of a 1,5V battery is "+" and the base "-". These batteries
will not make contact if fitted the wrong way round. The 9V
battery has a terminal clip that can only mate when the battery is
correctly positioned.

Care must be taken, when fitting new batteries, not to damage

the gasket sealing the edge of the battery compartment. If the
analyser is to be stored for a longer period of time, remove
the batteries.

Battery checks
Check that the batteries are fully operational:
Select switch position "B1". The reading should be greater than
60 on the 0-100 scale. Change the 9V battery if the reading is
low.

Select switch position "B2". The reading should be greater than

60 on the 0-100 scale. Change the 1,5V batteries if the reading is
low.

Calibration
Frequency of calibration - Check the zero adjustment weekly.
If there is a large difference in ambient temperature between the
point of measurement and the last calibration, it is advised that
calibration should be rechecked.

The span adjustment should be checked daily, due to variance in

atmospheric pressure.

Set Zero - Switch the control to 10% range. Introduce oxygen

free nitrogen into the instrument at a pressure between 1 to 2
psig. (7 to 14 kPa). Stop the gas flow. Adjust the screw for zero
adjustment so that the meter reads 0% oxygen.

Span
Switch the control to the 25% range. Introduce dry air into the
instrument at a pressure between 1 and 2 psig (7 to 14 kPa).

The hand aspirator and a drying tube are convenient for this.
Stop the gas flow. Adjust the screw for the span adjustment so
that the meter reads 21% oxygen on the 0-25% scale.

When changing from air or oxygen to nitrogen or vice versa,

ensure that the filter, cell and sample lines have been purged
thoroughly. One minute with the standard hand aspirator should
be enough. With long sample lines a pump is recommended.

When using the instrument for higher concentrations of oxygen it

is recommended that pure oxygen is used on the 0-100% range
for optimum accuracy.

To prevent possible damage, it is not recommended that air or

pure oxygen be put into the analyser when it is switched to the 0-
10% range.
Measuring sample gas
Connect the hand aspirator to the sample inlet by means of the
drying tube. Connect sample tube to the aspirator and place in
space to be checked.

Check the battery voltage. Set switch to range required.

Pump the hand aspirator until the reading is steady. Ensure that
sufficient sample gas has been taken to flush out the sample
lines.

CAUTION.

The drying tube must always be used, unless the sample is

known to be dry. The analyser will be damaged if water or
liquids are allowed to get into the instrument.

However, the crystals can be regenerated by removing from the

drying tube and drying in an oven at about 110-1200C.

Maintenance

WARNINGS
Only qualified personnel who are familiar with good workshop
practice should do maintenance of the analyser.
Replacement parts should be to the quality specified by
Servomex in the part lists. The use of inferior replacement
components may degrade the performance of the analyser and
invalidate any certificates, which may apply.

Replacement of measuring cell

1. Remove the six hexagon socket stainless steel screws holding the front
panel into the case and keep them in a secure place.

2. Remove the chassis by placing one hand over the front, and turn the
analyser upside down. This will prevent the chassis falling out accidentally.
Should the chassis not come out very readily, bring the analyser sharply
down on the flat of the hand, which is guarding the front. Never substitute a
hard surface for a hand.
 3. Unscrew the nuts on the cell supporting the gas connections (use non-
magnetic spanners).

4. Unsolder the electrical leads. Apply minimal heat to the pins on the cell.

5. Remove the two hexagon socket screws, which retain the cell and slacken
the third retaining screw, which is situated between the inside of the lower
magnet space and the chassis wall.

6. Withdraw the measuring cell and replace it with a new cell type 286.
When fitting a new cell, ensure that the ball of the dumbbell, which is
nearest to the cell window, is nearest the front panel.

7. Tighten the remaining screws in the reverse order described for the
removal of the cell.

8. Solder the electrical connections to the solder pins on the cell. Black to the
pin with a black spot near it and yellow to the pin with a yellow spot.

9. Reconnect the cell gas connections.

10. Adjust the zero and span of the analyser.

Should the analyser not zero or the adjustment is at one end of

its travel, readjust the photocells. It may not be possible to span
the analyser, in this case change R23 on the printed circuit board
00262905, to a value, which gives a reading with air between 20
and 22 % oxygen. For circuit diagram, see the instruction
manual.

Replacement of photocells
1. The photocells are located to the side of the magnet assembly, just in front
of and above the measuring cell.

2. Release the two screws, which fix the retaining plate to the photocell
mount.

3. Remove the screws and plate and manoeuvre the photocell mount through
the springs of the support.

4. Unsolder the leads.

5. Replace the new photocells on their mount in reverse order.

 6. Leave the two retaining screws slack and pass nitrogen into the analyser.

7. Ensure the zero adjustment is at the centre of its travel and move the
photocells until the analyser reads as near to zero as possible.

8. Tighten the screws and make a final zero adjustment.

9. Adjust the span.

10. Confirm with the analyser's instruction book.

Replacement of LED
1. Remove the two screws, which hold the photocell mount to the control
magnet assembly.

2. Allow the photocell assembly and mount to lay away from the magnet.

3. Remove the two screws holding the LED mount. Withdraw the LED and
mount and unsolder the leads to the LED.

4. Remove sleeving from old LED and discard lamp. Replace with new LED
and sleeve and solder the leads.

5. Replace the LED and secure the retaining strip.

6. Replace the photocell assembly and mount.

7. Replace the cell.

8. Adjust the zero and span.

9. Confirm with the analyser's instruction manual.

For replacing the amplifier board, meter, filter block and circuit
description do confirm with the instruction manual.

Any doubts about the analyser or its equipment, contact

the manufacturer or any of the manufacturer's agents.

Riken  , portable oxygen indicator, model OX-

226
1. Summary
Riken portable oxygen indicator, Model OX-226 and OX-227
provide a quick, convenient method for determination of oxygen
content of any atmosphere. It is intended primarily as an
indicator of oxygen deficiency, with good readability from 0 -
25%. The instrument is routinely calibrated on normal
atmospheric oxygen concentration (21%). These models are most
suitable and recommended for testing tanks, manholes, vessels
and other spaces to determine safety from the standpoints of
oxygen deficiency before entering and while work is in progress.

2. Principle
The oxygen cell operates by an electro-chemical process in which
a voltage is set up between two electrodes. Under a test where
one electrode is exposed to the atmosphere, a change in oxygen
concentration on this electrode produces a proportional change
in the cell's output voltage. Therefor, an increase in oxygen
concentration will "speed up" the electro-chemical process,
producing a higher output voltage, and a decrease in oxygen
concentration will "slow down" the process, lowering the output
voltage. The centre electrode is exposed to the atmosphere by
means of a Teflon membrane placed directly in contact with the
polished top surface. This Teflon membrane serves two functions
simultaneously. First, it has the ability to pass oxygen molecules
freely, thus placing the electrode in direct contact with the
atmosphere and secondly, it keeps the electrolyte contained in
the cavity between the two electrodes.

3. Measurement procedure

a). Preparation - Connect the

sampling hose (6) to the gas
sampling probe (7) and then connect
it to the gas inlet of the instrument.

b). Voltage checks of battery -

Turn the control switch (1) to "Batt"
zone and check the meter needle
marks inside of "Batt" zone. If the
case of model OX-226, the battery
drop can be heard as a buzzer
sound.

c). Span adjustment - Turn the

control switch (1) to "25" and make
span adjustment by spanning
adjusting knob so as to bring the
meter needle to 21%. When making
span adjustment of Model OX-227,
try it with 0-25% range.

4. Measurement
After finishing the above procedure items 1, 2 and 3, the
instrument is ready to run. Introduce the sampling probe to the
source and start measurement. In the case of Model OX-226,
when the oxygen concentration is less than 18% by volume,
alarm light (4) illuminates and it gives us the warning of oxygen
deficiency by buzzer sound.

Caution

1. Check the flow pump by the flow monitor during operation.

2. Operate the instrument in leather case when in use.

3. The replacement of batteries and recharging procedure must be done in

non-hazardous areas.

5. Maintenance procedure
 1. The replacement of batteries and recharging procedure.

a). Take off the leather case from the instrument and turn
the battery box knob (11) to "open" position.

b). Pull out the whole battery box and replace the batteries
with new ones.

c). When the replacement of batteries is finished, put back

the battery box in correct position and turn the battery box
knobs (11) to "Lock" position with finger press.

2. Replacement procedure (Ni-Cd battery).

When Ni-Cd batteries are used for the instrument, detach

the label (12) of charging inlet and insert the exclusive
charger to the charging jack, and plug the charger into AC
100V. The recharging takes 15 hours.

3. Replacement of sensor.

When the meter needle can not be adjusted to 21% by

turning the span adjusting knob and the indication of meter
needle gets unstable, this is the sign to replace the sensor.
In this case, take off the bottom screws of the instrument
and remove the cover. The cover comes off by sliding it
sidewise. Turn the sensor to left and adjust the mark to
"open". Now the sensor can be removed. Insert the new
sensor and turn it in clockwise direction to the mark "lock".
Place the cover back.

4. Replacement of filter

The filters are filled in the gas-sampling probe and in instrument.

When they appear dirty, replace them with new ones.
 Cotton filter

Take off the tip of the sampling probe by turning the metal part
of roulette and replace the cotton filter with a new one.

Pull out the filter holder (10) of the

instrument's flank and take out the
filter. Replace it with a new one.

5. Zero adjustment

As the zero adjustment is factory

set, there is no need of zero
adjustment procedure in normal
operation. But, when it is high
sensitive type instrument such as
Model OX-227A with 0-5 and 0-25%
etc., make zero adjustment. Induct
100% clean nitrogen and turn the
adjusting screw to bring the needle
to zero.

Detector tubes for health hazardous gases

Health hazardous gases may be detected through chemical
colour reactions, and several manufacturers make metering
pumps and accompanying detector tubes for a great number of
various gases.

Probably the most convenient and suitable equipment to use for

measuring very low concentrations of toxic gases on board
tankers are chemical indicator tubes.

These tubes consist of a sealed glass tube containing a

proprietary filling which is designed to react with a specific gas
and to give a visible indication of the concentration of that gas.
To use the device, the seals at each end of the glass tube are
broken, the tube is inserted in a bellows-type fixed volume
displacement hand-pump, and a prescribed volume of gas
mixture is drawn through the tube at a rate fixed by the bellow's
expansion rate. A colour change occurs along the tube and the
length of the discoloration, which is a measure of the gas
concentration, is read off a scale integrated with the tube. In
some versions of these instruments, a hand operated injection
syringe is used instead of a bellow pump.

It is important that all the components used for any measurement

should be from the same manufacturer. It is not permissible to
use a tube from one manufacturer with a hand pump from
another manufacturer. It is also important that the
manufacturers' operating instructions are carefully observed.

Since the measurement depends on passing a fixed volume of gas

through the glass tube, if an extension hose is used it should be
placed between the glass tube and the hand pump.

The tubes are designed and intended to measure concentrations

of gas in the air. Thus measurements made in a ventilated tank,
in preparation for tank entry, should be reliable.

Under some circumstances errors can occur if several gases are

present at the same time, as one gas can interference with the
measurement of another. The manufacturer should be consulted
for guidance.

For each type of tube the manufacturer must guarantee the

standards of accuracy laid down by national standards. Tanker
operators should consult the regulatory authority appropriate for
the ship's flag.

Drager Multi Gas Detector

In our experience, detector tubes and metering pumps made by
"Dräger" are the most frequently used. A more detailed
description is given in the instruction book for "DrägerMulti Gas
Detector".

Various chemical substances are used for tube fillings, depending

on the gas to be analysed. For some gases there are several types
of tubes, so that there are tubes for measuring very low
concentrations and for measuring larger concentration ranges. In
some cases two scales will be marked on the tube, corresponding
to different numbers of pump strokes.

It is important that the pump is checked to see if it is tight before

it is being used, sealing the opening with an unused detector
tube does this. The bellows should then use more than 10
minutes to expand for the pump to be satisfactory. Cleaning the
valves, according to the instructions accompanying the
instrument may usually eliminate any leakage that has arisen.

To avoid corrosion, the pump must be purged with air by

performing a number of pumping strokes each time after use.

To perform measurements with difficult accessibility, an

extension hose may be used. The detector tube is placed in the
suction of the hose.

Opening of the tubes

Both ends of the tube are opened in

the hole, which is provided for that
purpose in the pump. A breaking
socket accompanying the apparatus
can also be used for this. This
prevents glass fragments from
falling down.

Installation of the tube in the

pump

The opened sampling tube is

inserted into the pump head so that
the arrow on the tube points toward
the pump. The tube must be
attached firmly and tightly in the
pump head so that false air is not
sucked in.

Suction of a gas sample

The bellow is pressed together completely and is then released.
During the compression the air is squeezed out of the bellow
through an exhaust valve. The suction action of the pump takes
place when the compression springs inside the bellow expand
after the compression. The air (to be measured) flows through
the sampling tube and into the bellow while this again expands to
its original volume. The suction movement comes to an end when
the distance chain is tight once again, and at this stage
100cm3 has been sucked through the tube.

The operating instructions, which accompany each packet of

tubes, give i.e. the approximate time for each pump stroke, for
example 15 - 25 seconds. The time will depend on how tightly the
powder is packed in the tube.

The specified number of pump strokes, indicated in the operating

instructions, should be used for each sampling tube.

MSA - Detector Tubes and Kwik - draw Pump

Features
1. Quick and inexpensive to use.

2. A reliable method of testing more than 120 hazardous gases and vapours.

3. Kwik-draw pumps offer accurate one-handed automatic stroke counter and

unique end of stroke indicator on deluxe version.

4. Tubes are printed with easy-to-read scales.

5. Specialised kits are available for use in HAZMAT work and underground
storage tank applications.

Description
SA's Kwik-Draw and Kwik-Draw Deluxe Pumps can be used with
an assortment of MSA detector tubes to spot-test the atmosphere
for a wide variety of toxic substances. Kwik-Draw Pumps are
designed for one-hand operation and consistent delivery of a
sample draw volume of 100 millilitres (ml). The pumps are
constructed with a shaft-guided compression system for a more
consistent and replicable flow rate and volume per stroke than
may be available with hand-guided pumps. MSA offers detector
tubes for measuring more than 150 gases and vapours.
Kwik-Draw Detector Tube Pumps
Kwik-Draw Pumps allow detection of gases and vapours with the
squeeze of a handle. To obtain a precise (100ml) sample volume,
the user simply grasps the handgrip and pushes the knob. The
pump's compression system provides the guiding action to drive
a spring-loaded bellow pump.

An internal easy-to-read stroke counter shows the exact number

of strokes performed and provides a positive stop when the
stroke is fully compressed.

A second model, the Kwik-Draw Deluxe Pump has a unique end-

of-stroke indicator that "winks" after the precise volume of air is
drawn, confirming that enough air has been sampled for a
successful reading.

Detector tubes.
MSA/Auer detectors are made of glass, have break-off tips and
are filled with treated chemical granules for sampling a variety of
substances. Most MSA/Auer detector tubes are packaged 10 in a
box.

For ordering information, see the Detector Tube Summary Chart

which follows the Detector. After selecting the appropriate tube,
the user would break off the tubes' end tips and attach the tube
to the sampling pump. After air is drawn through the tube by the
pump, the chemical layer in the tube changes colour if the test
gas or vapour is present in the air.
The length or shade of the colour-change, indicates the
concentration of the gas or vapour in the air. A scale is printed on
each tube for interpretation of data.

Controlled Interchangeability of MSA/AUER

Detector Tubes and Pumps with Other
Manufacturers' Tubes and Pumps.
As long as a pump meets the following criteria, it may be used
with any detector tube designed for use with that kind of pump.
Pumps meeting these criteria are interchangeable.

1. The characteristics of the pump- volume per stroke, sampling time and
flow - must be within the same accuracy range.

2. The detector tubes must have an outer diameter of 7 mm and be factory-

calibrated with a pump that meets the criteria of (1) above.

3. The manufacturer of tubes and pumps must operate under a certified

quality assurance program.

Based on these criteria, the following pumps are

interchangeable:

· MSA's Kwik-Draw Pumps.

· AUER's Gas Tester II H Pump.

· Dräger's Model 31 Bellow Pump.

· Dräger's Accuro Pump.

Sampling Pump
Operation and
Maintenance.
The Kwik-Draw Pump is designed to measure concentrations of
gases and vapours when used with AUER/MSA Detector Tubes.

Description - The Kwik-Draw Pump is a one-handed, manually

operated bellow pump of 100cc capacity.

Tube Holder - This rubber part permits mounting of detector

tubes, remote sampling lines or other detectors.

Filter Disc - This porous plastic disc mounted in the rubber tube
holder protects the pump from dirt and dust particles, which may
alter the flow or damage the pump.

Exhaust Valve - Located under the valve cover, this valve closes
as the bellow re-inflates, and readily opens on the exhaust stroke
so that blow-back through the tube holder is negligible.

Stroke counter - For convenience, a stroke counter is

incorporated into the pump handle.

End-of-stroke indicator - As the bellow begins to re-inflate, and

after the knob is released, the indicator eyeball turns high
visibility green. As the vacuum decreases, the eye begins to roll
back to black. The stroke is over when the eye is all black.

Note! - Kwik-Draw Pump (part no. 488543) does not have an end-
of-stroke indicator.

Operation
1. Using the breaker on the pump, break off both tips of the detector tube.

2. Using a twisting motion, insert the tube into the rubber tube holder. The
arrow on the tube should point toward the pump.

3. Re-zero stroke counter.

4. With all four fingers on the handle, depress the knob with your palm.

Note! Watch the stroke counter to ensure proper sample volume,

the counter will only advance if a full pump stroke is taken.

5. Release the knob.

 6. As the pump re-inflates, the end-of-stroke indicator turns to high-visibility
green. The stroke is over when the eye returns to the all black state.

Note! If your pump does not have the end-of-stroke indicator,

wait 30 seconds after full bellow inflation to ensure that all 100cc
of the sample has been drawn through the tube. The detector
tube must be held in the sampling area during this period.

7. To evaluate the stain, follow the instructions provided with the detector
tubes.

Remote sampling
Remote sampling is accomplished by putting the pump,
connecting tube, remote sampling line and detector tube
together, in this order.

Maintenance
Under conditions of normal use, this pump should require little
maintenance. Depending on the frequency of use, periodic
cleaning and checks for correct performance as recommended.

Tube holder - Replace tube holder when it shows signs of wear

or loss of elasticity. If filter is not clogged or cracked, save the
filter disc for re-use in new tube holder.

Filter disc - Periodically remove the filter disc for cleaning or

replacement.

1. Remove filter disc from tube holder by rolling flange part of tube holder
down and away from the disc.

2. Gently tap or blow on the surface to remove any foreign matter.

3. Replace disc so previously exposed surface is once again facing away

from pump.

Shaft
If shaft becomes dirty or if bellow inflation is jerky, remove shaft
by unscrewing, then clean with auto wax.
Valves
1. With the valve cover removed, check the valves for dirt or debris.

2. Remove dirt with a gentle puff of air or by using a soft brush.

3. Replace valve(s) if necessary.

Pump performance test

After extended idleness and periodically during use, check the
pump for proper performance with the following test:

1. Plug pump inlet by inserting an unbroken detector tube into tube holder.

2. Deflate pump fully, release, and wait 10 minutes. The pump is leak-free if the
distance from the bellow to the frame is ½ inch or greater after 10 minutes. If the
pump leaks check the tube holder and, if necessary, the valves (see Maintenance).
After repair, re-test for leakage.

Warning! Use of a pump that leaks may result in the

under-estimation of a hazard and could result in property
damage, injury or death.

Read the instruction book following the Detector!