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Combustion-generated pollutions and strategy for its control in CI

engines: A review
Ashish Dewangan a,b,⇑, Ashis Mallick b, Ashok Kumar Yadav c, Rajeev Kumar d
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, India
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, UT Administration of Daman and Diu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In transportation sector the most consumption fuel is Diesel. Combustion of diesel fuel in engine causes
Received 5 November 2019 serious air pollution which includes carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide
Received in revised form 15 December 2019 (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and some particulate matters discharged from the combustion chamber. This
Accepted 18 December 2019
emission causes health issues to the human and adversely affects the ecosystem. Several alternative fuels
Available online xxxx
such as dimethyl ether, alcohol, hydrogen and biodiesel fuels have been good alternative. Among these,
biodiesel have proved to be the best alternative fuel to pure diesel because it is renewable, sulphur free,
Keywords:
oxygenated and biodegradable. It has the potential to reduce the engine emissions and maintain better
CI engine
Pollutions and its control
air quality. In present paper effect of biofuel on engine emission has been discussed.
Biodiesel Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Alcohols Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Nano additives ence on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.

1. Introduction CO2 emission level is estimated to be raise by 29% up to the end of

2035. In 2017 associate to energy, the global CO2 increased by 1.4%
Diesel is used as a commercial and public transportation fuel in and touched 32.5 Gt as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 is drawn between CO2
transportation sector. The combustion of the diesel or other con- emissions (y-axis) against the year (x-axis). The rapid growth of
ventional fuel causes adverse effects on human health and envi- renewable was not sufficient to reduce the rising of global CO2
ronment. Due to rapid growth in transportation sector, it emissions in 2017. In India, due to advance growth in economy,
contributes nearly 22% of total GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. the energy demand is continuously raising which in turn increas-
So, the major countries in the world have developed interest for ing the emission levels. Per-capita emissions of India were 1.7 t
finding out the alternative renewable fuel. Fossil fuel reserves are CO2 in previous year compared to world per-capita which was
slowly diminishing [1]. It is suggested that the energy reservoirs 4.3 t CO2. Rapid depletion of fossil fuel sources, environmental con-
can fulfil the global demand for another 39 years for oil, 216 years cern and rising cost of petroleum fuels have attracted the focus of
for coal and 61 years for natural gas [1–3]. research worldwide to explore the alternative fuel sources. There-
The worldwide demand of energy has been raised by an average fore, most countries are developing and searching for clean, alter-
of 0.9% for last five years but in 2017 it has been increased by 2.1% native and green fuel sources which are domestically available,
from previous year. India and China have shown about 40% growth environmentally acceptable and technically feasible.
in 2017. 72% of the energy demand was fulfilled by fossil fuels, 25% Among all energy sources, the growth rate of renewable energy
by renewable sources and the remaining by nuclear source. The is maximum, which meets 25% of global energy demand growth in
global oil demand is increasing by an average rate of 1–1.5%. (1.3 2016. United States and China are contributing around half of the
million b/d in 2018). Study indicates that oil, coal and gas con- total increase in renewables-based electricity generation, followed
tribute 24%, 38% and 38% increase in emission level. The worldwide by the European Union, India and Japan [4]. The road transport
sector leads the faster emission rate which has been raised by
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias 52% since 1990 [5]. The International Energy Agency (IEA)
College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India. estimated that CO2 emission from transport sector would increase
E-mail address: [Link]@[Link] (A. Dewangan). by 92% between 1990 and 2020 and it was predicted that 8.6

[Link]
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.

Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Combustion-generated pollutions and strategy for its control in CI engines: A review,
Materials Today: Proceedings, [Link]
2 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Global Energy related CO2 emissions.

billion metric tons of CO2 would be emitted to environment from with or without additives. Emissions from engine can also be
2020 to 2035 [6]. reduced by using alcohols, biodiesel or by using additives in bio-
The diesel engine emissions from oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and diesel or diesel.
particulate matter (PM) are difficult to control; its simultaneous
reduction is a challenging task [7]. Transportation sector con- 3.1. Alcohols
tributes in faster growth of global oil demand and is responsible
for releasing higher GHG emission, which leads to immediate search By using alcohol-diesel blends, exhaust emissions can be
for alternative and renewable fuels. To reduce harmful emissions reduced without compromising with engine performance [13].
from air and to decrease dependency on conventional fuel, the Some benefits of using alcohols in engines are its lower ozone for-
recent research has been focussed on developing cleaner alternative mation potential, lower sulphur and soot formation and lower NOx
fuels from renewable sources [8]. Many alternate fuels have been emissions [14]. However, higher latent heat of vaporization,
developed by the researchers such as alcohol along with its deriva- greater ignition delay and low cetane number have negative
tives [9], biodiesel fuels (transesterified from vegetable oils) and impact on fuel ignition [15]. Due to large percentage of single
dimethyl ether (DME) etc. Biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol hydrogen radicals in fuel, the HC emission rises. The CO emission
are produced from renewable feedstocks and considered as most is the result of incomplete combustion, which arises due to poor
viable alternative for vehicles due to its renewable property, high in-cylinder charge mixing and low combustion temperature. The
octane/cetane rating, cleaner burning, reduction of CO2 discharge CO emission increases comparatively by using alcohol-diesel
and its usage in existing engine without or slight modification. Bio- blends in diesel engine.
diesel can be derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, tallows, waste By increasing alcohol percentage in the fuel, there was consid-
cooking oil and microalgae whereas Ethanol can be derived from erable decrease in PM emission level. This reduction was due to
corn, grains, sugarcane, potatoes and sorghum crops etc. Trans- the presence of alcohol in combustion process, very small traces
portation sector is responsible for emissions of GHG such as carbon of PM emissions is produced. Thus, in the diffusive combustion
dioxide, which is accountable for global climate change. Therefore, the reduction of diesel fuel burning leads to inhibition of formation
the objective of current paper is to study the combustion- of PM emission and the other reason for the reduction is due to
generated pollution in IC engine and possible strategy of exhaust high temperature oxidation environment and in presence of alco-
emission reduction by using alcohol, biodiesel and emulsions. hol, the formation of unsaturated micro-molecules (C2H2) is less.
Usually, the unsaturated micro-molecule is the precursor of poly-
cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) [16]. Moreover, due to large
2. Effect of emission on human health and environment
latent heat of vaporization of alcohol increases the excess air coef-
ficient which in turn reduces the intake air temperature [17,18].
Air pollution causes respiratory diseases and several health
Lastly, ignition delay is extended due to the homogenous air/alco-
complications. NOx emissions are responsible for oedema, pneu-
hols mixture formation [19,20]. Thus, premixed combustion of
monia, irritation of lungs and bronchitis. It also affects the asthma
large quantity of diesel occurs. All these reasons results in lower
patients towards the exposure of dust and pollen. CO emission
PM emissions.
adversely affects fetal growth in pregnant women and tissue devel-
opment of young children. PAHs cause coughing, sneezing, eye irri-
3.2. Biodiesel
tation, drowsiness and symptoms akin to drunkenness. HC causes
circulatory or respiratory problems in people and lung diseases
Biodiesel has desirable fuel properties such as it is biodegrad-
[10,11]. Nitrogen oxides and sulphur emissions results in Acidifica-
able, renewable, nontoxic, no sulphur and aromatic content, oxy-
tion [12]. Lead, ozone and fine particulate matter are most harmful
genated compared with petroleum diesel [21]. It is more
elements to human body. On the basis of exposure, toxicity and
environmental friendly and emits less emission during combus-
ambient concentrations, fine particulate matter has become the
tion. The other features of biodiesel include-higher cetane number
pollutant of greatest concern for developing countries.
and excellent lubricating property. The modern bioenergy has a
50% share in the final energy consumption from renewable as
3. Emission reduction shown in Fig. 2 [5]. Biodiesel is mono alkyl esters derived from veg-
etable oils (edible and non-edible). Sources of edible oils are soy-
Diesel engine emissions can be reduced by super-charging, bean, palm, rapeseed, corn and sunflower oils etc. The sources of
exhaust after-treatment technique and by using alternative fuels non-edible oils are Pongamia, Karanja, Jojoba and Jatropha oils

Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Combustion-generated pollutions and strategy for its control in CI engines: A review,
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 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

for reaction. Therefore, the HC emissions increases with increase

in engine load. By using Jatropha biodiesel at higher load, due to
presence of oxygen content at molecular structure of Jatropha, bet-
ter combustion of fuel occurs and results in lower smoke opacity.
At lower engine loads for Cottonseed oil methyl esters (CSOME)
blends of B75 and neat biodiesel, exhaust gas temperature
obtained was lesser. CSOME biodiesel blends shows lower SO2
and CO emissions level due to its poor sulphur and rich oxygen
content respectively [31]. Lower NOx emissions were observed
for all biodiesel blends except B5 blend for entire engine speed.
At moderate load and for medium biodiesel blends, less smoke
emission was obtained compared with diesel fuel [32]. From the
Fig. 2. Total final energy consumption from renewables, 2017. above analysis it can be concluded that lower and medium blends
can be successfully replaced for diesel fuel in existing engine with-
out alteration in engine design [33]. Comparative effect of biodiesel
etc. In earlier times vegetables oils were not in use due to its higher on CI engine emission is shown in Table 1.
cost compared with petroleum fuels. However, with rise in price of Jindal et al. examined performance and emission characteristics
petroleum fuels and rapid depletion of these sources, attention has of neat biodiesel by varying operating parameters such as injection
been focussed on biodiesel derived from vegetable oil [22]. Cur- pressures (IP) and compression ratios (CR) and compared with die-
rently India produces 30% of total requirement of its petroleum sel [34]. It was established that smoke opacity, NOx and HC emis-
fuels and remaining is imported at the expense of about 80,000 sions were decreased by 10%, 25% and 50% respectively for
crore rupees yearly. It is surprising that 5% blending of biodiesel- Jatropha methyl ester (JOME) [35]. These reductions attributes to
diesel fuel which can made available in our country, can save about 10–11% oxygen present in biodiesel that aids in improved combus-
4000 crore rupees yearly. tion of fuel. The increase in CO2 and CO emissions were reported to
NOx emission is found to be higher for biodiesel blends than be 2% and 38% respectively. The poor diffusion flame combustion
neat diesel. It is because of higher combustion temperature, higher and incomplete energy conversion are the reason for higher CO
oxygen concentration and long combustion duration [23]. At full emission. Paul et al. [36] investigated the emission behaviour of
load condition, the viscosity increases with the addition of biodie- JOME in twin cylinder diesel engine and reported the increase of
sel percentage in test fuel and this gives poor combustion of fuel in NOx emission which was owed to higher temperature and oxygen
engine cylinder which results in higher HC emission. However content of biodiesel. Some parameters which are responsible for
under partial load, at lower blending ratio of biodiesel-diesel fuel, higher NOx emissions are- higher flame temperature [38],
the oxygen content is less and viscosity is lower which results in advanced injection timing [37], changes in fuel properties such
complete combustion and leads to less HC emissions. With as higher iodine number, higher density, lower volatility, lower
decrease in blending ratio of biodiesel-diesel, the significant reduc- energy content [39] and a faster burning rate [40,41]. Average
tion in CO emission was reported [24]. Some literatures stated that Impact of Emission of Biodiesel for Heavy duty highway engine is
the lower density and viscosity of biodiesel leads to enhance fuel shown in Fig. 3 [42].
atomization and spray formation characteristics which in turn
decreases CO emissions [25]. Ekrem [26] tested biodiesel fuel at
full load and found lower values of CO, NOx emissions and smoke
opacity compared with diesel. It was suggested that improved per- Table 1
formance and emissions can be found out at lower blending ratios Comparative Effect of Biodiesel on CI Engine Emission.

which can be successfully used in full scale in diesel engine with- Biodiesel Investigator Emission
out modifications. Zhihao et al. [27] experimented with Pistacia Cottonseed oil Aydin et al. Decrease in SO2, NOx and CO
Chinensis Bunge biodiesel blends and found lower CO, HC and methyl ester [44] emissions
exhaust emission. Reduced NOx level was reported for blending Karanja Oil Agarwal et al. Decrease in HC and Smoke emission
ratios of B10 and B20 but by increasing blending ratio i.e. at B30 [45] Increase in CO2 and NOx emission
Pongamia pinnata Sureshkumar Decrease in CO2for medium blend
blends, NOx emission marginally raises. The reason for this
methyl ester et al. [46] Decrease in HC, CO and NOx with
increase is higher cylinder temperature which is due to higher oxy- (PPME) increase in PMME
gen percentage in the blends. Nabi et al. [28] used Pongamia bio- Mahua oil methyl Lenin et al. [47] Increase in CO2, CO and NOx
diesel at high load conditions and reported that smoke, CO and ester Decrease in HC emission with
engine noise has reduced by 43%, 50% and 2.5 dB respectively. increase in methyl ester
Preheated raw Hazar et al. Decrease in CO, smoke emission
The reduction was due to traces of oxygen present in molecular rapeseed oil [51] and NOx emission
structure of given biodiesel. Raheman and Phadatare [29] used (RRO)
Karanja biodiesel blend (B20-B100) and found that CO, smoke den- Soybean biodiesel Ozener et al. Decrease in HC, CO and smoke
sity and NOx were reduced by 73–94%, 20–80% and 26% (on aver- [52] opacity
Increase in CO2 and NOx emission
age) respectively compared with neat diesel. It was due to the
Annona methyl Senthil and Decrease in CO and smoke emission
complete combustion of the biodiesel. The inadequate burning of Ester (AME) Silambarasan Increase in HC and NOx emission
C and HC particles in diesel leads to formation of PM emission. [53]
The combustion of biodiesel results in lower PM emission than die- Eucalyptus Tarabet et al. Increase in UHC and CO
sel fuel. Patil et al. [30] tested with Jatropha biodiesel and con- biodiesel/natural [54] Decrease in PM, NOx and CO2 for
gas dual fuel mode
cluded that with the increase in engine loads, the temperature of Jojoba methyl ester Saleh. [55] Increase in HC, CO and NOx
combustion raises and thereby NOx emission increases. Due to (JME) emission
higher viscosity of vegetable oil, the CO emission from unheated Decrease in NOx
Jatropha is greater than preheated Jatropha oil and diesel fuel. At Microalgae oil Makareviciene Decrease in HC and Smoke mission
methyl esters et al. [56] by 5–25% and 10–75% respectively
higher engine load for diesel fuel less quantity of oxygen is
Decrease in CO emission
available so additional amount of fuel is required to be injected

Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Combustion-generated pollutions and strategy for its control in CI engines: A review,
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4 A. Dewangan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

which results in extreme high pressure, high rate of combustion

and heat rejection [62]. These shortcomings can be lessen by add-
ing minor quantity of metallic/non-metallic nanoadditives [63–
65].
Aghbashlo et al. [66] have done energy analysis and shown that
the emulsion fuel (B5W3m) formed by adding cerium oxide
nanoparticles (90 ppm) and water (3 w/w %) to biodiesel (5%
blend) can be a good substitute to conventional diesel fuel. This
emulsion fuel leads to improved combustion efficiency and
reduced emissions. Annamalai et al. [67] has done experiment with
Lemongrass Oil (LGO) emulsion fuel with additive as cerium oxide
(CeO2) nanoparticle. The emulsion fuel consist of LGO (90%), water
(5%) and span80 (2%) by volume basis. The NOx, HC, CO and smoke
opacity were reduced by 24.8%, 26%, 16.03% and 6.4% respectively
compared with LGO emission and 20.3%, 15.59%, 35.5% and 19.8%
respectively compared with diesel fuel at different power outputs.
Mirzajanzadeh et al. [68] added a prepared catalyst (composed of
CeO2 nanoparticles/CNT hybrid) at 30, 60, and 90 ppm concentra-
Fig. 3. Average Impact Emission of Biodiesel for Heavy duty highway engine.
tions with biodiesel/diesel blends (B5 and B20). They reported that
NOx, HC, CO and smoke opacity were reduced by 18.9%, 71.4%,
38.8% and 26.3% respectively. Chandrasekaran et al. [69] used addi-
Godiganur et al. [48] experimented with Methyl ester of mahua
tives as copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles at the concentration of
oil in a 6-Cylinder Cummins engine and observed the decrease in
50 ppm and stated the significant reduction in HC, CO and smoke
HC and CO emissions for all composition of biodiesel except NOx
opacity. Sajeevan and Sajith [70] incorporated an additive which
emission which increases by 11.6%. Gopal et al. [49] conducted
was a mixture of CeO2 and zirconium for examining the fuel prop-
experiment with Waste cooking oil methyl ester in a single cylin-
erties and found 31% reduction in smoke emission. The nanoparti-
der 4-stroke DI diesel engine and found the decrease in smoke
cle was stabilized with the oleic acid (C18H34O2) and ultrasonic
opacity, CO and UHC at full load but increase in NOx emissions.
waves within 2.5–20 ppm concentrations. Ettefaghi et al. [71]
Shojaeefard et al. [50] investigated with castor oil biodiesel
incorporated additives as carbon quantum dot nanoparticles with
4-stroke DI diesel engine and concluded the reduction in the
biodiesel blends which enhances the combustion process and in
emissions of HC, CO and particulate matter but increase in NOx
turn decreases the NOx and UHC emission. Kannan et al. [72] used
emissions for different blends. Tuccar et al. [57] used Diesel,
nano additives as ferric chloride with waste cooking palm oil bio-
microalgae biodiesel and butanol blends in 4-stroke diesel engine
diesel blends. They found the decrease in CO, NOx, UHC and smoke
and observed the reduction in smoke opacity, CO for all blends
but this nano additive leads to increase in emissions.
and also the reduction in NOx emission with increase of butanol
percentage in blends.
Emissions emitted from unburned alcohols, aldehydes and 4. Conclusions
benzene are some unregulated emissions which are transitional
products of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds of biodiesel. The following conclusions have been drawn from above study
The main aldehydes which are released by engine exhaust are
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. At low load and medium load  The exhaust emissions from CI engine-HC, CO and PM/smoke
conditions, aldehyde emissions are higher for biodiesel and alcohol are lesser while NOx and CO2 are higher with biodiesel blend
when compared with diesel. This is due to the fact that some short fuel than diesel. It was due to large cetane number and more
chain chemicals found in biodiesel forming aldehydes specifically oxygen percentage present in biodiesel.
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in engine. Therefore, unregulated  No trace of sulphurous component is found in emission of bio-
emissions are found to be higher in biodiesel fuel than diesel. But diesel due to absence of aromatic and sulphur compounds.
the benzene emission is lower in biodiesel than diesel fuel [43].  Some unregulated emissions-unburned alcohols, aldehydes and
benzene are produced with biodiesel fuel. It was due to the
presence of some short chain chemicals found in biodiesel
3.3. Biodiesel with nano additives forming aldehydes.
 Alcohol-diesel blends in diesel engine reduce some exhaust
Several methods have been implemented for NOx reduction emissions as NOx, soot formation, CO and particulate matters.
such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and some modification  By using nano additives with biodiesel emulsion fuel, emissions
in engine design. But these results in a higher PM and smoke emis- such as NOx, HC, CO and smoke can be considerable reduced.
sions [58]. The other approach for NOx reduction as well as smoke
reduction is to use water/diesel emulsion with stabilizer in which
CRediT authorship contribution statement
water is used as an additives. In this method there is no interaction
between water and engine surface because water is encased in the
Ashish Dewangan: Writing - original draft, Writing - review &
emulsion by means of selecting appropriate surfactant [59,60].
editing, Ashis Mallick: Supervision. Ashok Kumar Yadav: Supervi-
In water/diesel emulsion, due to the difference in the volatility
sion. Rajeev Kumar: Writing - review & editing.
of water and diesel fuel, ‘micro-explosion’ phenomena occurs
All authors discussed the results, provided critical feedback and
which causes ‘secondary atomization’. In this phenomenon the
contributed to the final manuscript.
droplets of injected fuel further breaks into smaller ones, by which
the fuel readily vaporizes and well mixed with intake air. These
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Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Combustion-generated pollutions and strategy for its control in CI engines: A review,
Materials Today: Proceedings, [Link]