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Pengendalian Mutu dalam Manajemen Keperawatan

This document discusses concepts and processes related to controlling in nursing management. It defines controlling as an ongoing management function that occurs during planning, organizing, and directing activities. The purposes of controlling are to open opportunities for improvement, compare performance to standards, and provide information on how processes and people function. Types of controlling discussed include quality control and performance appraisal. Key steps in the controlling process are establishing standards and criteria, measuring performance, comparing results to standards, and taking corrective action if needed. Quality indicators and standards for nursing care are also presented.
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0% found this document useful (2 votes)
313 views86 pages

Pengendalian Mutu dalam Manajemen Keperawatan

This document discusses concepts and processes related to controlling in nursing management. It defines controlling as an ongoing management function that occurs during planning, organizing, and directing activities. The purposes of controlling are to open opportunities for improvement, compare performance to standards, and provide information on how processes and people function. Types of controlling discussed include quality control and performance appraisal. Key steps in the controlling process are establishing standards and criteria, measuring performance, comparing results to standards, and taking corrective action if needed. Quality indicators and standards for nursing care are also presented.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Nursing Management
  • Outline of Control Concepts
  • Concepts and Objectives of Control
  • Types of Nursing Control
  • Process of Nursing Control
  • The Definition and Dimension of Quality
  • Performance Standards in Nursing
  • Indicators of Service Quality
  • Quality Improvement Programs
  • Disciplinary Action Procedures
  • Quality Indicators in Nursing
  • References
  • Acknowledgments

Evi Harwiati Ningrum MHSm

Fungsi Pengendalian dalam


Manajemen keperawatan
outline
• Konsep dasar dan tujuan
pengendalian
• Jenis pengendalian ruang rawat
• Proses menjaga mutu asuhan
keperawatan di ruang rawat
• Indikator mutu asuhan/
pelayanan keperawatan
Konsep dasar dan
tujuan pengendalian
Pengendalian / Controlling

Proses berkelanjutan yang


Our final step in berlangsung saat aktivitas
management process planning organising dan
directing

Sebuah proses dimana Controlling, then, should not


kinerja diukur dan be viewed as a means of
tindakan perbaikan determining success or
dilakukan untuk failure but as a way to learn
memastikan tercapainya and grow, both personally
and professionally.
tujuan organisasi
CONTROLLING
• An on going function of management which occurs during planning,
organizing and directing activities

• Process wherein the performance is measured and corrective action


is taken to ensure the accomplishment of organizational goal
PURPOSES OF
CONTROLLING
• Open opportunities for
improvement
• Compare performance
against set standard
• Provides information
about how well
processes and people
function
Jenis
pengendalian
ruang rawat
Special type of Controlling
• Quality Control
• Performance appraisal
Proses
pengendalian ruang
rawat
Steps in Control
Process
▪ Establish standards and criteria
▪ Measure performance
▪ Compare results with standards
▪ Match with standards?
▪ YES - do nothing to improve
▪ NO- take corrective action
Quality
control is a
Process
Identify
the
quality of
care

Measure
quality
of care

Improving
quality of care
How you define Quality in Healthcare?
• The standard of something as
measured against other things of a
similar kind; the degree of excellence
of something;( Oxford dictionary,2016)
• The degree to which health services Definition
performed for individuals and
population meet the likelihood of quality
desired health outcomes or
customer’s expectation(Headrick
&Neuhauser, 1995; Chandrupatla,
2001)
6 Dimension of quality

Effectiveness Efficient Accessible

Acceptable/
Equitable Safety
Patient centered
Where is our Standard as a
NURSE?
TYPES OF PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
1. STRUCTURE
• Focus on the management system or structure used by the agency in the
delivery of care
• Includes:
• Number and categories of nursing personnel
• Education
• Personal and professional qualities
• Function
• Physical facilities
• Equipments
TYPES OF PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
2. PROCESS STANDARDS
• Decision and actions of the nurse relative to the nursing process

• INCLUDES :
• STANDARDS OF PRACTICE based on ANA
• ASSESSMENT—The registered nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patient’s
health or the situation.
• DIAGNOSIS—The registered nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or
issues.
• OUTCOMES IDENTIFICATION—The registered nurse identifi es expected outcomes for a plan
individualized to the patient or the situation.
• PLANNING—The registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to
attain expected outcomes.
• IMPLEMENTATION—The registered nurse implements the identified plan.
• EVALUATION—The registered nurse evaluates progress toward the attainment of outcomes.
TYPES OF PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
3. OUTCOME STANDARDS
• Designed to measure the results og care provided in terms of:
• Changes in health status of client served

• Changes in level of their knowledge, skills and attitude

• Satisfaction of those served


OTHER STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONALNURSE
PERFORMANCE
1. EDUCATION—The registered nurse attains the knowledge and competency that reflects current
nursing practice.
2. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE EVALUATION—The registered nurse evaluates his/ her own nursing
practice in relation to professional practice standards and guidelines, relevant statutes, rules,
and regulations.
3. COLLEGIALITY—The registered nurse interacts with and contributes to the professional
development of peers and colleagues.
4. COLLABORATION—The registered nurse collaborates with the patient, family, and others in the
conduct of nursing practice.
5. ETHICS—The registered nurse integrates ethical provisions in all areas of practice.
6. RESEARCH—The registered nurse integrates research findings in practice.
7. RESOURCE UTILIZATION—The registered nurse considers factors related to safety, effectiveness,
cost, and impact on practice in planning and delivering nursing services.
8. LEADERSHIP—The registered nurse provides leadership in the professional practice setting and
the professio n.
Data for quality
• Observational study
• Medical records
• Administration database
• Patient satisfaction and experience survey
• Incidence reports
• Clinical registries
• Integrated health records
Indikator Mutu Pelayanan
• As quantitative measures that can be used to monitor and
evaluate the quality of important governance, management,
clinical, and support functions that affect patient outcomes
(Mainz, Jan, 2003)
Persyaratan Indikator yang baik

Mampu
Spesific dan sensitive Valid dan reliable membedakan
dengan baik

Berhubungan
dengan kejadian Memberikan
Evidence based
yang dapat perbandingan yang
(Mainz, 2003)
diidentifikasi dgn berguna
jelas oleh pengguna
Nursing
care
quality
indicator
s in ICU
Quality Indicators and measurement in ED
• Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS)
• time to triage;
• triage duration;
• proportion of patients who left without being seen by a physician;
• and waiting time to nurse and physician, stratified by triage level and
reported as fractile response rates
• Median time from ED arrival to ED departure for admitted ED
patients (CMS)
• Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement (Cleveland Clinic
Foundation)
• Percentage of patients leaving ED without being seen by a physician
What about in Inpatient ward??
INDIKATOR MUTU & KESELAMATAN DI RS
1. Indikator Area Klinik (IAK)
2. Indikator Area Manajemen (IAM)
3. Indikator Sasaran Keselamatan
Pasien (ISKP)
4. Indikator Library Measure (ILM)

KRITERIA PEMILIHAN
• Volume Tinggi
• Risiko Tinggi
• Biaya Tinggi
• Cenderung bermasalah
6 Sasaran
Keselamatan
pasien
International Library of Measures-
Measure Sets
1) Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
2) Heart Failure (HF)
3) Stroke (STK)
4) Children’s Asthma Care (CAC)
5) Hospital-Based Inpatient Psychiatric Service (HBIPS)
6) Nursing-Sensitive Care (NSC)
7) Perinatal Care (PC)
8) Pneumonia (PN)
9) Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP)
10) Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

dr Luwi - PMKP 14 Jan

32
Nursing care quality measurement
• Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scale
• Nursing care behaviour
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
• The umbrella program that extends the many areas for the purpose
of accountability to the consumer

• A continuous, on-going measurement & evaluation process that


includes structure, process and outcome
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
▪ A way to ensure customer satisfaction by involving all employees in
the improvement of the quality of every product or service

▪ Aims to reduce waste and cost of poor quality

▪ It is a structured system for involving entire organization in a


continuous quality improvement process targeted to meet and
exceed customer expectations
CONTINIOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (CQI)
• A process of continuously improving a system by :
• gathering data or performance
• Using Multi-disciplinary team to analyze the system
• Collect measurements
• Propose changes
PRINCIPLES OF CONTINOUS QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT (CQI)
1. Customer focus
2. Identification of key processes to improve quality
3. Use of quality tools and statistics
4. Involvement of all people in problem solving
QUALITY ASSURANCE
• Focuses on the care and service the patient receives than on how
well the professional performs the duties that the position requires

• METHODS USED
• Patient care audit
• Patient care profile analysis
• Peer review
• Quality circles
NURSING AUDIT COMMITTEE
• Composed of a representative from all levels of the nursing staff
• The audit team designate a day within the week to be the audit day
• The nurses do not know which unit will be audited
PATIENT CARE AUDIT
• RETROSPECTIVE PATIENT CARE AUDIT
• ONE IN WHICH PATIENT CARE IS EVALUATED THROUGH:
1. A REVIEW OF DISCHARGED PATIENTS’ CHART
2. QUESTIONAIRES SENT TO OR INTERVIEW CONDUCTED ON DISCHARGED
PATIENTS
QUALITY CIRCLES
• One of the most publicized approaches to quality control introduced
by the Japanese

• A group of workers doing similar works who:


• Meet regularly
• Voluntarily
• On normal working time
• Under the leadership of the supervisor
QUALITY CIRCLES
• TO:
• Identify, analyze, and solve work related problem

• Recommend solution to management quality circle members should


implement the solution themselves
CONTROL OF RESOURCES
▪ Consumption of supplies and materials should be proportionate to
the number of patients served
▪ Requisition or stock of large numbers of supplies and materials
should be avoided to prevent misuse or spoilage
▪ A high turnover inventory is desired
▪ A low turnover is:
the result of poor purchasing policies
Overstock or decreased demand for the item
CONTROL OF RESOURCES
▪ Equipment utilization report should be made including frequency of
breakdown
help to evaluate the:
■ quality of equipment purchased
■ The way it was handled
▪ Preventive maintenance requires the regular inspection of
equipment to prevent breakdown or detect needed repairs
Breakdown results in more expenses and non productivity of personnel
CONTROL OF RESOURCES
• Human Resource:
• Absences due to leaves, whether scheduled or not, should be
analyzed
• Provision for relievers should be included in the staffing pattern to
maintain quality service
• Unusual number of unscheduled absences should be investigated
this may necessitate disciplinary action
DISCIPLINARY ACTION
▪ Any employee charge with breach of the rules and regulation,
policies, norms of conducts should be given due process

▪ There must be existing rules of conduct governing his behavior and


a documentation of actual violation

▪ The charged employee must be notified in writing about the


violation and be given the right counsel
Principles of disciplinary action

• 1. investigate carefully
• 2. be prompt
• 3. protect privacy
• 4. focus on the act
• 5. enforces rules consistently
• Be flexible
Components of disciplinary action program

▪ Code of conduct
Employees must be informed of the nature and meaning of codes of conduct
Must understand that the rules are reasonable and directly related to
efficient, effective operation of the agency

▪ Authorized penalties
▪ Records of offenses
▪ Right of appeal
DISCIPLINARY ACTION
• Should be progressive in nature

• CONSELLING AND ORAL WARNING


• Best given in private and in an informal atmosphere
• Employee is given fair chance to air his side
• Relevant facts are analyzed and evaluated against past performance
DISCIPLINARY ACTION
▪ COUNSELLING
▪ Employee is counseled regarding:
Expectations of improved behavior/performance
Ways of correcting the problem
Warning that a repetition of the same offense may warrant disciplinary
action
▪ The employee must commit to correct the behavior
▪ He should be informed of any follow-up action that may be taken
DISCIPLINARY ACTION
▪ WRITTEN WARNING
▪ The second step in disciplinary action
▪ Preceded by an interview similar to oral warning
▪ Employee is told after the interview that he will be given a written
warning
▪ WRITTEN WARNING: includes
Statement of the problem
Identification of the rule that was violated
Consequence of the continued deviant behavior
Employees commitment to take corrective action
Any follow-up action to be taken
DISCIPLINARY ACTION
• SUSPENSION
• DISMISSAL
• Invoked only when all other disciplinary efforts have failed
• Disciplinary Committee should be very sure that the cause for dismissal
conforms with the criteria of a major discipline violations as contained in the
policy manual
• Review is done by higher management
Indikator Mutu
Pelayanan
Keperawatan
Indikator Klinik mutu pelayanan Keperawatan
• suatu variabel untuk mengukur dan mengevaluasi
kualitas pelayanan keperawatan dan berdampak
terhadap pelayananan kesehatan.
Indikator Klinik mutu pelayanan Keperawatan

• Keselamatan pasien (patient safety)


• Keterbatasan Perawatan Diri
• Kepuasan pasien
• Kecemasan
• Kenyamanan
• Pengetahuan
Keselamatan Pasien
Dekubitus
• Dekubitus adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan
gangguan integritas kulit. Terjadi akibat tekanan, gesekan, dan atau
kombinasi di daerah kulit dan jaringan di bawahnya. Prevalensi
pasien yang akan mengalami dekubitus diestimasi sebesar 5–15%,
tetapi hal ini hampir semuanya dapat dicegah.
Keselamatan Pasien
Dekubitus
• Pasien dengan resiko decubitus :
• Usia lebih dari 75 tahun
• Ketidakmampuan bergerak pada bagian tertentu dari tubuh tanpa bantuan,
seperti pada cidera medula spenalis atau cidera kepala atau mengalami
penyakit neuromuskular
• Malnutrisi, obesitas
• Berbaring lama ditempat tidur atau penggunaan kursi roda
• Mengalami kondisi kronik seperti DM, Penyakit vaskuler
• Inkontinen urine dan feses, yang dapat menyebabkan iritasi kulit akibat kulit
yang lembab
Keselamatan Pasien
Dekubitus

Angka Kejadian Dekubitus

Formula Jumlah kejadian dekubitus X 100 %

Jumlah pasien beresiko terjadi dekubitus


Keselamatan Pasien
• Pasien Jatuh
• Pasien Jatuh adalah peristiwa jatuhnya pasien dari tempat tidur ke
lantai atau tempat lainnya yang lebih rendah pada saat istirahat
maupun saat pasien terjaga yang tidak disebabkan oleh penyakit
stroke, epilepsy, seizure, bahaya karena terlalu banyak aktivitas
Keselamatan Pasien
• Pasien Jatuh
Pengkajian pasien Resiko Jatuh

1) Karakteristik pasien dan fungsi fisik umum


• Usia 65 tahun atau lebih
• Gender: osteoporosis
• Disability/immobility
• Ketikseimbangan kemampuan gaya berjalan
• Gangguan motorik
• Ketidakmampuan aktivitas fisik
• Menggunakan alat bantu (kursi roda, walker, cane)
• Riwayat jatuh tiga bulan terakhir karena kondisi fisiknya
• Gangguan sensori
Pengkajian Pasien dengan Resiko Jatuh
2) Diagnosis/ Perubahan fisik
• Defisit Mental
• Penyakit Akut
• Kondisi musculoskeletal dan neuromuscular
• Ketidaknormalan gaya berjalan (fatigue, arthritis, parkinson, osteoporosis)
• Keterbatasan mobilitas karena problem pada kaki
• TIA (vertigo, dizziness, fainting)
• Seizure
• Stroke
• Penyakit serebral
• Hipotensi ortostatik
• 3) Medikasi dan interaksi obat
• Polifarmasi (lebih dari empat medikasi)
• Diuretik dan laxative
• Sedative, tranquilizer
• Psychotropic
Pengkajian Pasien dengan resiko jatuh
• b. Pengkajian faktor resiko ektrinsik
• 1) Karakteristik Lingkungan
• Tingkat pencahayaan yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan penglihatan
• Permukaan lantai yang dapat menyebabkan terpeleset
• Furniture
• Posisi ketinggian tempat tidur
• Kunci tempat tidur
• Penggunaan/tipe side rails
• Ketikdaktersediaan handrails, call bell
• Penggunaan alat bantu: wheelchair
• Lama rawat
Keselamatan Pasien
• Pasien Jatuh

Angka Kejadian Pasien Jatuh

Formula Jumlah pasien jatuh X 100%


Jumlah pasien yang beresiko jatuh
Keselamatan Pasien
Restrain
adalah alat bantu yang digunakan untuk mobilisasi, terutama untuk
pasien bingung atan disorientasi. Restrain hanya digunakan bila
metode lain sudah tidak efektif.
• Cidera yang mungkin terjadi pada saat dipasang restrain:
• Luka / lecet
• Jatuh
• Aspirasi
Keselamatan Pasien
• Restrain
• Angka Kejadian akibat restrain
• Formula
Jumlah pasien dengan cidera akibat restrain X 100 %
Total pasien yang dipasang restrain

Keselamatan Pasien
• Kesalahan Pemberian Obat oleh perawat
• Kesalahan dalam pemberian obat oleh perawat terjadi jika perawat
melakukan kesalahan dalam prinsip 6 benar dalam pemberian obat, yaitu:
• Benar pasien
• Benar obat
• Benar waktu pemberian
• Benar dosis obat
• Benar cara pemberian
• Benar dokumentasi
• Kejadian kesalahan pengobatan pasien yang dirawat inap dapat
mengakibatkan keadaan fatal atau kematian

Keselamatan Pasien
• Kesalahan Pemberian Obat oleh perawat
Angka Kejadian Kesalahan pada Pemberian Obat oleh Perawat

Formula Angka KTD dalam pemberian obat =


Jumlah pasien yang terkena Kejadian Tidak Diharapkan dalam Pemberian obat x 100%
Jumlah pasien pada hari tersebut

Angka KNC dalam pemberian obat =


Jumlah pasien yang terkena Kejadian nyaris cidera dalam Pemberian obat x100%
Jumlah pasien pada hari tersebut
Keterbatasan Perawatan Diri
• Angka TIDAK terpenuhinya kebutuhan mandi, berpakaian, toileting
(eliminasi) yang disebabkan oleh keterbatasan perawatan diri
• Keterbatasan diri
• Keterbatasan sebagian
• Total
• Tindakan Perawat :
• membantu keseluruhan kebutuhan perawatan diri (wholly
compensatory)
• membantu sebagian kebutuhan perawatan diri (partly compensatory)
• membantu dalam bentuk pendidikan (educative supportive)
Rumus Keterbatasan Perawatan Diri
• Angka tidak terpenuhinya kebutuhan perawatan diri =

Jumlah pasien yg tidak terpenuhi perawatan diri/bln* x 100%


Jumlah pasien dirawat dgn ketergantungan total & partial care**
Sub-Indikator Keterbatasan Perawatan Diri
Makan * porsi diet
Mandi: bersih pada *Gigi dan mulut
*Mata
*Rambut
*Kulit
*Kuku
*Telinga
*Tidak bau badan
*Perineal
Berpakaian & penampilan *Baju bersih & kering
*wajah segar
Eliminasi *berkemih
*defekasi
Kepuasan Pasien
• Tingginya tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan keperawatan
tercapai bila terpenuhinya kebutuhan pasien/keluarga terhadap
pelayananan keperawatan yang diharapkan.
Kepuasan Pasien
• Kelengkapan dan ketepatan informasi
• Penurunan kecemasan
• Perawat trampil profesional
• Pasien merasa nyaman
• Terhindar dari bahaya
• Privacy terjaga
• Perawat ramah dan empati
Kepuasan Pasien
• Yang boleh mengisi survey kepuasan pasien
• dirawat selama 3 hari
• tidak pulang paksa
• pulang hidup
Kepuasan
• Angka kepuasan =
jumlah pasien yang menyatakan puas thd yankep X 100%
jumlah pasien yg dilakukan survey pada periode tertentu
Kecemasan
• Cemas adalah perasaan was-was, kuatir atau tidak nyaman seakan-akan
terjadi suatu yang dirasakan sebagai ancaman.
• Angka Kejadian Pasien Cemas adalah presentasi jumlah prevalensi pasien
cemas yang dirawat di sarana kesehatan selama periode waktu tertentu
setiap bulan.
• identifikasi aspek:
• materi pendidikan/penyuluhan kepada pasien yang diberikan diulang/
review oleh pasien,
• materi pendidikan/penyuluhan direview kembali oleh perawat dan
dilakukan tanya jawab,
• informasi yang cukup diberikan untuk mengurangi cemas
Kecemasan

• Angka Kejadian Cemas pada Ruang Rawat Umum =


Jumlah pasien cemas x 100%
Jumlah pasien yang dirawat

• Angka Kejadian Cemas pada Ruang Rawat Psikiatri =


Jumlah pasien cemas 3 x 24 jam x 100%
Jumlah pasien yang dirawat dlm waktu 3x24 jam.
kenyamanan
• Rasa nyaman (comfort) adalah bebas dari rasa nyeri atau nyeri
terkontrol.
• Rasa nyeri merupakan sebuah rasa/emosi yang tidak menyenangkan
(subjektif)
• Manajemen nyeri yang buruk merupakan suatu indikator dari
kualitas asuhan yang buruk.
Kenyamanan
• Angka Tatalaksana Pasien Nyeri
• Tujuan
• Paling sedikit 90% askep yang terdokumentasi akan mencakup skala
nyeri yang dialami pasien seperti yang didefinisikan dalam standar
nyeri.
• Paling sedikit 90% tindakan yang dilakukan perawat adalah respon
terhadap nyeri yang dikemukakan oleh pasien untuk mencapai
kriteria nyaman/ nyeri terkontrol.
Kenyamanan
1. Angka Tatalaksana Pasien Nyeri
Persentase pasien dengan nyeri yang terdokumentasi dalam askep :
• Jumlah total pasien nyeri yang terdokumentasi x 100%
Jumlah total pasien per periode waktu tertentu
Persentase tatalaksana pasien nyeri:
• Jumlah total tindakan perawat sbg respon nyeri x 100 %
Jumlah total pasien terdokumentasi nyeri skala > 4 per periode waktu tertentu .
Kenyamanan
2. Angka Kenyamanan Pasien
Pasien merasa nyaman: Pasien dengan rasa nyeri terkontrol
• Nyeri adalah suatu kondisi yang lebih dari sekadar sensasi tunggal yang
disebabkan oleh stimulus tertentu, bersifat subjektif dan sangat individual
• Pasien dengan nyeri terkontrol adalah pasien yang menunjukkan skala
nyeri dibawah 4 sampai dengan 0 pada skala 0-10 atau dengan
• Gold standard : pasien menyatakan tidak merasakan nyeri, tidak ada
ketakutan, kecemasan dan depresi setelah diberikan tindakan
keperawatan selama periode waktu tertentu.
kenyamanan
• Angka kenyamanan pasien =
Jumlah pasien dengan nyeri terkontrol x 100 %
Jumlah pasien yang terdokumentasi nyeri per periode waktu tertentu
Pengetahuan
• Pengetahuan adalah kemampuan pasien mengetahui
informasi tentang perawatan penyakitnya
Pengetahuan
• Perencanaan Pasien Pulang
• Discharge Planning adalah suatu proses yang dipakai sebagai
pengambilan keputusan dalam hal memenuhi kebutuhan pasien untuk
kesempurnaan kepindahan pasien dari satu tempat perawatan ke tempat
lainnya.
• Perencanaan pemulangan dimulai sejak pasien masuk, bahkan dapat
dilakukan sebelumnya, sebagai contoh untuk pasien yang akan dilakukan
operasi, dokter telah memberikan penjelasan berapa lama pasien akan
dirawat
Pengetahuan
• Pengetahuan tentang Perawatan Penyakitnya
Jumlah pasien yang kurang pengetahuan x 100%
Jumlah pasien yang dirawat pada periode tertentu
•  Angka Discharge Planning
Jumlah pasien yang tidak dibuat discharge planning pada periode
tertentu x 100%
Jumlah pasien yang dirawat pada periode tertentu
Reference
• Mainz, Jan. "Defining and classifying clinical indicators for quality
improvement." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 15.6
(2003): 523-530.
• Oxford Dictionary. Definition: Quality. 2016. (Accessed 7 July 2016, at
[Link]
• Headrick L, Neuhauser D. Quality health care. JAMA
1995;273:1718-20.
• Chandrupatla T. Chapter 1: Quality Concepts. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press,;2001.

Common questions

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A high-quality nursing care environment is characterized by adequate staffing levels, well-maintained facilities, and access to resources and equipment that support effective care delivery . It includes a management system that promotes professional development and supports nursing staff with clear communication channels and team collaboration . Such an environment positively impacts patient outcomes by enhancing the quality of care provided, reducing errors, and improving patient satisfaction . For staff, it fosters job satisfaction, professional growth, and reduces burnout, which ultimately enhances performance and retention .

Clinical and management indicators provide quantitative measures for monitoring and evaluating the quality of governance, management, and clinical functions that significantly impact patient outcomes . These indicators, such as patient safety, self-care limitations, and patient satisfaction, are essential for identifying areas needing improvement, ensuring high standards, and driving quality improvement initiatives within the healthcare setting . They also facilitate the identification of risks and the implementation of evidence-based practices to enhance patient safety and care quality .

The types of performance standards in nursing include structure, process, and outcome standards . Structure standards focus on the management system and infrastructure used in care delivery, such as staffing levels and facility resources . Process standards involve the decisions and actions based on nursing practices, including assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning . Outcome standards measure the results of care provided, capturing changes in health status, knowledge, and satisfaction . Together, these standards ensure accountability, promote best practices, and drive improvements in patient care and outcomes .

Intrinsic factors contributing to patient falls include age, mobility impairments, sensory deficits, and medical conditions like hypotension or seizure disorders . Extrinsic factors encompass environmental aspects like poor lighting, slippery floors, and inappropriate bed heights . Prevention strategies involve assessing patients for fall risks, modifying environments to reduce hazards, providing assistive devices, and implementing personalized care plans that include strength and balance exercises . Additionally, educating staff and patients on fall risks and safe practices enhances prevention efforts .

Total Quality Management (TQM) can be applied in nursing practice by involving all nursing staff in the continuous improvement of care quality and patient services . TQM focuses on customer satisfaction, reducing waste, and minimizing the cost of poor quality, thereby requiring the application of structured systems for comprehensive quality improvement processes . Nurses can collaboratively identify key areas for enhancement, employ quality tools and statistics, and ensure active participation in problem-solving to meet and exceed patient expectations .

The use of quality tools and statistics in continuous quality improvement (CQI) allows nursing practices to systematically analyze processes, identify inefficiencies, and measure performance outcomes . These tools enable the collection and analysis of data to inform evidence-based decisions, promote team collaboration in problem-solving, and identify key processes needing improvement . By engaging all staff in using these tools, organizations can foster a culture of continuous assessment and refinement, ultimately improving patient care quality and operational efficiency .

Patient satisfaction is a critical indicator of nursing care quality, reflecting the degree to which patient and family expectations were met by the healthcare service . It can be systematically measured using tools like patient satisfaction surveys that assess aspects such as information completeness, anxiety reduction, comfort, and professionalism of the nursing staff . These surveys should be administered in a way that captures a representative sample of patient experiences, providing data that can be used to identify areas for service enhancement and improve future care delivery .

Controlling in nursing management is primarily aimed at opening opportunities for improvement, comparing performance against set standards, and providing information on the functioning of processes and people . It is a continuous process integrated with planning, organizing, and directing activities, where performance is measured, and corrective actions are taken to ensure goals are met . This approach contributes to the overall quality of care by maintaining standards, promoting personal and professional growth, and fostering an environment conducive to both individual and organizational development .

Benchmarking and quality assurance practices contribute to the improvement of nursing care services by establishing performance standards and comparing them with best practices in the field . Benchmarking involves analyzing superior performance models and integrating their processes into existing practices to elevate care quality . Quality assurance focuses on auditing care delivery against these benchmarks and identifying areas for enhancement . Together, these practices promote a culture of excellence, ensure adherence to standards, and encourage continuous improvement in patient care services .

Nursing audits play a key role in maintaining healthcare quality by evaluating patient care processes and outcomes against established standards . They are conducted by a committee comprising representatives from all nursing levels, who review patient records, conduct interviews, and assess compliance with care protocols . Audits may be retrospective, examining discharged patients' records and feedback to determine adherence to standards and identify areas for improvement . This systematic review helps ensure accountability, enhance care quality, and inform quality improvement initiatives .

Fungsi Pengendalian dalam
Manajemen keperawatan
Evi Harwiati Ningrum MHSm
outline
• Konsep dasar dan tujuan
pengendalian
• Jenis pengendalian ruang rawat
• Proses menjaga mutu asuhan
keperawatan di r
Konsep dasar dan
tujuan pengendalian
Pengendalian / Controlling
Our final step in
management process
Proses berkelanjutan yang
berlangsung saat aktivitas
planning
CONTROLLING
• An on going function of management which occurs during planning,
organizing and directing activities
• Process
PURPOSES OF
CONTROLLING
• Open opportunities for
improvement
• Compare performance
against set standard
• Provides informatio
Jenis
pengendalian
ruang rawat
Special type of Controlling
• Quality Control
• Performance appraisal
Proses
pengendalian ruang
rawat
Steps in Control
Process
▪Establish standards and criteria
▪Measure performance
▪Compare results with standards
▪Match with s

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