Scribd
Upload
68 views5 pages

Newton-Raphson Method Examples

The document provides examples of numerical methods for solving equations including: 1) Using an iterative formula like xn+1 = F(xn) to find the root of an equation between 0 and 1 to within 3 decimal places. 2) The Newton-Raphson method for finding approximate values of x where f(x) = 0 by calculating successive approximations xn+1 = xn - f(xn)/f'(xn). 3) The trapezium rule for estimating definite integrals using the sum of the areas of trapezoids formed by the function graph and ordinates, giving an overestimate if the graph is concave up and underestimate if concave down.

Uploaded by

Tan Chin Huat
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views5 pages

Newton-Raphson Method Examples

The document provides examples of numerical methods for solving equations including: 1) Using an iterative formula like xn+1 = F(xn) to find the root of an equation between 0 and 1 to within 3 decimal places. 2) The Newton-Raphson method for finding approximate values of x where f(x) = 0 by calculating successive approximations xn+1 = xn - f(xn)/f'(xn). 3) The trapezium rule for estimating definite integrals using the sum of the areas of trapezoids formed by the function graph and ordinates, giving an overestimate if the graph is concave up and underestimate if concave down.

Uploaded by

Tan Chin Huat
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Numerical Methods Overview
  • Newton-Raphson Method
  • Trapezium Rule

CHAPTER 12: NUMERICAL METHODS Example 3:

Show that the equation x 3 + 7 x − 1 = 0 has a root


Locating an approximate root between x = 0 and x = 1.
Example 1:
Determine the number of real roots for the equation Show that the equation x 3 + 7 x − 1 = 0 can be
1
x 3 + x − 3 = 0. rearranged in the form x = . Hence, use the
Solution: x +7
2

iterative formula to find this root correct


to 3 decimal places given that xo = 1.
Solution:

Example 2:
Show that the equation x 3 + ln x = 0 has a root in the
interval [0.5,1].
Solution:

Iterative method
1) To find a root of equation using iterative formula
xn+1 = F ( xn ) .
Eg:

Let initial guess for root is x o .


x1 = F ( xo )
x 2 = F ( x1 )
x3 = F ( x 2 )
….
1
Identify an iteration which converges or diverges
1) If x =  is an approximation to a root of the
equation x = F (x), then a sequence defined by
xn+1 = F ( xn ) with a starting value, close to  will
converge to as long as F ' ( x n )  1.

Example 4:
It is given that equation x 3 + 2 x − 4 = 0 has a root
near x = 1. The equation can be rearranged as
1
a) x = (4 − x 3 ) b) x = 3 4 − 2 x
2
Determine which of these rearranged form would be
suitable for the use of iterative formula. Estimate this
root correct to two decimal places.
Solution:

2
Newton-Raphson Method 3) Newton-Raphson Method will over-estimate when
1) To find the approximate value of x for the equation (i) f (x) is increasing and concave upwards
f ( x) = 0.
Prove:

(ii) f (x) is decreasing and concave downwards

Gradient of the tangent at x1 , f ( x1 ) is


f ( x1 ) − 0
f ' ( x) =
x1 − x 2
f ( x1 )
x1 − x 2 =
f ' ( x1 )
f ( x1 )
x 2 = x1 −
f ' ( x1 )
f ( x2 )
x3 = x 2 −
f ' ( x2 )
…
f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n − , f ' ( xn )  0
f ' ( xn )

2) Newton-Raphson Method will under-estimate when


(i) f (x) is increasing and concave downwards

(ii) f (x) is decreasing and concave upwards

3
Example 5: Example 6:
Using x = 1 as the first approximation, find the root of Using x = 2 as the first approximation, find the root
equation e x = 3 − x with Newton-Raphson method. of equation 2 sin x = x with the Newton-Raphson
Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. method. Give your answer correct to 3 significant
Solution: figures.
Solution:

4
Trapezium Rule
1) To estimate the value of definite integrals.
Prove:

n strips/ intervals
( n + 1 ) ordinates
Example 8:
Area under a curve Using the trapezium rule with 3 ordinates, find an
 Sum of area of trapezium estimate for the area under the curve y = sin x
= A1 + A2 + A3 + ... + An−1 + An 
between x = 0 and x = . Give your answer correct
b − a  12 ( y o + y1 ) + 12 ( y1 + y 2 ) + 12 ( y 2 + y3 ) + ... 2
=   to 2 decimal places. Use a sketch graph of y = sin x ,
n + 12 ( y n−1 + y n )  determine whether the trapezium rule gives an over-
= h y o + 2( y1 + y 2 + y 3 + ... + y n −1 ) + y n 
1 estimate or under-estimate of the area.
2 Solution:

Hence,
h y o + 2( y1 + y 2 + y 3 + ... + y n −1 ) + y n 
1

b
f ( x)dx =
a 2
b−a
where h =
n

2) If a graph is concave upwards, the trapezium rule


over-estimates the actual area.

3) If a graph is concave downwards, the trapezium rule


under-estimates the actual area.

Example 7:
1

 (1 + x ) dx using the trapezium rule with five


2
2 2
Find
1
ordinates. Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution:

CHAPTER 12: NUMERICAL METHODS Locating an approximate root Example 1: Determine the number of real roots for the equatio
Identify an iteration which converges or diverges 1) If  = x is an approximation to a root of the equation ), (x F x =
Newton-Raphson Method 1) To find the approximate value of x for the equation .0 ) ( = x f Prove: G
Example 5: Using 1 = x as the first approximation, find the root of equation x e x − = 3 with Newton-Raphson method. G
Trapezium Rule 1) To estimate the value of definite integrals. Prove: n strips/ intervals ( 1 + n )

You might also like