OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEM IN A SELECTED

GARMENTS FACTORY IN BANGLADESH

BY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING,

SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SYLHET,
BANGLADESH.
DECEMBER, 2018
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEM IN A SELECTED
GARMENTS FACTORY IN BANGLADESH

I
 SUBMITTED BY

This thesis is submitted to DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND

PRODUCTION ENGINEERING in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL AND
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING.

SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SYLHET-

3114, BANGLADESH.
DECEMBER, 2018

II

Supervisor
 ABSTRACT

Readymade Garments (RMG) sector in Bangladesh has been playing a great role in the economy.
It is the advantage of outsourcing of supply chains that opened up a new door of economic
emancipation for Bangladesh. It is creating employment opportunity for the rural and marginal
people for many years. At present 5100 garment factories are operating in this country and 3.6
million workers are working in this sector. Most of them are female. From the beginning of this
sector it is visible that health status of the garment worker is not good enough to do their work
properly. Concerning this matter, the study was conducted to find out the major health problems
of the workers of PRIMORDIAL LIMITED. In this study, 180 workers of that factory were
interviewed among around one thousand workers to identify the major diseases they experienced
or facing. Data processing and analysis were done with SPSS software. The study reveals that the
workers in this factory suffer from different physical and mental problems. Major physical
problems are back pain, neck pain, finger numbness, visual discomfort, gastric pain, common cold,
asthma etc. Major mental problems are depression, bipolar disorder caused by extra work pressure,
bad relationship among workers and management etc. Long working hour, excessive workload,
bad working environment with poor salary structure are identified as the main causes of problems.
The authority and top management should take necessary steps to ensure good physical and mental
health. It will help workers to become healthy and more productive in their work.

III
IV
CONTENTS
RECOMMENDATION OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ........................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... III

CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................. V

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................................... VI

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................VII

CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................2
1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................2
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THESIS ................................................................................................................3
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE THESIS ....................................................................................................4
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS..................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................................. 6

LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................7

2.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................7
2.2 DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................................................7
2.3 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN A GARMENT
FACTORY: .........................................................................................................................................................10
2.4 MENTAL ILLNESS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PHYSICAL HEALTH.....................................14
2.5 FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE HEALTH ..................................................................................................14
2.6 INTERACTION BETWEEN WORK AND HEALTH ................................................................................15
2.7 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ...............................................................................................................15
2.8 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................19

CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................................ 20

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................21
3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................21
3.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY .........................................................................................................21
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................................24
3.4 MATERIAL AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS ............................................................................................26

CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................................................. 27

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...............................................................................................................................28

4.1. INTRODUCTION: ......................................................................................................................................28
4.2. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: .........................................................................................................28
4.3. ANALYSIS WITH TABULATED DATA AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION .............................30
4.5 Mental Health Problem analysis: ................................................................................................................39

CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................................ 45

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................................46

5.1 CONCLUSION: ...........................................................................................................................................46

V
 5.2 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................................47
5.3 LIMITATIONS: ...........................................................................................................................................49

REFERENCES ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................... 53

APPENDIX [1]: QUESTIONNAIRES ...........................................................................................................................53

APPENDIX [2]: COLLECTED DATA THROUGH INTERVIEW .....................................................................................59

List of Tables

Table 1. 1: Major accidents in RMG sector during 1990 to 2013. ................................................. 4

Table 2. 1: Problems Created by Imbalanced Diet ...................................................................... 13
Table 4. 1: Age level of the worker in the selected garment factory. ........................................... 29
Table 4. 2: Health problem related to the skeleton and muscle system. ....................................... 31
Table 4. 3: Age-wise comparison of Health problems related to the skeleton and muscle system
....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 4. 4: Health problem caused by the long working hour. ..................................................... 33
Table 4. 5: Health Problem caused by Imbalance diet.................................................................. 35
Table 4. 6: Health problem related with circulatory system ......................................................... 36
Table 4. 7: Health Problem caused from unhealthy environment ................................................ 37
Table 4. 8: Injury number according to PPE using ....................................................................... 38
Table 4. 9: Awareness frequency about PPE vs. Education ......................................................... 39
Table 4. 10: Causes of Mental Problem ........................................................................................ 40

VI
 List of Figures

Figure 2. 1: Occupational and work-related diseases. .................................................................... 9

Figure 3. 1: Flow diagram of research methodology .................................................................... 22
Figure 4. 1: Frequency of workers vs. gender classification ........................................................ 29
Figure 4. 2: Frequency of workers vs. educational qualification .................................................. 29
Figure 4. 3: Workers age level ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4. 4: Health problems related to the skeleton and muscle system. .................................... 31
Figure 4. 5: Comparison pain against age ..................................................................................... 33
Figure 4. 6: Health problem Caused by long working hours ........................................................ 34
Figure 4. 7: Health Problem caused by Imbalance diet. .............................................................. 35
Figure 4. 8: Circulatory problem .................................................................................................. 36
Figure 4. 9: Health Problem caused from unhealthy environment ............................................... 37
Figure 4. 10: Causes who create Mental Problems ....................................................................... 41

VII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) health is "a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease"[1]. Readymade Garment (RMG)
Sector is the main source of earning foreign currencies in the economy of Bangladesh. In 2010–
2011 financial year 78.15 percent of the total income was from the garment sector. At present
5,100 garment factories are operating in this country and 3.6 million workers are working in this
sector (EPB 2012) where more than 80% of them are female who mainly came
from the rural areas of Bangladesh. It plays an important role in generating
employment opportunities for the rural illiterate women otherwise they had to
work as maid servant. Therefore, RMG sector opened a new door for rural people
to engage themselves into the economic activities of Bangladesh [2].

The workers income is not enough to maintain their basic needs with their income. They are not
able to afford to maintain healthcare, follow up with physicians, proper accommodation as well as
access to other amenities. So, they have to face physical complexity. Their working environment
in their garments is not congenial to ensure good health.

Mental health, therefore, is an integral part of human health and wellbeing. Mental disorders
constitute a major public health challenge and account for 13% of the global burden of disease
measured as disability adjusted life years [3].

Low- and middle-income countries have higher burden of mental disorders than economically
developed countries [4, 5]. A large number of people around the world are suffering from
psychiatric disorders. Mental illness constitutes four of the ten most common causes of worldwide
burden of disease, yet it remains low on the agenda of policy makers, particularly in developing
countries like Bangladesh. Unfortunately, numerous organizations and NGOs that work on chronic
non-communicable diseases in Bangladesh also largely ignore mental health. In Bangladesh the
2
term chronic diseases remain largely limited to diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and
hypertension. Needless to say, these diseases are growing problems for the health system in
Bangladesh. As Bangladesh slowly but surely completes its demographic and epidemiological
transition; it is quite natural to expect that chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, cardio vascular
diseases and hypertension will emerge as major killers replacing traditional communicable
diseases [6].

In Bangladesh working environment of RMG factory and related factor for mental health are not
in favor of worker. Data related to mental health is scare. A positive health culture can be effective
for improving different sector of a factory.

The study has been conducted in a selected factory named PRIMEORDIAL LTD. It is located in
Tejgaon, Dhaka. The study is concerned with the management, workers and working environment
based on health condition.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THESIS

Bangladesh is a developing country. Garments industry are playing an important role for the
development of our country. Garments products of our country are widely used in foreign country
as well as our own country. Garments worker plays the key role of this sector. So it is very
necessary to keep them healthy so that they can contribute in this sector. Proper utilization of
garments worker can help to improve productivity.

Health is a very important and mandatory function of a worker. If good health is not maintained,
it will have great impact on the sector. If a worker adversely affected by health problems, there
will be an adverse cost to the employer as well as to the individual worker. The most visible
adverse cost is time away from work which is recorded as lost time. However, productive time
will also be lost when they have health associated problems because they cannot work with total
efficiency.

3
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE THESIS

Physical and mental health diseases is a serious problem in all over the world. Readymade
garments are the largest export industry and determine the dynamics of total export earnings for
Bangladesh. RMG is still growing at a satisfactory rate. Since OSHE has been engaged on
workplace death and injury monitoring of 16 national daily newspapers and sharing the findings
with the government, trade unions, employers and other stake holders. Physical health-related
problems are created by the organizations working environment, working condition, safety
precaution, Accidents etc. Mental health-related problems are created by organizations behavior
culture, motivational factor, the behavior of upper and lower personnel etc.

Table 1. 1: Major accidents in RMG sector during 1990 to 2013 [7].

YEAR Garment Died
1990 Sarika Garments, Dhaka 32
1995 Lusaka Garments, Dhaka 22
1996 Pallabi Suntex Ltd. 14
1996 Tahidul Garments 14
1997 Shanghai Apparels, Dhaka 24
1997 Abdur Rahman Apparels, Dhaka 22
1997 Tamanna Garments 27
1997 Jahanara Fashion, Narayangonj 30
2000 Macro Sweater, Dhaka 23
2000 Globe Knitting, Dhaka 12
2000 Chowdhury Knitwear and Garment Factory, Dhaka 48
2001 Kafrul Capital Garments 26
2004 Chowdhury Knitwear, Narsingdi 23
2005 Shan Knitting, Narayangonj 23
2005 Spectrum Garments, Dhaka 80
2006 KTS garments, Chittagong 62
2006 Phoenix Textile Mills, Dhaka 21

4
 2010 Ha-Meem Clothing Factory, Dhaka 29
2010 Garib & Garib Sweater Factory, Dhaka 21
2012 Tazreen Fashion, Dhaka 113
2013 Rana Plaza Tragedy 1132

This research has been performed to explore the existing health condition of workers in an industry.
This can help the garment factories to understand their conditions in case of work related physical
and mental health and understand the urgency of situation.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS

The Broad Objective of the thesis is to provide an idea about the existing physical and mental
health condition of a garment industry.

The Specific Objectives of the thesis are following:

• To analyze the current physical and mental Health situation of worker of a garment factory.
• To find out common physical and mental health problems among worker.
• To provide a recommended solution from the experts.

5
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Review of literature is an essential component of a research process, without a comprehensive

exposure to the relevant literature are would remain in darkness about the essentials of a research.
Such a review, as meaningfully synthesizing existing knowledge in the area, helps us to detect the
gap in the existing knowledge and eventually to define the problems almost inevitably requires a
review of the relevant literature.

Mental health and physical health are inextricably linked. People with serious mental illness (SMI),
such as schizophrenia and mood disorders, have higher rates of physical illness than the general
population [8]. They also have physical health problems that often remain undetected or untreated
[9]. Up to 50% of people with serious mental illness have recognizable medical disorders and
about 20% have medical problems that may explain or exacerbate their psychiatric condition [10].
The additive effects of co-occurring physical illness and mental health problems often produce
worse overall health outcomes [11].

2.2 DEFINITIONS

HEALTH:

According to WHO Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

PHYSICAL HEALTH:

Traditional definitions of physical health prior to the onset of modern medicine would have
considered someone physically healthy if he or she was not stricken with a serious illness. With
modern medical innovations came longer life spans, which changed the way we define physical
health. Today's definition can consider everything ranging from the absence of disease to fitness
level [12].

7
While physical health consists of many components, here is a brief list of the key areas that should
be addressed:

• Physical activity - includes strength, flexibility, and endurance

• Nutrition and diet - includes nutrient intake, fluid intake, and healthy digestion

• Medical self-care - includes addressing minor ailments or injuries and seeking emergency
care as necessary

• Rest and sleep - includes periodic rest and relaxation, along with high quality sleep

MENTAL HEALTH:

According to WHO Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual
realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively
and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community [13].

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we
think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make
choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through
adulthood.

Over the course of life, if anyone experience mental health problems, his thinking, mood, and
behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including:

• Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry

• Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse

• Family history of mental health problems [14].

8
 Occupational and work-related diseases

Skin diseases Tumours

3% 3%
CNS
8%
Musculoskeletal
40% Respiratory disorders
9%

Accident
14%

Mental disorder
7%
Heart disease
16%

Skin diseases Tumours CNS Respiratory disorders

Accident Mental disorder Heart disease Musculoskeletal

Figure 2. 1: Occupational and work-related diseases [15].

This figure is previous overview of occupational health diseases that shows major diseases and
reasons for death .

This table is collected from Takala J. (ILO) Indicator of death, disability and disease at work.
African newsletter on occupational health and safety, December 1999.

9
2.3 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS IN A GARMENT FACTORY:

2.3.1 Injury:

Injury is known as damage to the body caused by external force. A common incident of a garment
industry. It may be caused by unsafe environment, presence of hazardous material, unawareness
of using Personal protective equipment etc.

Accident:

An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable, incidental and unplanned

event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been
recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Most scientists who study unintentional injury
avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that
reduce injury incidence and severity (Robertson, 2015).

Heinrich’s Domino Theory:

Heinrich posits five metaphorical dominoes labeled with accident causes. They are:

a) Social Environment and Ancestry,

b) Fault of Person,
c) Unsafe Act or Mechanical or Physical Hazard (unsafe condition),
d) Accident, and
e) Injury.

Heinrich defines each of these “dominoes” explicitly, and gives advice on minimizing or
eliminating their presence in the sequence. Heinrich’s Domino Theory states that accidents result
from a chain of sequential events, metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling over. When one
of the dominoes falls, it triggers the next one and the next continuously. But removing a key factor
(such as an unsafe condition or an unsafe act) prevents the start of the chain reaction [16].

Musculoskeletal Disorders (Msd):

10
The term MSD covers any injury, damage or disorder of the joints or other tissues in the
upper/lower limbs or the back. They are the conditions that affect the nerves, tendons, muscles and
supporting structures, such as the discs in the back. They result from one or more of these tissues
having to work harder than they're designed to. Examples of MSDs include carpal tunnel
syndrome, epicondylitis, tendinitis, back pain, tension neck syndrome, and hand-arm vibration
syndrome.

2.3.2 Working Environment:

Working environment has a great impact on health. A healthy work environment is ideal when it
comes to maintaining a positive outcome in a stressful atmosphere. The most important thing that
influences employee motivation and happiness, and how productive and efficient they can be, all
goes down to their working environment.

According to Forbes A toxic workplace environment will overtake the culture of any organization,
interfering with employee performance, destroying relationships and demotivating top performers.
It is important to understand your organization’s exposure to such an environment so that strategies
are implemented to either eradicate or mitigate its effects [17].

2.3.3 Ergonomics:

The impact of ergonomics on workplace design the goal of Ergonomics is to provide maximum
productivity with minimal cost; in this context cost is expressed as the physiological or health cost
to the worker. In a workplace setting there are seldom a large number of tasks that exceed the
capabilities of most of the workforce. There may be jobs that will include a specific task that
requires ergonomics in the workplace extended reaches or overhead work that cannot be sustained
for long periods, by using Ergonomic principles to design these tasks; more people should be able
to perform the job without the risk of injury. Ergonomics has already been defined and its primary
focus is on the design of work activity that suits the person in that it takes account of their
capabilities and limitations. Matching the requirements of a job with the capabilities of the worker
is the approach to be adopted in order to reduce the risks of musculoskeletal injuries resulting from
handling materials manually. Proactive Ergonomics emphasizes the prevention of work related
musculoskeletal disorders through recognizing, anticipating and reducing risk factors in the
planning stages of new systems of work or workplaces. In effect, to design operations that ensures
proper selection and use of tools, job methods, workstation layouts and materials that impose no
undue stress and strain on the worker. Additional costs are incurred in redesigning or modifying
11
work processes therefore it is more cost effective to reduce risk factors at the design stage. A
proactive approach to Ergonomics will ensure that Designers will receive training in ergonomics
and have appropriate information and guidelines regarding risk reduction • Decision-makers
planning new work processes should have knowledge of Ergonomics principles that contribute to
the reduction or elimination of risk. Design strategies emphasize fitting job demands to the
capabilities and limitations of workers. For example, for tasks requiring heavy materials handling,
use of mechanical assist devices to reduce the need for manual handling would be designed into
the process • Other aspects of design should be considered including load design, layout of the
workplace to allow for ease of access when using mechanical aids and eliminating unnecessary
lifting activities [18].

2.3.4 Smoking:

Smoking has a negative impact on both mental and physical health. Many people with mental
health problems believe that smoking relieves their symptoms, but these effects are only short-
term. People with depression are twice as likely to smoke as other people. People with
schizophrenia are three times as likely to smoke as other people. Nicotine in cigarettes interferes
with the chemicals in our brains. Dopamine is a chemical which influences positive feelings and
is often found to be lower in people with depression. Nicotine temporarily increases the levels of
dopamine, but also switches off the brain's natural mechanism for making the chemical. In the long
term, this can make a person feel as though they need more and more nicotine in order to repeat
this positive sensation [19].

2.3.5 Long Working Hour:

Long working hour is very common in Bangladeshi garments factory. It causes many severe
problems for garments worker. Physical and mental both types problems are created by long
working hour. 10-12 hour working time is usual in Bangladesh.

[Link] Physical Problems Due to Long Working Hour

Below problems are very common due to long working hour:

Fatigue

12
Neck pain

Pain in joint

Stomach ache / Ulcers

Visual discomfort

Chest pain etc.

[Link] Mental Health Problems Due to Long Working Hour

Too much time spent on work and not enough spent on relaxation and fun can increase your risk
of developing depression and might even increase your chance of developing a major depressive
episode. Your stress level also might rise as you struggle to handle a heavy workload with little
down time. Although family can be a source of comfort, you might become more stressed if family
members don’t understand why you must spend so much time working [20].

2.3.6 Imbalanced Diet:

Imbalance diet means not taking meals properly by maintaining nutrients. Poor dietary habits are
associated with numerous preventable chronic diseases and premature deaths.

Table 2. 1: Problems Created by Imbalanced Diet [21].

Sl. No Variables % of Health

Problem
1 Malnutrition 65.5
2 Food poisoning 69.0
3 Less appetite 64.5
4 Gastric pain 71.5
5 Headache (frequent) 82.5
6 Breathing problem 42.5

2.3.7 Stress

13
According to [Link] In a medical or biological context stress is a physical, mental, or
emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Stresses can be external (from the
environment, psychological, or social situations) or internal (illness, or from a medical
procedure). Stress mainly creates mental problem as well as physical problem. It may cause
depression, anxiety, neural problem etc.

2.4 MENTAL ILLNESS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PHYSICAL

HEALTH

Physical fitness largely depends on mental illness. Poor physical health can lead to an increased
risk of developing mental health problems. Similarly, poor mental health can negatively impact on
physical health, leading to an increased risk of some conditions.

There are various ways in which poor mental health has been shown to be detrimental to physical
health. People with the highest levels of self-rated distress (compared to lowest rates of distress)
were 32% more likely to have died from cancer. Depression has been found to be associated with
an increased risk of coronary heart disease [22].

2.5 FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE HEALTH

An effective management system is an essential element of achieving outstanding health and safety
performance. There are a number of other important factors to ensure that the health and safety
management system is effective. These include:

• Visible corporate and senior management leadership to health and safety.

• Organizational capability i.e. sufficient competence and adequate resources.

• Effective communication systems.

• Risk awareness in decision making.

• Employee engagement/participation.

• A learning organization to drive continual improvement [23].

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 2.6 INTERACTION BETWEEN WORK AND HEALTH

There is widespread awareness that both the physical tasks involved in a job and the physical work
environment can have important health effects. These concerns have been the traditional domain
of occupational health and safety.

Physical working conditions and risk of injury and illness: The type of work and the tasks
involved influence a worker’s risk of physical injury and illness.

Hazardous exposures in the workplace: In addition to workplace conditions like inadequate

ventilation or temperature control that can aggravate allergies or asthma. The physical environment
of a workplace can expose workers to a variety of potentially hazardous chemicals. Lead,
pesticides, aerosols, ammonia and other cleaning products, and asbestos are just a few of the many
workplace-related chemicals for which long-term exposure have been related to poisoning and
serious illnesses. Hearing loss from noisy work environments is one of the most common
occupational injuries worldwide, and workplace noise also creates a higher risk of accidents [24].

2.7 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

An extensive literature review has been performed to find out the potential papers or journals on
health of garment factories were done. Several publications were found in relation of context to
those.

A research paper by S Akhter, AFM Salahuddin, M. Iqbal, ABMA Malek and N Jahan presents
some findings for health:

I. Not enough congenial and hygienic working atmospheres in industry

II. Sexual harassment by lineman, supervisor and manager to the female workers
III. Not enough toilet and washroom facilities
IV. Pure water is not available for drinking and washing for female workers
V. Discrimination in wages fixation and other facilities between male & female workers
VI. Not enough maternity leave for female workers. If so, then without pay
VII. No weekly holiday for female workers. If so, then without pay
VIII. No recreation facilities for workers
IX. No baby care center for female workers [25].

15
Many researchers have investigated the working conditions of garments in Bangladesh and found
some important information. A research study paper on “A Study on Occupational Health & Safety
Practices in RMG Factories of Bangladesh in Accordance with Compliance after Rana Plaza
Incident” was published by Parvez Ahmed Sharif, Md. Ekramul Islam, Redwan Ahamed Kabir
(2015). According to the paper, the workers’ do not have the minimal knowledge about
occupational health and safety standards to be maintained in RMG factories. Even though some of
the workers seemed to be concerned about the unhealthy working condition and unfair welfare
provision, they did not want to disclose the real situation while doing survey due to the fear of
losing job or being harassed by the management later. Years after Rana Plaza tragedy there is still
some lacking in the welfare of the workers. There is lack of interest in the implementation of safety
of workers. Most of the cases the workers are underpaid [26].

A research paper on “Health Status of the Female Workers in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh”
shows in the readymade garment sector of Bangladesh a large number of female workers are found
to continue their work even they suffer from various diseases and illness as they have no other
alternative to survive in the society. The growth and development of the garment sector largely
depends on the female worker because female workers are the main contributor to this sector. We
should believe that ill workers cannot give us healthy economy. The competitive strength of the
garment sector in the world market is seriously affected by the health problems of
the workers, since it decreases the productivity of the workers to a great extent. Almost all the
female workers in this sector suffer from various types of illness and diseases like the problems in
their bones, complexity due to abortion, dermatitis, back pain, eye strain, pruritus, malnutrition,
respiratory problems, hepatitis, gastric pain, fatigue, fever, abdomen pain, common cold, and
helminthiasis. Though the garment workers were very young they suffered from
anemia, female diseases, dysentery, etc. The female workers should be given
some breaks to get relax during the work that will reduce their back pain, eye
strain, and fatigue. The income level of the female workers is very low to survive.
Therefore, they should be given such amount which will be enough to buy the
necessities for their living. It will prevent them from malnutrition, gastric pain,
abdomen pain and also fatigue. The presence of appropriate working condition,
pure drinking water and separate rest room for the female workers should be
ensured in the factory so that the propensity of some diseases like dermatitis,

16
pruritus, respiratory problems, hepatitis, fever, abdomen pain, common cold,
helminthiasis and diseases from sexual contact could be minimized. Most of the health problems
that the garment workers suffered arose from the occupational hazards including long working
hours, absence of leave facilities, congested and over-crowded working conditions, absence of
health facilities and safety measures, absence of staff amenities, lack of safe drinking water, lack
of first aid box, safe working counseling or psychological counseling etc. Harrington & Gill (1989)
reported that occupational health hazard is concerned with health hazard in relation to work
environment. The science of occupational health hazards covers a wide field, like work
physiology, occupational hygiene, occupational psychology, occupational toxicology etc. In
addition to this, workplace hazards can be efficiently managed through the provision of protective
equipment and/or the payment of a compensating differential for employment involving health
risks [27].

A paper named “A Study on The Workplace Environment in Garment Industry: Challenges and
Opportunities” was published by Muhammad Nasir Uddin. In this paper the writer found that the
workers are mostly from the rural areas of the country, mostly from the northern parts, due to
poverty, the economic problem of mounting unemployment, lack of structured protection against
natural disasters, under development of those areas and with the hope of happy and economically
stable livelihood. The paper also shows that though the percentage of female workers are high in
the industry the upper level workers are more male oriented mainly because of low education
qualification of females. It is also found that the workers change one garment to another garment
frequently may be for better salary, better facilities and for better environment. The research also
that majority workers in the RMG sector earn very low- income and it is not enough to meet up
the basic needs with the increasing price of daily necessary goods. The researcher also finds out
that experience and education are both countable for high salary and experience more countable
than education. So not only the educational qualification but also experience is an important

factor in the RMG industry. It is also found out that after tragedies at Rana Plaza and Tazreen
Fashions the workers around the RMG sector are getting slightly better facilities than before. An
astounding level (more than 75%) of workers work more than 12 hours in the industry which is a
clear violation of labor law. Most of the garment workers work to cope up with their family cost.
Though many of the workers in the industry do overtimes but they are not paid for their extra effort
mostly due to their poverty, lack of awareness, education and the absence of tread union. One of
17
the plus points available to the workers is that they receive sufficient medical facility from the
companies though it is mostly done by self-awareness of the company because if workers get sick,
they wouldn’t be able to come to work, if they can’t come to work there would be a potential loss
occurring from the company perspective. Most of the workers are also provided with purified water
by the organization. Day care centers are usually not available for workers affecting the parental
role of workers. Garment workers are more conscious about their working environment now-w-
days after recent tragedies. Garment owners also built fire escapes after recent accidents. Fire drills
and other drills have also been introduced recently [28].

In the ILO published issue of September 2016, it was said that in December 2015, the assessments
of over 3,600 export-oriented RMG factories for structural, fire and electrical safety were
completed. To date, 39 have been closed and a similar number partially shut down. Several
hundreds of others voluntarily closed or relocated, potentially saving the lives of many thousands
of workers. There are also reports of badmouthing towards workers by supervisors over simple
mistakes. So solution or remedies for these situations are also developed [29].

A paper published by Nishat Farzana (2013) named “price of blood and sweat: garments worker
safety in Bangladesh” says that over 70% of workers’ workplace lacks safe drinking water, even
though many factories are poorly ventilated and often reach blistering temperatures. An even
higher percentage of workers (87%) reported that the factory where they worked did not have a
functioning fire escape. The factory building did not have a proper fire exit and the staircase was
narrower than is required. They did not have a fire hose, which can at least prevent horrifying
accidents. There were no trained workers who can help the unfortunate to escape off. Moreover,
only 23% of workers had access to toilet facilities. It also states that although workers are entitled
to 14 days paid sick leave, many of them explained that their employers’ pressure them into
working through illness. No worker reported ever receiving paid sick leave. For the female
workers, there is no option of maternal leave. The fire exits were locked and if the fire breaks out
in any case, the workers would be trapped inside the factory building [30].

In another paper Musarrat(2001) says that the type of hazards in the Garments Industry of
Bangladesh includes crowded conditions, exposed operating machines, electrical connections are
crude and unsafe, a few or no fire extinguishers inaccessible or malfunctioning, no fire practice is
ever performed, managers and workers are not trained to understand health and safety issues, stairs

18
and floors used as storage; gates remain closed even in emergency; factory not designed as
commercial facility, narrow aisles for firefighters to enter and rescue.

Locked exit doors, lack of emergency announcement system and lack of fire drills are the three
worst performers among a number of parameters suggested by Md. Moniruzzaman (2015).
Factories that are members of the industry trade lobby generally have better fire safety practices
than the non-members. It is also said that the factory buildings are constructed very
unprofessionally. Most of the buildings are converted their use from residential or commercial to
factory and violation of building construction ACT as well as Planning ACT, inferior construction
quality, low quality material use is very common which makes the work place unsafe and increase
the risk for building collapse [31].

2.8 CONCLUSION

The theories, researchers, case studies, terms and definition introduced in this chapter are helpful
to generate idea on the study. To carry out the research work journals, papers, books and topics
have been studied. This chapter contained previous research and development works on HEALTH,
parameters of the related health factors. The proposed research paper is devoted to present the
condition of workers health of a garment industry.

19
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

20
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The study has been conducted in a selected factory named PRIMEORDIAL LTD. It is located in
Tejgaon, Dhaka. The study is concerned with the management, workers and working environment
based on health condition.

From this study, existing and overall picture of the organization’s health condition has been
identified with respect to injury, pain, working environment, first aid and safety, emergency cases,
common physical problems, job stress, motivation factor, financial concern etc. This chapter
includes the questionnaire formation with respect to research objective, data collection and data
processing.

3.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY

This chapter shows the steps followed to perform a research study. The overall steps involved in
the study are given below:

• Preliminary investigation, Brainstorming and literature reviewing

• Preparing primary questionnaires

• Reviewing by supervisor and experts

• Preparing the final questionnaires

• Data collection

• Data processing and analysis

• Result calculation and Recommendation

21
A flow diagram will be helpful to show a clear overview of the research methodology-

Preliminary investigation,
Brainstorming and
literature reviewing

Preparing primary
questionnaires

Reviewing by supervisor
and experts

Preparing the final

questionnaires

Semi-structured
Data collection
questionnaire survey

Data processing and

analysis

Result calculation

Figure 3. 1: Flow diagram of research methodology

22
3.2.1 Preliminary Investigation, Brainstorming and Reviewing the Literature

During the preliminary investigation, any objective that can be fruitful to the related industry has
been studied. In the brainstorming segment, various research topics related to RMG industry have
been studied. After this step, factors affecting physical and mental health of a RMG industry have
been selected for research. For this purpose, factors affecting physical health and as well as mental
health have been considered for research and from several research papers factors affecting the
corresponding problems have been detected for the primary questionnaire.

3.2.2 Preparing primary questionnaire

Through primary investigation and brainstorming and reviewing a primary questionnaire have
been prepared from obtained thesis papers.

3.2.3 Reviewing by supervisor and experts

Afterwards, the primary questionnaire has been reviewed by our thesis supervisor and management
of selected company. Then the questionnaire is modified according with the needed changes. The
experts’ opinion was taken during the modification. Experts suggested to add some more factors
related to worker physical and mental health the questionnaire was modified.

3.2.4 Preparing the Final Questionnaires

After the pilot test, experts’ opinion was taken into consideration and the pilot test questionnaire
or primary questionnaire was modified and a more reliable and reasonable questionnaire was
finally prepared.

3.2.5 Data Collection

[Link] Primary Data

The data of physical and mental health factor have been collected from randomly chosen workers
of a industry semi-structured questionnaire survey as well as direct observation and they are also
used to gather data health and general safety of workers.

[Link] Data Input

The data was inputted in SPSS software to analysis.

23
3.2.6 Data Processing and Analysis

The standard components of data have been made input to SPSS software and statistical outputs
as mean, standard deviation calculated through the use of SPSS.

3.2.7 Result output

After completing the analysis, the results obtained are explained in detail and recommendations
for certain situations are given.

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

A semi-structured questionnaire survey is used to accumulate the data include a demographical

and job descriptive factors. Face to face interview method is adopted in this study because it is
characterized by synchronous communication in time and place. Due to this synchronous
communication, as no other interview method, these interviews can take its advantage of social
cues such as voice, intonation, body language etc. of the interviewee can give the interviewer a lot
of extra information that can be added to the verbal answer of the interviewee on a question.

Some problems are also faced to face interview method. This method is more time consuming and
costly than the other interview methods. And the interviewers often feel insecure to answer the
question. Considerable amount of biasness among the respondents because of their own pride and
prejudice is also observed.

3.3.1 Population

The population targeted in the study is about one thousand labors working in this garment factory.

3.3.2 Sample

Among the 1000 workers 180 are considered for this study. One hundred eighty (180) respondents
are randomly selected from this industry as the sample for the study.

Sample Size Calculation

We have used Yamane’s formula to find the sample size.

24
 𝑁
Yamane’s formula is, 𝑛=
1 + 𝑁(𝑒)2

Where,

n=Sample Size

N=Population Size

e=Level of Precision or Sampling of error, which is ±5% [32]

𝑁
n=1+𝑁(𝑒)2

1000
=1+1000(0.068)2=177.8≈180

We assumed the alpha coefficient is 0.932, which is within the acceptable limit as per Nunnally
(1967 & 1978). [27]

3.3.3 Procedure

Data was collected by the personal interview. A total number of one hundred eighty (180)
respondent answered demographical and job descriptive questionnaires and collected successfully
in the research study.

3.3.4 Survey questionnaire

In this study, an effective semi-structured questionnaire-based survey has been adopted. A final
questionnaire is organized from the relative standard literature. The questionnaire is written in
English containing respondent’s physical health information in the first part and the questions
about the organizational and job descriptive factors important to mental health and safety level in
the second part of the questionnaire. All questions have been asked in Bangla as most of the cases
respondents having linguistic problem.

25
3.3.5 Respondent characteristics

A total number of 180 workers divided into two major regional groups are interviewed personally
to conduct our study as well as to ensure the heterogeneity in this survey.

3.4 MATERIAL AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS

This is an empirical study that used primary and data. Primary data were collected from the male
and female workers of Primodial Limited, which is a garment factory of Bangladesh situated at 88
Kazi Nazrul Avenue, Tejgaon of Dhaka district. In this study, 161 female workers and 19 male
workers were interviewed to collect data regarding their health status.
The age of the workers is 18 to 25 years (57.2%), 26 to 30 years (22.8%), 31 to 35 years (12.2%)
and 7.8% above 35 years and their work experience are 31.7% of 0 to 1 year,41.1% of 2 to 4 years
and 27.2% of 5 to 10 years. Their educational qualification is 42.2% of uneducated, 45.0% of
primary level, 10.0% of S.S.C. level and only 2.8% of H.S.C level in our selected garment factory.
A structured questionnaire with 70 items was used to collect data.
After collecting data, incomplete, and biased, or abnormally answered data were discarded
through a thorough scrutinizing process. The reliability of 70 items in the questionnaire has been
tested by using SPSS software and the Alpha Coefficient is 0.932 which is within the acceptable
limit as per Nunnally (1967 & 1978). [34]
Descriptive analysis was done with the survey data. Descriptive statistics like simple percentages
and frequency of each question were used to describe the present situation of our selected garment
factory.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. INTRODUCTION:
An overview of the results obtained in the study are presented and discussed in this chapter. The
chapter also outlines the demographic information depicted in graphical format. Physical health
problems are shown with the causes. Problems that create mental problems in workplace discussed
after physical health problem portion.

4.2. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:

COMPANY NAME: PRIMORDIAL LIMITED

LOCATION: 88, KAJI NAZRUL ISLAM AVENUE, TEJGAON, DHAKA

The chapter commences with an analysis of the demographical data gathered from the study
sample (n=180). The data analyzed are presented in the form of table, bar chart and pie charts.
This followed by a description of the most leading sample characteristics by means of frequencies
and percentages.

The sample respondents of a larger number of female respondents to that of male respondents.
Female respondents comprised of 89.4% (n=161) compared to 10.6% (n=19) male respondents.

28
 Male
11%

Female
89%

Male Female

Figure 4. 1: Frequency of workers vs. gender classification

S.S.C. level H.S.C level

10% 3%
Uneducated
42%

Primary level
45%

Uneducated Primary level S.S.C. level H.S.C level

Figure 4. 2: Frequency of workers vs. educational qualification

Table 4. 1: Age level of the worker in the selected garment factory.
29
 Age of the Worker Frequency

18 to 25 Years 103

26 to30 Years 41

31 to 35 Years 22

Above 35 Years 14

Above 35 Years
8%

31 to 35 Years 18 to 25 Years
12% 57%

26 to30 Years
23%

18 to 25 Years 26 to30 Years 31 to 35 Years Above 35 Years

Figure 4. 3: Workers age level

4.3. ANALYSIS WITH TABULATED DATA AND GRAPHICAL

REPRESENTATION

30
4.3.1. Health problems related to the skeleton and muscle system
Health problem related to skeleton and muscle system shown in table 4.2 and figure 4.4

Table 4. 2: Health problem related to the skeleton and muscle system.

Problem Name Percentage of health problem

Back Pain 56.7%
Hand muscle pain 53.9%
Joint Pain 54.9%
Finger Numbness 39.0%
Shoulder Pain 23.3%
Knee Pain 9.4%
Leg muscle pain 48.9%

Percentage of health problem

60.0% 56.7%
53.9% 54.9%

48.9%
50.0%

39.0%
40.0%

30.0%
23.3%

20.0%

9.4%
10.0%

0.0%
Back Pain Hand muscle Joint Pain Finger Shoulder Pain Knee Pain Leg muscle
pain Numbness pain

Figure 4. 4: Health problems related to the skeleton and muscle system.

Table 4.2 shows that the garment workers in this garment are suffering from the problem in the
bones. The female workers have to work for long time without moving anywhere else and for this
reason they feel pain in their arms, legs, and muscle as well. In addition to this, during the work
31
workers feel tendon in different parts of the body and pain in the joint. Sometimes it is also
observed that when they try to work with a hurry, they fell numbness in the finger, arms and felt
problem in nerves system and ligament. Skeleton related health problem is formed by different
causes. These problems are created by many factors such as working long time with same position,
injury, wrong working posture etc. Back pain, Hand muscle pain and joint pain are found as severe
problem as skeleton and muscle system.

Table 4. 3: Age-wise comparison of Health problems related to the skeleton and muscle
system

Problems Age wise comparison

18-25 Year 26-30 Year 31-35 Year Above 35

Hand muscle pain 54.4% 51.2% 54.5% 57.1%

Finger Numbness 35.0% 46.3% 36.4% 57.1%

Joint Pain 44.7% 65.9% 63.6% 71.4%

Back Pain 55.3% 53.7% 54.5% 78.6%

Shoulder Pain 29.1% 19.5% 9.1% 14.3%

Knee Pain 9.7% 4.9% 18.2% 7.1%

32
 Comparison pain against age
90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%
0.00%
18-25 Year 26-30 Year 31-35 Year Above 35

Finger Numbness Joint Pain Back Pain

Figure 4. 5: Comparison pain against age

In table 4.3 we see that joint pain, finger numbness, back pain gradually increases with age. There
is no scope for the workers to leave their desk for a few times to relax. They must work under close
supervision. Worker who are aged over 30 are working in garments for many days. For this reason,
they are affected with this disease.

4.3.2. Health problem Caused by long working hours

Table 4. 4: Health problem caused by the long working hour.

Problem Name Percentage of health problem

Back Pain 56.7%
Hypertension 35.0%
Stress 66.1%
Visual discomfort 34.4%
Shoulder Pain 23.3%
Fatigue 67.2%

33
 Percentage of health problem

70.0% 67.2%
66.1%

60.0% 56.7%

50.0%

40.0%
35.0% 34.4%

30.0%
23.3%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
Back Pain Hyprertension Stress Visual Shoulder Pain Fatigue
discomfort

Figure 4. 6: Health problem Caused by long working hours

Table 4.4 shows that the workers in the garment factory suffer from back pain as they are to work
for long time without any interval. The nature of work of the garment workers are responsible for
the mentioned diseases of the garment workers in PRIMORDIAL LIMITED. Another important
health problem the workers face is visual discomfort as they are to work for long time and need a
keen concentration on their work. The fatigue is another important disease the garment workers
are to suffer from. Working for long time is responsible for this problem. The garment workers are

34
suffering from hypertension too much. Lacking proper ventilation, working with pressure and long
time, improper meal, financial condition of them may causes this problem. Garments workers are
very anxious about future. Therefore, high degree of fatigue, frustration is seen among them. They
get tired for working stress. Stress is very common issue in garments factory as well as our
analyzed factory. Hypertension due to workload is very common in this industry.

4.3.3. Health Problem caused by Imbalance diet

Table 4. 5: Health Problem caused by Imbalance diet

Problem Name Percentage of health problem

Food poisoning 30.6%
Digestive Problem 23.3%
Frequent Headache 60.0%
Dehydration 35.0%

Percentage of health problem

60.0%
60.0%

50.0%

40.0% 35.0%
30.6%

30.0% 23.3%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
Food puisoning Dissestive Problem Frequent Headuche Dehydration

Figure 4. 7: Health Problem caused by Imbalance diet.

35
Salary of the garment’s workers are very low. They cannot fulfill their basic needs with their salary.
Therefore, they cannot buy the necessities and balanced foods to keep sound health. Sometimes
they had to starve and to take rotten foods that result in food poisoning, appetite problem, and other
imbalances in their body. The female workers usually suffer from gastric pain. The workers
generally cannot take their meal on time due to the workload. Therefore, they are to suffer from
health problems mentioned in the table. As they take unhealthy foods, they have to suffer from
food poisoning problems. About 30.6% worker suffer from food poisoning problem. But this
problem is frequent. Digestive problem is very common among the workers. It is caused by taking
imbalanced diet and lacking of pure drinking water. About 60% worker are suffering from frequent
headache. Imbalanced diet is partially responsible for this problem. Problem of working
environment, poor ventilation, workload, stress is also responsible including imbalanced diet. Pure
drinking water lacking and imbalanced diet crates dehydration problem.

4.4.4 Health problem related with circulatory system

Table 4. 6: Health problem related with circulatory system

Problem name Frequency

Heart disease 26

Heart problem
Heart Disease
14%

Heart Disease
No problem

No problem
86%

Figure 4. 8: Circulatory problem

36
Some workers of this garment factory have heart disease. Main cause of this problem is unhealthy
food. Lack of movement during work is also a major cause of this problem. This problem is not so
severe in this factory, but the rate is alarming.

4.4.5 Health Problems caused from Unhealthy Environment

Table 4. 7: Health Problem caused from unhealthy environment

Problem Name Percentage of health problem

Allergy 37.2%

Skin Problem 40.0%

Headache 60.0%

Senseless 7.8%

Percentage of health problem

60.0%
60.0%

50.0%
40.0%
37.2%
40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

7.8%
10.0%

0.0%
Allergy skin Problem Headache Sensless

Figure 4. 9: Health Problem caused from unhealthy environment

37
Unhealthy environment causes many problems. In our selected factory environment is not healthy.
Ventilation problem was extremely affecting workers.

In table 4.7 we see that 40 percent workers have skin problem. Skin allergy is common among
them. The workers had to work in a moist and closed environment that causes diseases like
pruritus, skin allergies and these types of health hazard. Similarly, the factory premises is also
unhygienic and noisy and therefore, the majority of the workers suffer from a lot of diseases like
headache. This unhealthy environment is responsible for the above-mentioned health problems. In
addition to this, garments workers working uncomfortable environment that keeps their body
sweating and results some other diseases like body ache, skin irritation and fainting in the
workplace.

4.4.6 HEALTH PROBLEM CAUSED BY ACCIDENT

No workers are permanently injured by accident. But the rate of small injury is not low. Sewing
operator do not use needle guards even company do not supply. That’s why cut injury is common
in this factory.

Table 4. 8: Injury number according to PPE using

Burn injury Cut Injury

Use PPE regularly 1 5

Do not use PPE regularly 2 62

Total injured person 3 67

In table 4.8 we see that workers who use PPE regularly are not injured too much. The rate of being
injured by them is very low. 67 workers from our study had been injured by needle or cutting knife.
Among them 62 workers don’t use PPE and 5 workers use PPE. This data shows us the importance
of using PPE. Burn injury don’t happen too much. Burn injury is happened during ironing the
products.

38
 Table 4. 9: Awareness frequency about PPE vs. Education

Is PPE required for your work? Total person

Yes No

Educational qualification: Uneducated 36 40 76

Primary 53 28 81

S.S.C 11 7 18

H.S.C 4 1 5

In table 4.9 we see that a large number of workers are not aware about using PPE. We divided
the table with awareness with education. Uneducated workers have less awareness of using PPE.
Educated are more concerned about using PPE.

4.5 Mental Health Problem analysis:

In this section mainly, we have found out some problems that creates mental problems of the
workers. The following table shows the problems intensity. Percentage are calculated from the
answer of workers. Depression is the most common mental health disorder that has been best
studied in the factory. Extra workload, being depressed, harassment, job dissatisfaction, working
with pressure is very common in this factory. These causes are responsible for some mental
disorder. Bipolar disorder, Anxiety disorder etc. are present in the workers. These disorders may
cause absenteeism, the biggest impact is in lost productivity. People are not aware about this kind
of problems as physical problems.

39
Table 4. 10: Causes of Mental Problem

Mental health-related problem Percentage of the problem

Getting bored doing repeated work 67.2%

Bad relationship with the upper-level manager 78.3%
Unsatisfied with their job 68.9%
Fatigue 75.0%

Feels extra workload 66.1%

Stressed 65.6%
Feels depressed 58.3%
Harassed by other 34.4%
Worker doesn’t get enough facility during their pregnancy 70.6%

Don’t get any affordable loan 76.1%

Thinks to work in a garment reduce their social status. 72.8%

40
 Percentage of the problem

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Figure 4. 10: Causes who create Mental Problems

In table 4.10 we see that

I. relationship between managers and workers are too bad. 78.3% workers claimed about
this problem.
II. Extra workload causes extra pressure that leads to become stressed.
III. 66.1% workers think that workload is higher than their capability. 75% workers feel
fatigue during work. The rate is very alarming.
IV. 67.2% workers get bored with repeated work. They want to do different types work.
V. 58.3% worker are already depressed with their work. It feels impact on their daily life.

41
 VI. 34.4% workers already got harassed by upper personnel and their colleagues, It shows that
working condition in this garments is poor.
VII. 70.6% worker thinks that female workers don’t get enough facility during pregnancy.
Vacation and salary are not provided as per rules.
VIII. 72.8% workers think that their social status is reduced because they are working in a
garment factory. These Answer show their dissatisfaction about their work and
unwillingness about their work.

98.0% 100.0% 100.0%

89.1%
90.0%
600 74.0% 80.0%
500 70.0%
56.9%
400 60.0%
39.1% 50.0%
300 40.0%
200 20.3%
141 30.0%
131 124 119 105 20.0%
100 62
14 10.0%
0 0.0%
Bad Thinks to work Unsatisfied Fatigue Feels Harassed by Don’t get on
relationship in a garment with their job depressed other tyme salary
with the reduce their
upper-level social status.
manager

Frequency Cumulative%

Preto chart of Mental health related problems.

In this chart we see that 80% problems are related with mental health are caused by relation
among workers, getting lower social value, job dissatisfaction, fatigue that results
depression, anxiety disorders and makes the workers demotivated. Making a good
interpersonal relationship, motivation and giving social value will be helpful to solve these
problems.

42
 Anxiety Depression
Disorder

Salary
Threating
behavior
Social value
Heavy Workload Poor
working
conditions
Harassment
Mental health
problems
Long working Lack of
hours Appreciation
Heavy Too Much
Workload Work
Job Lower salary
insecurity
Upper personnel
Harassment behavior

Stressed Demotivated

Cause Effect Diagram of Mental Health Problem.

This fishbone diagram is marked to fathom the origin of mental health problems at workplace in.
Four generic headings are used to prompt ideas. Layers of branches show thorough thinking about
the causes of the problem. Workload, relation with manager, threatening behavior, lower salary,
lower social value etc. are responsible for the problems.

CONCLUSION: We have found back pain, joint pain and fatigue is most severe problems.
Fatigue is partially responsible for creating mental problems. Felling stressed and depressed is
identified as most severe mental problems. Headache is identified as most common problems.

43
44
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION

45
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 RECOMMENDATION:
• The workers should be given some breaks to get relax during the work so that they can get
relief from work fatigue, it will reduce their back pain. Eye strain, Finger numbness etc.
• Awareness should be created among the workers about balanced diet it will reduce the
problems created from imbalanced diet.
• Regular cleaning activity should be performed so that fibers and dust get removed
regularly. Asthmatic problem will be reduced.
• Pure drinking water facility should be ensured.
• Workload should be in limit of workers ability. Getting stressed during work, feeling extra
mental pressure will be reduced.
• Separate restroom facility should be provided for the female workers.
• The income level of the workers is very low to survive. They should be given a standard
amount which will be enough to but the necessary things for their living.
• Enough ventilation with proper maintenance for air circulation should be designed for the
factory building.
• Working environment should be improved.
• Relation between workers and manager should be mutual so that they don’t think one
another as their opposition. Workers also will be motivated by upper level managers. Upper
level manager should behave good with them.
• Some representative of authority should be in workplace so that workers can express their
opinion to them.
• Awareness and training about safety and using personal protective equipment (PPE) should
be created. Supplying of PPE should be ensured.
• Enough safety sign should be present as per requirements.
• Authority must take some steps to motivate the workers.

46
Healthy people are productive people. There is no alternative but to keep the people sound
physically and mentally to ensure efficient manpower for the Industry. The large number of
population will be active, productive and will make contribution for the society as well as for the
country if they can afford and/or will avail of the opportunity of healthcare to keep them free from
illness and diseases. The policy makers, authority and concern bodies should take special care to
ensure healthy and productive workforce in our country to fulfill the dream of our Bangladesh

5.2 CONCLUSION:

The objectives of the study are to investigate the physical and mental health status of a selected
garments factory and find their cause. The analysis is done with the help of SPSS software based
on collected data. We related the problems with the cause by help of existing resources related to
this research.

From this study the following conclusion have been drown.

a. Musculoskeletal problems are very common in this garment factory. Most severe problems
are joint pain and back pain. 56.7% workers are suffering from back pain and 54.9%
workers are suffering from joint pain. Working long time with same posture for many days
and without taking rest are mainly responsible for these problems.
b. 59.3% workers have pain in hand muscle and 39% are suffering from frequent finger
numbness. Workers are working with their hands repeatedly for a long time without break
creates these problems.
c. 67.2% workers are suffering from fatigue which problem has a great impact on
productivity. 66.1% get stressed during work. Extra workload and repeated work cause
fatigue and stress in workplace.
d. 60% workers have frequent headache problem. 35% workers have dehydration problem
as there is no facility of pure drinking water.
e. 37.2% workers have asthmatic problem but there is no awareness about using mask during
work. But a huge quantity fibers and dust is present in the workplace.

47
 f. Awareness about using personal protective equipment (PPE) is very low even enough PPE
is not supplied by the factory management.
g. 78.3% workers think relation between workers and manager are not good. It demotivates
them from their work and lacks proper direction.
h. 58.3% workers are suffering from depression. It causes absenteeism and lack of attention
during work.
i. 68.9% Workers are not satisfied with their job. If they get scope, they will leave this
factory.
j. 34.4% workers get harassed by others. This show us about the work environment of this
factory.
k. 72.8% workers think their social status is being reduced as they are working in garments.
l. Factory management has very low concern about safety. Enough safety signs are not
available and not visible at working place.
m. Enough PPE is not supplying to the workers. Maximum injury is happened for lack of using
PPE.
n. The main reasons behind this improper or shortage of PPE (hand and finger gloves, eye
protective equipment, mask etc.), unawareness of workers and management, wrong
procedure, lack of training, improper knowledge, about these injuries, poor supervision,
dusty environment etc.
o. Work load is very high. As a result, maximum workers have work fatigue problem.
p. Ventilation system is very poor in this factory, it causes many problems for the workers.
Environment becomes noisy and dusty for this reason.
q. There is no separate restroom for the female workers.
r. Enough benefit is not provided by the company during pregnancy.
s. Workers have no awareness about their health.

In the readymade garment sector of Bangladesh, A large number of workers are found to continue
their work even they suffer from various diseases and illness as they have no other alternative to
survive in the society. The growth and development of the garment sector largely depends on the
worker because workers are the main contributor to this sector. We should believe that ill workers
cannot give us healthy economy. The competitive strength of the garment sector in the world

48
market is seriously affected by the health problems of the workers, since it decreases the
productivity of the workers to a great extent.

5.3 LIMITATIONS:

A large portion of this research is done on collecting data. The data were collected through personal
interview. Sometimes workers didn’t understand the terms we used and afraid about answering
their factory condition. Some answers were collected through intonation of the workers. We have
faced some problems about for finding mental health problems because workers have no
knowledge about their mental health. Moreover, we couldn’t measure effect of productivity for
physical and mental illness.

49
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52
 APPENDICES

Appendix [1]: Questionnaires

Date……………………………
Name:………………………….

Gender: ◊ Male ◊ Female

Age:
◊ 18-25 Year ◊ 26-30 Year ◊ 31-35 Year ◊ Above 35

Designation: ◊ Operator ◊ Supervisor ◊ Quality

Inspector

Working ◊ 0-1 year ◊ 2-4 year ◊ 5-10 year

experience
◊ 11-20 year ◊ More than 20

Duty Time ◊ 8 hours ◊ 12 hours ◊ More than 12

hours

Job type: ◊ Part Time ◊ Full time

Do you smoke? ◊ Yes ◊ No

Educational qualification:
◊ No education ◊ Primary ◊ S.S.C

◊ H.S.C ◊ Honours ◊ Masters

53
 Physical Health:

[Link]:
I. Do you have/had any pain in hand muscle? ◊ Yes ◊ No

II. Do you have/had any pain in hand bone? ◊ Yes ◊ No

III. Do you have/had any pain in leg muscle? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IV. Do you have/had any pain in leg bone? ◊ Yes ◊ No

V. Do you have/had any pain in finger? ◊ Yes ◊ No

2. INJURIES:

Damage type for injury? ◊ Permanent ◊ Not

Permanent
Accident details:
What type of accident Reasons for accident Required
happened? time for
curing
I.

II.

III.

IV.

54
 3. work Environment:
I. Do you have enough place for working? ◊ Yes ◊ No

II. Is there any dangerous equipment in the workplace? ◊ Yes ◊ No

III. Is the ventilation system well enough? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IV. Do you feel excessive sound in the workplace? ◊ Yes ◊ No

V. Is there any protective equipment for proofing sound? ◊ Yes ◊ No

VI. Does your workplace vibrate excessively? ◊ Yes ◊ No

VII. Do your company have enough working tool? ◊ Yes ◊ No

VIII. Is cleaning activity performed regularly? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IX. Is there enough space for operating freely? ◊ Yes ◊ No

[Link] Protective Equipment

I. Does your company supply PPE? ◊ Yes ◊ No

II. Does PPE require for your work? ◊ Yes ◊ No

III. Do you use PPE regularly? ◊ Yes ◊ No

[Link] signs and warnings

I. Is there enough safety signs in your workplace? ◊ Yes ◊ No

II. Are careful enough about safety sign? ◊ Yes ◊ No

III. Are the safety signs visible enough in the ◊ Yes ◊ No

workplace?

55
 6. First Aid and Emergency
I. Does your company have emergency primary treatment ◊ Yes ◊ No
facility?
II. Is there any specialist physician? ◊ Yes ◊ No

III. Does your company manage ambulance in case of emergency? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IV. Does your company bear the expenses for injured person? ◊ Yes ◊ No

7. The current condition of health

I. Do you ever become senseless in your ◊ Yes ◊ No

company?

II. (if yes how many

times?)…………………
III. Do you have blood pressure problem? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IV. If yes, which one? ◊ High ◊ Low

V. How many days ago you consulted a ◊ 1-15 days ◊ 16- ◊ More
doctor? 30days
VI. Do you have any problem in your ◊ Yes ◊ No
health on regular basis?
VII. Do you have any problem associated ◊ Yes ◊ No
heart?
VIII. Do you take any medicine regularly? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IX. Do you have any illness that makes ◊ Yes ◊ No

you take regular medication?
X. Do you have any problem in the eye? ◊ Yes ◊ No

XI. Do you have allergy problem? ◊ Yes ◊ No

[Link] physical problems

56
 I. Do you suffer from dehydration? ◊ Yes ◊ No

II. Do you suffer from Food poisoning? ◊ Yes ◊ No

III. Do you suffer from Headache? ◊ Yes ◊ No

IV. Do you regularly suffer from Digestive Problem? ◊ Yes ◊ No

V. Do you have/had any Skin problems? ◊ Yes ◊ No

MENTAL HEALTH

[Link]/Stress
I. Do you get bored by doing repeated work? ◊ Yes ◊ No
II. Do you get tired during your work? ◊ Yes ◊ No
III. Do you think you are working in pressure? ◊ Yes ◊ No
IV. Do you get enough scope to express your problem to ◊ Yes ◊ No
upper-level personnel?
V. Do you get enough help from your manager? ◊ Yes ◊ No
VI. Are you satisfied with your job? ◊ Yes ◊ No
VII. Are you working here willingly? ◊ Yes ◊ No

10. Working condition

I. Can you change your working time? ◊ Yes ◊ No
II. Do you feel mental pressure in the workplace? ◊ Yes ◊ No
III. Do you get enough vacation? ◊ Yes ◊ No
IV. Are you depressed with your job? ◊ Yes ◊ No
V. Does your company have a separate restroom facility? ◊ Yes ◊ No

57
VI. Does your company provide enough benefit during ◊ Yes ◊ No
pregnancy?

[Link], violence, bullying and mobbing

I. Did you get threatening behavior from your colleague? Yes No

II. Do you get Harassed by anyone in this company? Yes No

III. Did you get Physical attack from anyone? Yes No

IV. Do you get regularly insulted by anyone? Yes No

[Link] concern
I. Do you get your salary on time?
◊ Yes ◊ No
II. Does Company give any affordable loan?
◊ Yes ◊ No
III. Do you get regular salary increment?
◊ Yes ◊ No
IV. Do you get occasional bonus?
◊ Yes ◊ No

[Link] factor
I. Do you think to work in garments reduce your social ◊ Yes ◊ No
status?
II. Do you think that your company gives more task than ◊ Yes ◊ No
your ability?
III. Do you get motivation from your supervisor? ◊ Yes ◊ No
IV. Do you get enough scope to show your talent? ◊ Yes ◊ No
V. Do you get promotion on your performance? ◊ Yes ◊ No

58
Appendix [2]: Collected data through interview

Valid
Personal information Perce Perce Cumulative
Variable Frequency nt nt Percent
18-25 Year 103 57.2 57.2 57.2
26-30 Year 41 22.8 22.8 80.0
Age
31-35 Year 22 12.2 12.2 92.2
Above 35 14 7.8 7.8 100.0
Gender Male 19 10.6 10.6 10.6
female 161 89.4 89.4 100.0
Operator 161 89.4 89.4 89.4
Quality
9 5.0 5.0 94.4
Inspector
worker designation Supervisor 10 5.6 5.6 100.0
0-1 year 57 31.7 31.7 31.7
2-4 year 74 41.1 41.1 72.8
work experience 5-10 year 49 27.2 27.2 100.0
8-10 hour 79 43.9 43.9 43.9
more than 10
101 56.1 56.1 100.0
Duty time? hours
Yes 16 8.9 8.9 8.9
Do you smoke? No 164 91.1 91.1 100.0
No education 76 42.2 42.2 42.2
Primary 81 45.0 45.0 87.2
S.S.C 18 10.0 10.0 97.2
Educational qualification: H.S.C 5 2.8 2.8 100.0
Question
Do you have/had any pain in hand yes 97 53.9 53.9 53.9
muscle? No 83 46.1 46.1 100.0
Do you have/had any pain in hand Yes 38 21.1 21.1 21.1
bone? No 142 78.9 78.9 100.0
Do you have/had any pain in leg Yes 88 48.9 48.9 48.9
muscle? No 92 51.1 51.1 100.0
Do you have/had any pain in leg Yes 39 21.7 21.7 21.7
bone? No 141 78.3 78.3 100.0
Yes 71 39.4 39.4 39.4
Do you have/had any pain in finger? No 109 60.6 60.6 100.0
Yes 97 53.9 53.9 53.9
Do you have/had any joint pain? No 83 46.1 46.1 100.0
59
 yes 102 56.7 56.7 56.7
Dou you have/had Back Pain? No 78 43.3 43.3 100.0
yes 42 23.3 23.3 23.3
Do you have/had shoulder Pain? No 138 76.7 76.7 100.0
yes 17 9.4 9.4 9.4
Do you have/had knee Pain? No 163 90.6 90.6 100.0
Not permanent 180 100.0 100.0 100.0
Permanent 0 0 0 0
What is the type for injury?
No injury 110 61.1 61.1 61.1
Cut injury 67 37.2 37.2 98.3
What was the reasons for injury? burn injury 3 1.7 1.7 100.0
Do you have enough place for Yes 84 46.7 46.7 46.7
working? No 96 53.3 53.3 100.0
Is there any dangerous equipment in Yes 15 8.3 8.3 8.3
the workplace? No 165 91.7 91.7 100.0
Is the ventilation system well Yes 35 19.4 19.4 19.4
enough? No 145 80.6 80.6 100.0
Do you feel excessive sound in the Yes 83 46.1 46.1 46.1
workplace? No 97 53.9 53.9 100.0
Is there any protective equipment for Yes 21 11.7 11.7 11.7
proofing sound? No 159 88.3 88.3 100.0
Does your workplace have excessive Yes 40 22.2 22.2 22.2
vibration? No 140 77.8 77.8 100.0
Does your company have enough Yes 149 82.8 82.8 82.8
working tool? No 31 17.2 17.2 100.0
Is cleaning activity performed Yes 93 51.7 51.7 51.7
regularly? No 87 48.3 48.3 100.0
Is there enough space for operating Yes 76 42.2 42.2 42.2
freely? No 104 57.8 57.8 100.0
Yes 17 9.4 9.4 9.4
Does your company supply PPE? No 163 90.6 90.6 100.0
Yes 98 54.4 54.4 54.4
Does PPE require for your work? No 82 45.6 45.6 100.0
Yes 17 9.4 9.4 9.4
Do you use PPE regularly? No 163 90.6 90.6 100.0
Are there enough safety signs in Yes 11 6.1 6.1 6.1
your workplace? No 169 93.9 93.9 100.0
Are you careful enough about safety Yes 78 43.3 43.3 43.3
sign? No 102 56.7 56.7 100.0
Are the safety signs visible enough Yes 42 23.3 23.3 23.3
in workplace? No 138 76.7 76.7 100.0
Does your company have emergency Yes 148 82.2 82.2 82.2
primary treatment facility?
60
 No 32 17.8 17.8 100.0
Yes 30 16.7 16.7 16.7
Is there any specialist physician? No 150 83.3 83.3 100.0
Does your company manage Yes 119 66.1 66.1 66.1
ambulance in case of emergency? No 61 33.9 33.9 100.0
Yes 69 38.3 38.3 38.3
Does your company bear the No 111 61.7 61.7 100.0
expenses for injured person?
Do you ever become senseless in Yes 14 7.8 7.8 7.8
your company? No 166 92.2 92.2 100.0
1 time 11 6.1 6.1 98.9
(if Yes how many times?) 2 times 2 1.1 1.1 100.0
Do you have blood pressure Yes 88 48.9 48.9 48.9
problem? No 92 51.1 51.1 100.0
No problem 92 51.1 51.1 51.1
High Pressure 63 35.0 35.0 86.1
If yes, which one? Low Pressure 25 13.9 13.9 100.0
How many days ago you consulted a 1-15 Days 59 32.8 32.8 32.8
doctor? 16-30 Days 121 67.2 67.2 100.0
Do you have any problem in your Yes 97 53.9 53.9 53.9
health on regular basis? No 83 46.1 46.1 100.0
Do you have any problem associated Yes 26 14.4 14.4 14.4
heart? No 154 85.6 85.6 100.0
Do you have any illness that make Yes 58 32.2 32.2 32.2
you take regular medication? No 122 67.8 67.8 100.0
Yes 62 34.4 34.4 34.4
Do you have any problem in eye? No 118 65.6 65.6 100.0
Yes 67 37.2 37.2 37.2
Do you have allergy problem? No 113 62.8 62.8 100.0
Yes 63 35.0 35.0 35.0
Do you suffer from dehydration? No 117 65.0 65.0 100.0
Yes 55 30.6 30.6 30.6
Do you suffer from Food poisoning? No 125 69.4 69.4 100.0
Yes 108 60.0 60.0 60.0
Do you suffer from Headache? No 72 40.0 40.0 100.0
Do you regularly suffer from Yes 42 23.3 23.3 23.3
Digestive Problem? No 138 76.7 76.7 100.0
Do you have/had any Skin problems? Yes 72 40.0 40.0 40.0
No 108 60.0 60.0 100.0
Do you get bored by doing repeated Yes 121 67.2 67.2 67.2
work? No 59 32.8 32.8 100.0
61
 Yes 135 75.0 75.0 75.0
Do you get tired during your work? No 45 25.0 25.0 100.0
Do you think you are working in Yes 119 66.1 66.1 66.1
pressure? No 61 33.9 33.9 100.0
Do you get enough scope to express Yes 55 30.6 30.6 30.6
your problem to upper level No 125 69.4 69.4 100.0
personnel?
Do you get enough help from your Yes 39 21.7 21.7 21.7
manager? No 141 78.3 78.3 100.0
Yes 56 31.1 31.1 31.1
Are you satisfied with your job? No 124 68.9 68.9 100.0
Yes 72 40.0 40.0 40.0
Are you working here willingly? No 108 60.0 60.0 100.0
Do you feel mental pressure in Yes 118 65.6 65.6 65.6
workplace? No 62 34.4 34.4 100.0
Yes 37 20.6 20.6 20.6
Do you get enough vacation? No 143 79.4 79.4 100.0
Yes 105 58.3 58.3 58.3
Are you depressed with your job? No 75 41.7 41.7 100.0
Does your company have separate Yes 0 00.0 00.0 00.0
restroom facility? No 180 100.0 100.0 100.0
Does your company provide enough Yes 53 29.4 29.4 29.4
benefit during pregnancy? No 127 70.6 70.6 100.0
Did you get threatening behavior Yes 49 27.2 27.2 27.2
from your colleague? No 131 72.8 72.8 100.0
Did you get Harassed by anyone in Yes 62 34.4 34.4 34.4
this company? No 118 65.6 65.6 100.0
Did you get Physical attack from Yes 14 7.8 7.8 7.8
anyone? No 166 92.2 92.2 100.0
Do you get regularly insulted by Yes 71 39.4 39.4 39.4
anyone? No 109 60.6 60.6 100.0
Yes 166 92.2 92.2 92.2
Do you get your salary on time? No 14 7.8 7.8 100.0
Does Company give any affordable Yes 43 23.9 23.9 23.9
loan? No 137 76.1 76.1 100.0
Yes 75 41.7 41.7 41.7
Do you get regular salary increment? No 105 58.3 58.3 100.0
Yes 131 72.8 72.8 72.8
Do you get occasional bonus? No 49 27.2 27.2 100.0
Do you think working in garments Yes 131 72.8 72.8 72.8
reduce your social status? No 49 27.2 27.2 100.0
Do you think that your company Yes 104 57.8 57.8 57.8
gives more task than your ability? No 76 42.2 42.2 100.0
62
Do you get motivation from your Yes 63 35.0 35.0 35.0
supervisor? No 117 65.0 65.0 100.0
Do you get enough scope to show Yes 60 33.3 33.3 33.3
your talent? No 120 66.7 66.7 100.0
Do you get promotion on your Yes 70 38.9 38.9 38.9
performance? No 110 61.1 61.1 100.0

63