UNIX Tutorial Two [Link]

UNIX Tutorial Two

2.1 Copying Files

cp (copy)

cp file1 file2 is the command which makes a copy of file1 in the current working directory and
calls it file2

What we are going to do now, is to take a file stored in an open access area of the file system, and
use the cp command to copy it to your unixstuff directory.

First, cd to your unixstuff directory.

% cd ~/unixstuff

Then at the UNIX prompt, type,

% cp /vol/ee/ee-info/Teaching/Unix/[Link] .

Note: Don't forget the dot . at the end. Remember, in UNIX, the dot means the current directory.

The above command means copy the file [Link] to the current directory, keeping the name the
same.

(Note: The directory /vol/ee/ee-info/Teaching/Unix/ is an area to which everyone in the school

has read and copy access. If you are from outside the University, you can grab a copy of the file
here. Use 'File/Save As..' from the menu bar to save it into your unixstuff directory.)

Exercise 2a

Create a backup of your [Link] file by copying it to a file called [Link]

2.2 Moving files

mv (move)

mv file1 file2 moves (or renames) file1 to file2

To move a file from one place to another, use the mv command. This has the effect of moving rather
than copying the file, so you end up with only one file rather than two.

It can also be used to rename a file, by moving the file to the same directory, but giving it a different
name.

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We are now going to move the file [Link] to your backup directory.

First, change directories to your unixstuff directory (can you remember how?). Then, inside the
unixstuff directory, type

% mv [Link] backups/.

Type ls and ls backups to see if it has worked.

2.3 Removing files and directories

rm (remove), rmdir (remove directory)

To delete (remove) a file, use the rm command. As an example, we are going to create a copy of the
[Link] file then delete it.

Inside your unixstuff directory, type

% cp [Link] [Link]
% ls
% rm [Link]
% ls

You can use the rmdir command to remove a directory (make sure it is empty first). Try to remove
the backups directory. You will not be able to since UNIX will not let you remove a non-empty
directory.

Exercise 2b

Create a directory called tempstuff using mkdir , then remove it using the rmdir command.

2.4 Displaying the contents of a file on the screen

clear (clear screen)

Before you start the next section, you may like to clear the terminal window of the previous
commands so the output of the following commands can be clearly understood.

At the prompt, type

% clear

This will clear all text and leave you with the % prompt at the top of the window.

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cat (concatenate)

The command cat can be used to display the contents of a file on the screen. Type:

% cat [Link]

As you can see, the file is longer than than the size of the window, so it scrolls past making it
unreadable.

less

The command less writes the contents of a file onto the screen a page at a time. Type

% less [Link]

Press the [space-bar] if you want to see another page, and type [q] if you want to quit reading. As
you can see, less is used in preference to cat for long files.

head

The head command writes the first ten lines of a file to the screen.

First clear the screen then type

% head [Link]

Then type

% head -5 [Link]

What difference did the -5 do to the head command?

tail

The tail command writes the last ten lines of a file to the screen.

Clear the screen and type

% tail [Link]

Q. How can you view the last 15 lines of the file?

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2.5 Searching the contents of a file

Simple searching using less

Using less, you can search though a text file for a keyword (pattern). For example, to search
through [Link] for the word 'science', type

% less [Link]

then, still in less, type a forward slash [/] followed by the word to search

/science

As you can see, less finds and highlights the keyword. Type [n] to search for the next occurrence
of the word.

grep (don't ask why it is called grep)

grep is one of many standard UNIX utilities. It searches files for specified words or patterns. First
clear the screen, then type

% grep science [Link]

As you can see, grep has printed out each line containg the word science.

Or has it ????

Try typing

% grep Science [Link]

The grep command is case sensitive; it distinguishes between Science and science.

To ignore upper/lower case distinctions, use the -i option, i.e. type

% grep -i science [Link]

To search for a phrase or pattern, you must enclose it in single quotes (the apostrophe symbol). For
example to search for spinning top, type

% grep -i 'spinning top' [Link]

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Some of the other options of grep are:

-v display those lines that do NOT match

-n precede each matching line with the line number
-c print only the total count of matched lines

Try some of them and see the different results. Don't forget, you can use more than one option at a
time. For example, the number of lines without the words science or Science is

% grep -ivc science [Link]

wc (word count)

A handy little utility is the wc command, short for word count. To do a word count on [Link],
type

% wc -w [Link]

To find out how many lines the file has, type

% wc -l [Link]

Summary

Command Meaning

cp file1 file2 copy file1 and call it file2

mv file1 file2 move or rename file1 to file2

rm file remove a file

rmdir directory remove a directory

cat file display a file

less file display a file a page at a time

head file display the first few lines of a file

tail file display the last few lines of a file

grep 'keyword' file search a file for keywords

wc file count number of lines/words/characters in file

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[Link]@[Link], © 9th October 2000

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