Deliveroo's Global Expansion Strategy
Deliveroo's Global Expansion Strategy
Deliveroo: The Food Delivery global market while critically analysing Deliveroo and
selected competitors.
Start-up on an Expansion
Deliveroo has a strong market positioning with its
Spree large fleet of drivers as well as with its latest launches
of products like Deliveroo plus, Deliveroo Market Place
as well as Deliveroo Editions, giving the company a
sustained comparative advantage.
2
Table of Content 1/2
Table of Content 2/2
1 Introduction
1.1 Current State of the food delivery industry
As online food delivery services are naturally based online, they also
fall under the category of software-led businesses. Within this
segment of technology companies, they are even considered in
Deloitte’s UK Technology Fast 50 with one of them even placed in first
place with a growth of 15,749% (Deloitte, 2018).
4
Current State of the food delivery industry
Market segmentation and customer journey
Evaluating the global food delivery industry, we need to The Restaurant-to-Consumer model has a 90% market share
differentiate the two business models that exist in this industry. and most of these orders are still placed by phone. However, the
There are new-delivery services and aggregators (Platform-to- new-delivery and aggregator business model leverages how
Consumer) as one option or the direct order through a digital technology is reshaping the market and provides
restaurant (Restaurant-to-Consumer). customers with a more convenient food order process and
If customers order directly through the restaurant, the restaurants with the option to increase their demand. The new-
restaurant will carry our the delivery of the meal. However, in delivery businesses in particular offer more restaurants the
new-delivery models the online service provider will take care of option to do home deliveries by providing the logistics of the
the delivery themselves. The figure below shows the customer delivery to the restaurants (McKinsey, 2016).
Customer Restaurant/Food
Delivery
6
1.2 Current State of the food delivery industry
1.2.3 China is the dominant market
7
1.2 Current
China has theState of the
highest userfood delivery rate
penetration industry
in online food the European market are generated in the UK with projected
1.2.3 China is the dominant market
deliveries and is projected to have the second strongest growth revenues of 5,100 million US$ in 2023 (Statista, 2018).
rates as can be seen in Figure 3. Simultaneously China is also the
Looking at the overall online food-delivery market, penetration
dominant market in both food delivery segments, followed by
rates exceeded 30 percent in 2016 but is believed to increase to
the Netherlands and the UK (Statista, 2018).
65 percent every year. This will lead to the online food delivery
However, the overall strongest growth rate can be seen in taking over the offline food delivery in the coming years
Europe at a growth rate of 9.5%. The highest revenues within (McKinsey, 2016).
+ 6.6%
2018 2023
Figure 3: Global projected revenues for online food delivery Source: based on Statista, 2018
8
2 Key Emerging Issues
2.1 Sustaining a robust delivery network of personnel and legal issues
2 Key Emerging
Online Issues
Food Delivery Services are globally struggling with legal
2.1 Sustaining
issues, a robust
as drivers delivery
strike for highernetwork of personnel
payments, andand
safety issues legal issues
% of Customers Returned*
Customer Retention
The industry average on
customer retention for the
food delivery market currently
ranges at around 25 percent. 25%
I7
1
5n Figure 7: Industry Average customer retention
d Source: based on Gessner, 2018
2u
%
s
5
3t
0r
%y
4
2A
5
5
v
6a
g0
e%
M
o
2 Key Emerging Issues n
t
2.5 Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental issues
h
s
S
i
n
c
e
F
i
r
s
t
P
u
r
c
h
a
s
e
*
A
u
g
2
0
1
7
t
o
F
e
b
2
0
1
8
2 Key 78
With Emerging
million Issues
metric tons of plastic packaging that is by 2021. This also includes plastic packaging and take-out
2.5 Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental issues
produced every year and only 14 percent recycled (Royte, packaging, which 44% of countries banned so far as can be seen
2018), food delivery companies are currently adding to these in Figure 8 (Statista, 2018).
numbers. Each day 65 million meal containers are discarded in
Food delivery services who heavily depend on packaging are
China alone (The Economist, 2017).
facing the problem of finding alternatives and solutions to this
Governments around the world have started to act on this issue problem, as environmental issues and corporate social
with a number of countries banning plastic items. The European responsibility becomes more important to consumers.
Union for instance, will effectively ban all single-use plastic
items
Deliveroo was co-founded by CEO Will Shu in 2013 in London. It was one of
the first food delivery services to have their own fleet of drivers, taking over
the whole order and delivery process for restaurants. The company currently
has a revenue growth of more than 650% year on year. Consumers are able to
track their delivery on the Deliveroo App and investments in Deliveroo’s own
algorithm ’Frank’ is one of its investments to improve allocation of drivers and
thus optimising efficiency. Their recent introduction of Deliveroo Editions
gives the company a competitive advantage as they are able to help
restaurants expand into new areas (Deliveroo, 2019). Despite making losses,
the company is currently valued at 2.5 billion euros ([Link], 2018) and
the financial times titled Deliveroo as Europe’s fastest growing company in
2018 with a growth rate of 107,117% (Financial Times, 2018).
13
4 Resource-based strategy
What makes Deliveroo unique?
Deliveroo is on forth place in terms of value of leading global Furthermore, Deliveroo has a unique positioning when it comes
food technology companies from Europe with a value of 2.5 to technology and focuses on growing its technology team.
billion euros ([Link], 2018). They have an annual revenue Deliveroo scored first place in Deloitte’s UK Technology Fast 50
of 277.1 million GBP in 2017 (Deliveroo, 2018) at an annual with a growth of 15,749% (Deloitte, 2018) and is placed fourth
revenue growth of 923.5% within 2013-2016. This made of the European food technology companies ([Link],
Deliveroo the fastest growing company in Europe (Financial 2018). Deliveroo’s “real-time logistics algorithm and artificial
Times, 2018). One of the reasons that the only 6-year old intelligence systems” lead to faster deliveries and an increase of
company achieved this, is its uniqueness. delivery volumes. This leads to continuous improvements of
processes where Deliveroo improves the allocation of drivers
What makes Deliveroo so unique is a number of things. The
and the exploration of new restaurants as they analyse in which
most distinctive one is that Deliveroo was one of the first to
locations and what type of cuisine is missing in an area
introduce the innovative new-delivery model which provides
(caterlyst, 2017).
restaurants with its own fleet of drivers as well as an order
platform. Deliveroo would therefore handle the whole order
process so the restaurant only needs to focus on the cooking
process.
14
4 Resource-based strategy
What makes Deliveroo unique?
Another aspect is its CEO and founder Will Shu. The founder was
also the company’s first delivery driver and still goes on 2018). It is also very successful in attracting new investors,
occasional drives. This provides him with a very good insight helping the business to keep growing and investing (Ghosh,
into the business and provides him with an understanding of a 2018).
number of issues the company faces and how these may be
One of the reasons Deliveroo keeps making losses, is its high
overcome (Gilchrist, 2018).
investments into global expansion plans (BBC, 2018). Within
Furthermore, Deliveroo has a strong financial position. Even just 6 years of its existence, the company operates in more than
though the company’s pre-tax losses keep rising, sales keep 200 cities across 12 countries (Deliveroo, no date) and plans for
doubling, leading to a high value of 2.5 billion euros (BBC, many more to follow, including adding more restaurants to their
offering.
4 Resource-based strategy
What makes Deliveroo unique?
Strong Well-
Excellent Global Innovative
financial managed
Leadership presence ideas
position processes
Market Growth
Eat and Deliveroo ([Link],2018).
While market growth is high within the
Platform-to-consumer food delivery sector,
Delivery Hero and Just Eat have higher market
shares than competitors Deliveroo and Uber Cash Dogs
Eats. cows
The following analysis will therefore consider
Figure 10: BCG Matrix
these two companies and leading players in
the food delivery industry (Maida, 2017) as
Deliveroo’s competitors. Low
16
Source: based on Stone & River, 2017
17
6 Deliveroo’s Blue Ocean Strategy
6.1 Deliveroo Editions, Deliveroo+ and Artificial Intelligence
18
6 Deliveroo’s
Deliveroo BluetoOcean
managed Strategy
develop a Blue Ocean Strategy (Kim & and also to introduce new restaurants altogether. This saves
6.1 Deliveroo Editions, Deliveroo+ and Artificial Intelligence
Mauborgne, 2005) for the food delivery Industry. In an Industry restaurants the cost of high-street spaces and gives them the
where customers would either call a restaurant directly or order opportunity to have locations where the only focus is on
through a website that placed the order at the restaurant, deliveries (Iqbal, 2019).
Deliveroo identified a strategic gap in the market. By taking
Another unique idea is the implementation of Deliveroo Plus to
control over the entire order and delivery process, they crossed
increase customer retention. By introducing the subscription
industry boundaries and developed a unique concept that
service, which saves the customer from delivery charges per
quickly began to grow. With the use of and significant
order, the customer can pay a monthly or yearly fee to cover
investments in innovative algorithms and Artificial Intelligence,
these expenses (Cook, 2017).
the company has a unique position in the market. It helps the
company to cut down cost by shortening delivery times and
improving driver allocation as well as analysis where and what
type of restaurant to add to its portfolio. This also helped attract
investors who would usually invest in technology (Ghosh, 2018).
19
6 Deliveroo’s Blue Ocean Strategy
6.2 Strategy Canvas
20
6 Deliveroo’s Blue Ocean Strategy
Deliveroo competes in higher
6.2 Strategy Canvas
quality food delivery service high
compared to Just Eat and 10
21
6 Deliveroo’s Blue Ocean Strategy
6.3 Actions for Creating New Value Curve
Reduce
Delivery costs &
fees
Deliveroo strives to improve their operations to
reduce cost. Deliveroo plus is a first step in
raising customer retention and further reducing
New Create
Eliminate fees for customers.
Value New (own)
Packaging waste Restaurants Furthermore Deliveroo creates new possibilities
Curve & Drivers with Deliveroo editions to create new or even
their own restaurants and thus offering a higher
variety of choices to customers and enlarging their
operating network.
Raise By introducing environmental friendly packaging
Number of Deliveroo aims to eliminate packaging waste.
Restaurants
& customer
retention
Figure 13: New Value Curve
19
Source: based on Kim & Mauborgne, 2005
7 Deliveroo, Just Eat and Delivery Hero KPI Analysis
7.1 Revenue
376
341
+711% 277
248
166
129
18
20
7 Deliveroo, Just Eat and Delivery Hero KPI Analysis
However, looking at the growth we can clearly see that all three
7.1 Revenue
companies have very high growth rates. The significantly 200
highest growth can be seen for Deliveroo, which managed to
increase its revenue significantly at 711% from year 2015 to 100
2016 and is still looking at the highest growth rates for 2017.
Considering that Deliveroo first launched in 2013, it managed to 0
increase revenue very quickly and is closing the gap to its Deliveroo Just Eat Delivery Hero
competitors. 2015 2016 2017
Figure 14: Yearly Revenue
Source: Annual Reports Deliveroo, Just Eat and Delivery Hero, 2016, 2017
21
7 Deliveroo, Just Eat and Delivery Hero KPI Analysis
7.2 Profit/Loss
Profit/Loss
Figure 15 shows a comparison between the profits or losses of 91
100
Deliveroo, Just Eat and Delivery Hero between years 2015 and
50 35
2017. Even though all three companies are looking at high
revenues, all three companies booked losses in 2017. Especially 0
-247-202-336
In millions
competitors.
150 136
Nonetheless, Delivery Hero is looking at order numbers of
103
nearly 300 million per year with Just Eat following at about half 96
100
of this number at 172 Million as can be seen in Figure 16.
Competitive
Resources Valuable Rare Imitability Organisation
Advantage
Delivery Fleets Y N Y Y Competitive Parity
Sustained
Technology / AI Y Y Y Y Competitive
Advantage
Temporary
Deliveroo Plus Y Y N N Competitive
Advantage
Sustained
Deliveroo Editions Y Y Y Y Competitive
Advantage
8 VRIO
Figure Analysis
17: VRIO Analysis for Deliveroo
8.1 Deliveroo
Deliveroo has a clear sustained competitive advantage when it option of additional restaurants in areas they would usually not
comes to the elaborate algorithm and artificial intelligence that be able to offer them. Deliveroo’s subscription service Deliveroo
the company uses in order to improve delivery times and Plus poses as a temporary competitive advantage, as other new-
logistical distribution of drivers. It is a field where the company delivery businesses can catch up soon (Cook, 2017).
invests a lot in (caterlyst, 2017). Another sustained competitive
Their original competitive advantage of their own delivery fleets
advantage is the new business model of Deliveroo Editions,
is still not entirely common as it involves heavy costs for training
where new “dark kitchens” or “ghost kitchens” are a set up of
and wages (People Management, 2017). However, it still offers a
metal boxes and operate as a restaurant. This provides the
competitive parity while competitors adapt.
8 VRIO Analysis
8.2 Just Eat
Competitive
Resources Valuable Rare Imitability Organisation
Advantage
Temporary
Restaurant Network Y Y Y N Competitive
Advantage
Temporary
High revenues Y Y Y N Competitive
Advantage
Figure 18: VRIO Analysis for Just Eat
Competitive
Resources Valuable Rare Imitability Organisation
Advantage
Sustained
Brand Portfolio Y Y Y Y Competitive
Advantage
8 VRIO
Figure Analysis
20: VRIO Analysis for Delivery Hero
8.3 Delivery Hero
Delivery Hero calls itself ‘United Nations of food delivery’
(Bochmann, 2018) which underlines its sustained competitive
advantage. The company counts 28 brands to its portfolio that
operate in over 40 countries and has partnerships with over
250,000 restaurants in five continents. Additionally adapting their
marketing campaigns to cultures gives Delivery Hero a
competitive parity as these customised marketing approaches
lead to five times higher customer retention (Salz, 2019).
Figure 21: Operating Countries Delivery Hero
Source: Delivery Hero, 2018
9 Future Prospects
9.1 Summary of findings – Current Issues
9 Future
Based Prospects
on the prior analysis in this report, the following issues The other legal issue concerns Deliveroo Editions and the ‘Dark
9.1 Summary of findings – Current Issues
can be summarised for Deliveroo: kitchens’. As Deliveroo found a strategic gap and quickly found a
The biggest issues that Deliveroo currently faces are of a legal way to set up these new restaurants, the company is now facing
nature. The company found itself under a lot of heat for workers legal problems if they wish to keep operating in these facilities.
rights as employees went on strikes and finally to court. In this Problems are the absence of planning permissions as well as
case the court ruled in favour of Deliveroo, letting them keep noise complaints from surrounding neighbours which the
their riders under a self-employed status (Farrell, 2018). company will need to address (Butler, 2017).
1. Deliveroo is attempting to meet their riders needs by freedom to order through Deliveroo (Deliveroo, no date).
launching an income insurance policy in the case of a rider 4. Deliveroo recently launched its new subscription service
falling ill or getting injured (Moules, 2017). Deliveroo Plus. This gives customers the option to pay a
2. In an attempt to increase market shares, Deliveroo is looking monthly fee in order to avoid multiple fees per order placed.
at various options to expand Deliveroo Editions. One way is This is significantly convenient for regular customers but can
the launch of more sites, another is to launch of its ‘virtual ultimately lead to customer retention if they are indecisive
food market’ which gives customers the option to place on where the order should be placed (Shead, 2017).
orders from multiple restaurants at once. Another variation 5. In regards to the environmental issues of exceeding package
is Deliveroo’s first brick-and-mortar store, allowing for in- waste and recycling issues, Deliveroo is making 100,000
store as well as online store deliveries (Iqbal, 2019). biodegradable greaseproof paper inserts that are free of
3. Another prospect to increase market share is Deliveroo for charge to the restaurant partners (Graydon, 2018).
Considering the current position of Deliveroo and looking at its competitors Just
Eat and Delivery Hero, it looks likely that Deliveroo becomes public in the near
future.
References 1/5
Bandoim,
ReferencesL. (2019).
1/5 How Ghost Restaurants Are Changing The dark-kitchens-pop-up-feeding-the-city-london [Accessed 29
Restaurant Business Model. Forbes. Available from March 2019].
[Link]
ghost-restaurants-are-changing-the-restaurant-business-model/ caterlyst (2017). Deliveroo secures £286m for expansion.
[Accessed 29 March 2019]. Available from
[Link]
BBC (2018). Deliveroo losses deepen as service expands, 1 788 [Accessed 30 March 2019].
October. Available from [Link]
45707700 [Accessed 30 March 2019]. Chen, S. (2017). On-Demand Food is Hungry for Marketshare.
Startups & Venture Capital. Available from
Panorama - Takeaway Secrets Exposed (14 January 2019).
[Link]
Directed by BBC One. Available from demand-food-61029d955a6d [Accessed 31 March 2019].
[Link]
takeaway-secrets-exposed [Accessed 29 March 2019]. Cook, J. (2017). Deliveroo is launching Deliveroo Editions —
clusters of pop-up kitchens to help restaurants expand around
Bochmann, M. (2018). How technology is making food ordering the world - Business Insider. Available from
feel kind of magic []. Available from [Link]
[Link] restaurants-roobox-2017-4?r=UK [Accessed 30 March 2019].
food-ordering-feel-kind-magic/ [Accessed 30 March 2019].
[Link] (2018). Leading European food delivery
Butler, S. (2017). How Deliveroo’s ‘dark kitchens’ are catering companies: value 2018 | Statistic. Statista. Available from
from car parks. The Guardian, 28 October. Available from [Link]
[Link] food-delivery-companies-value/ [Accessed 29 March 2019].
Deliveroo (2018). Deliveroo revenues 2015-2017 | Statistic.
Statista. Available from
[Link]
revenues/ [Accessed 30 March 2019].
References 2/5
Deliveroo
References (2019).
2/5 Deliveroo. Available from FAZ (2018). Rückzug aus 10 Städten: Hier können Sie jetzt nicht
[Link] [Accessed 31 March 2019]. mehr bei Deliveroo bestellen16 August. Available from
Deliveroo (no date). About Deliveroo Newsroom. Deliveroo [Link] [Accessed 29 March 2019].
Foodscene. Available from [Link] Financial Times (2018). Infographic: FT 1000 - Europe’s Fastest
[Accessed 30 March 2019a]. Growing Companies. Statista Infographics. Available from
Deliveroo (no date). Deliveroo. Available from [Link]
[Link] [Accessed 1 April 2019b]. fastest-growing-companies/ [Accessed 27 March 2019].
Deloitte (2018). Diversity and inclusion in high growth tech - FRPT Research (2016). India-based food delivery startup
2018 UK Technology Fast 50. Available from TinyOwl shuts down in all cities except Mumbai. FRPT- Software
[Link] Snapshot,33–34. Available from
ts/technology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-uk-fast50- [Link]
[Link] [Accessed 27 March 2019]. N=118553280&site=ehost-live&scope=site [Accessed 29 March
2019].
Farrell, S. (2018). Deliveroo grows UK rider workforce by two
thirds this year. The Grocer, 22 December. Available from Gessner, K. (2018). Takeout takeover: Uber Eats now bigger than
[Link] Grubhub in 15 major U.S. cities. Second Measure. Available
020181221eecm00002&cat=a&ep=ASE [Accessed 29 March from [Link]
2019]. uber- eats-grubhub/ [Accessed 31 March 2019].
FATbit Chef (2017). Why the Next Unicorn will be From the Ghosh, S. (2018). Deliveroo history and timeline: How Will Shu
Online Food Ordering and Delivery Market! []. Best Website built the $2 billion firm - Business Insider. Available from
Design Company Blog - Results-Driven Web Design. Available [Link]
from [Link] timeline-2018-9?r=US&IR=T#september-2016-the-startup-
ordering-delivery-market/ [Accessed 30 March 2019]. rebrands-abandoning-its-cute-cartoony-kangaroo-logo-in-favour-
of-a-geometric-abstract-design-some-people-think-the-new-
design-looks-a-little-like-a-rude-two-fingered-gesture-19
[Accessed 30 March 2019].
References 3/5
Gilchrist,
References K. (2018).
3/5 Deliveroo CEO Will Shu: I still do deliveries Keng, C. (2018). Why Uber Eats Will Eat You Into Bankruptcy.
once every two weeks. Available from Forbes. Available from
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Accessed 30 uber-eats-will-eat-you-into-bankruptcy/ [Accessed 30 March
March 2019]. 2019].
Graydon, N. (2018). The majority of brits don’t realise they can’t Knieps, S. (2018). Deliveroo: Fahrer gründen Betriebsrat in
recycle a greasy pizza box - so we’ve has come up with a Köln24 January. Available from
solution. Deliveroo Foodscene. Available from [Link]
[Link] [Link] [Accessed 29
[Link] [Accessed 1 April 2019]. March 2019].
Hirschberg, C. et al. (2016). The changing market for food Maida, J. (2017). Online On-demand Food Delivery Services
delivery. Telecommunications, . McKinsey & Company. Market - Growth Analysis and Forecast| Technavio. Available
IMF et al. (2019). Online Food Delivery - worldwide | Statista from
Market Forecast. Statista. Available from [Link]
[Link] en/Online-On-demand-Food-Delivery-Services-Market--
delivery/worldwide [Accessed 27 March 2019]. [Accessed 31 March 2019].
Iqbal, M. (2019). Deliveroo Revenue and Usage Statistics (2019) Mattone, J. (2018). Just Eat is dominating the U.K. takeaway war
[]. Business of Apps. Available from with low fees, more variety. Available from
[Link] [Link]
[Accessed 1 April 2019]. takeaway-wars/ [Accessed 30 March 2019].
References 4/5
McKinsey
References(2016).
4/5 The age of analytics: competing in a data- Royte, E. (2018). Eat Your Food, and the Package Too. Science &
driven world. McKinsey Global Institute. Available from Innovation. Available from
[Link] [Link]
ctions/mckinsey%20analytics/our%20insights/the%20age%20of food/food-packaging-plastics-recycle-solutions/ [Accessed 31
%20analytics%20competing%20in%20a%20data%20driven%20 March 2019].
world/[Link] [Accessed 15
March 2019]. Sallomi, P. (2019). 2019 Technology Industry Trends. Deloitte
United States. Available from
Moules, J. (2017). William Shu: how I handle fast growth. [Link]
Financial Times. Available from and-telecommunications/articles/technology-industry-
[Link] [Link] [Accessed 9 March 2019].
c63fdc9b8c6c [Accessed 1 April 2019].
Salz, P.A. (2019). How Delivery Hero Uses Emotive Marketing To
Netzer, D.T. et al. (2017). The urban delivery bet: USD 5 billion in Get A Bigger Slice Of The Food Delivery Market. Available from
venture capital at risk? Travel, Transport & Logistics, . McKinsey [Link]
& Company. delivery-hero-uses-emotive-marketing-to-get-a-bigger-slice-of-
People Management (2017). The Gig Economy in Court - the-food-delivery-market/#106ed07a780f [Accessed 30 March
Employment status will come under scrutiny in 2017. People 2019].
Management, 1 February, 13. Available from Shead, S. (2017). Deliveroo’s subscription service is now
Ram, A. (2018). Just Eat shares slide after setting out £50m available across the UK - Business Insider. Available from
investment plan. Financial Times. Available from [Link]
[Link] service-is-now-available-across-the-uk-2017-11?r=US&IR=T
0cd3483b8b80 [Accessed 31 March 2019]. [Accessed 1 April 2019].
Shubber, K. (2017). A look at an early Deliveroo investor deck.
Financial Times. Available from
[Link]
early-deliveroo-investor-deck/ [Accessed 31 March 2019].
References 5/5
ssu and dpa (2017).
References 5/5 Essenslieferdienst : Delivery Hero schafft Warner, J. (2018). Just Eat and Deliveroo: what has the
Umsatzplus - aber keinen Gewinn. Spiegel Online, 26 September. takeaway delivery market got on the menu? IG. Available
Available from from [Link]
[Link] news/just-eat-and-deliveroo--what-has-the-takeaway-delivery-
[Link] market-go-180622 [Accessed 31 March 2019].
[Accessed 31 March 2019].
Wijngaarde, Y. (2018). [Link] acquires Delivery Hero
Statista (2018). eServices Report 2018 – Online Food Delivery. Germany: a closer look. Blog | Dealroom. Available from
Available from [Link]
[Link] deal-whats-next-in-food-delivery-tech/ [Accessed 29 March
lineFoodDelivery_Preview.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2019]. 2019].
Stone & River (2017). The at-home food delivery market is ZEIT Online (2017). Lieferdienst: Delivery Hero gelingt größter
booming, but could the bubble burst? Available from Börsengang des Jahres in Deutschland. Die Zeit, 30 June.
[Link] Available from [Link]
home-food-delivery-is-booming-but-could-the-bubble-burst 06/lieferdienst-delivery-hero-boersengang-aktie-rocket-internet
[Accessed 31 March 2019]. [Accessed 31 March 2019].
The Economist (2017). China’s food-delivery business is
booming. So is waste. The Economist, 19 October. Available
from [Link]
food-delivery-business-is-booming-so-is-waste [Accessed 31
March 2019].
END OF REPORT
34