Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Bus arrangement
1. Radial bus
2. Main and transfer
3. Double breaker double bus
4. Ring bus
5. Breaker and a half
Busbar Protection
Main Bus
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuit
Radial bus
Busbar Protection
1. Radial bus
Advantages
Lowest cost
Small land area required
Easy to expand
Simple to operate
Simple protective relay
Busbar Protection
1. Radial bus
Disadvantages
Low reliability
Low flexibility of operation for maintenance
Bus fault and failure of breaker requires substation
be removed from service
Busbar Protection
Main Bus
Disconnect
Switch
Transfer
Circuit Breaker
Circuit
Breaker
(N.O.)
Transfer
N.O.
N.O.
N.O.
Switch
Transfer Bus
Circuits Circuits
Main and transfer
Busbar Protection
2. Main and transfer
Advantages
Small land area required
Easy to expand
Increased flexibility of operation over radial bus
Any breaker can be removed from service without
an outage
Busbar Protection
2. Main and transfer
Disadvantages
Increased cost over radial bus
Increased complexity of operation over radial bus
Increased complexity of protection over radial bus
Low reliability
Busbar Protection
Circuits
Bus No. 1
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
Bus No. 2
Circuits
Double breaker double bus
Busbar Protection
3. Double breaker double bus
Advantages
Very high reliability
Very flexibility operation
Any breaker can be removed from service without
an outage
Busbar Protection
3. Double breaker double bus
Disadvantages
High cost
Large land area required
Complex protective relaying and control
Busbar Protection
Load
Line Disconnect
Switch
Source
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Source
Load
Ring bus
Busbar Protection
4. Ring bus
Advantages
High reliability
Flexibility operation
Low cost
Any breaker can be removed from service without outage
Expandable to breaker and a half configuration
Busbar Protection
4. Ring bus
Disadvantages
Complex protective relaying and control
Failed breaker during fault caused outage of one
additional circuit
Busbar Protection
Circuits Main Bus No. 1
Line Disconnect
Switch
Disconnect Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuits Main Bus No. 2
Breaker and a half
Busbar Protection
5. Breaker and a half
Advantages
Very high reliability
Very flexibility operation
Any breaker can be removed from service without
an outage
Busbar Protection
5. Breaker and a half
Disadvantages
Large land area required
High cost
Complex protective relaying and control
Busbar Protection
Approximate per unit cost Reliability
Radial 1 5
Main and transfer 1.2 4
Ring bus 1.25 3
Breaker and a half 1.45 2
Double breaker double bus 1.75 1
Busbar Protection
Radial bus
Busbar Protection
Main and transfer
Busbar Protection
Double breaker double bus
Busbar Protection
Breaker and a half
Practice 0
- What kind of bus arrangement
in single line diagram 1 and 2 ?
- Where is the zone of protection
of 87B1 and 87B2 ?
Busbar Protection
Criteria of Bus Differential relay (87B)
Check the difference current between
the current flow in and out of the
protected bus ( vector summation at
relay = 0 )
Busbar Protection
Bus differential has 2 types
1. High impedance
2. Low impedance
Busbar Protection
High impedance bus differential
1. Every bay must use same class and CT ratio
2. Suitable for non switching substation
3. Easy to expand
4. Easy to use
Because of fault current at bus bar is
very high, so some CT may saturate
and make 87B misoperation on
external fault…..
Assume one CT saturate on external fault
saturate
Voltage = 0
at 87B
CT saturation
- Equivalent circuit ( saturate )
Is Rct Rct
saturate
Ip/n
Ip/n Is
Im
E Lm E Lm = 0
Im =∞
Rct
E If Equivalent circuit = Rct
Assume one CT saturate on external fault
Rct 87B
Voltage > 0
at 87B
Ex Calculation of 87B
Data
- 3 phase fault current at bus = 25000 A ( If - 3phase )
- 1 phase fault current at bus = 23600 A ( If - 1phase )
- CT ratio 2000/5 ( N )
- Rct = 1.2 Ω
- RL = 1.5 Ω ( lead resistance between relay and CT )
- Relay setting range ; 175, 225, 275, 325 v
- Vk = 800 v
Setting of 87B ( Vs )
Vs1 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + 2RL ) ; 1phase fault
Vs3 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + RL ) ; 3 phase fault
Vs1 = 249.6 v So set Vs = 325 v;
Vs3 = 169.8 v ( Vk >= 2Vs )
Practice 1
- From single line diagram 2, if
- 3phase fault =17000 A
- 1phase fault = 13000 A
What is the setting of Vs ?
Busbar Protection
Low impedance bus differential
1. Can use difference CT ratio for each bay
2. Suitable for switching substation
3. Not easy to expand
Busbar Protection
Function of bus differential
Trip all circuit breakers that connected
to the fault bus via 86B ( bus differential
lockout relay ) and interlock all circuit
breakers also.
Practice 2
From single line diagram 2
- Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 87B1
operated?
- What is the operating time of 87B?
