THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF
LOWER CABU
IRRIGATION PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. PERFECTO E. ZAPLAN

SUBMMITED BY: GROUP 4

ABUNAGAN, ROMAR L.
BATERNA, JOVANIE P.
BUAN, MA. KORINA E.
BUIZON, TYRONE R.
CANARES, DAVID RAPHAEL
CENTINO, RAYMUND C.
DICEN, QUEENIE JONALIE M.
MORALES, MARGARETT C.
QUITO, EDMON C.
SAJELAN, JAHZEEL C.
VILLASENOR, JOHN JOSHUA C.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
SUMMARY

PROJECT SUMMARY

Name of Project : LOWER CABU IRRIGATION  

PROJECT

Location : Palayan City, Nueva Ecija (UPRIIS)

Source of Water Supply : Cabu River

Potential Irrigable Area : 1,320 hectares

SCHEME OF DEVELOPMENT

Construction of 44-meter high dam including its appurtenant structures and network of

irrigation canals.

PROJECT FEATURES

Type of Dam : Zoned-earthfill

Storage Capacity : 16.53 MCM (Normal Level)

Type of Irrigation : Gravity

 Irrigation Facilities : Main Canal, Lateral Canals, Access Road

COST

Project Cost : ₱ 1,340.809 million

O & M Cost per Annum : ₱ 7.200 million

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Benefit – Cost (B/C) Ratio : 1 : 1.15

Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) : 11.40%

NPV @ 10% : ₱ 175.69 million

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The proposed project passed the preliminary economic evaluation, thus recommended for

conduct of full-blown Feasibility Study.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT

1.1.1 LOCATION

1.1.2 FUNCTION

1.1.3 IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

1.1.4 DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT

CHAPTER 2 STUDY METHODOLOGY

2.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

2.1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

2.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

2.1.3 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION

2.1.4 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

2.1.5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

2.1.6 LAND USE

2.1.7 POPULATION

2.1.8 REGIONAL ECONOMY

2.2 PROJECT SITE CONDITION

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 EXPECTED EFFECTS OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

3.2 PRIORITY OF THE PROJECT

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND WATERSHED COMPONENT

3.3.1 SUMMARY

3.3.2 INTRODUCTION

3.3.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.3.4 Project Impact Areas

3.3.5 Description of the Environment

3.3.6 Physical Resources

3.3.7 Ecological Environment

3.3.8 Socio-economic

3.3.9 Predicted Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND

SOCIAL IMPACTS
4.1 PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

4.1.1 PRESENT CONDITION

4.1.2 FUTURE FORECAST (WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO)

4.2 EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS BY

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FORECAST

4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS BY IMPLEMENTATION OF

THE PROJECT

4.3.1 ITEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

4.3.2 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ALTERNATIVES

4.4 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

4.4.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

IMPACT

4.4.2 LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

CHAPTER 5 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC COST

5.1 ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

5.1.1 BASE CONDITION

5.1.2 CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE

5.1.3 PROJECT COST

5.1.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST

5.2 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN

EVALUATION
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND AND NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT

The project aims to optimize the utilization of water resources through construction of

impounding or storage reservoir to address the alternating effects of typhoons and drought where

the water could be store during rainy season and subsequently release in controlled amount

during dry season

1.1.1 LOCATION

Lower Cabu Irrigation Project Palayan City, Nueva Ecija

Palayan City is located in the central plains of Luzon drained by the Pampanga River.

The city is seated fourteen kilometres southwest of the component city of Cabanatuan and one

hundred eighty two kilometres north of Manila.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

1.1.2 FUNCTION

Purposely providing land with water, other than rain, for improving pastures or crop

production. Irrigation usually implies the existence of infrastructure and/or equipment for

applying water to crops, such as irrigation canals, pumps, sprinklers or localized watering

systems.

1.1.3 IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

 Irrigation not only contributes to increased crop production but may also reduce

variability in production through improved control of the crop environment. However, the

dependence of modern seed-fertilizer technology on irrigation and fertilizer, which are subject to

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

unreliable supply, may contribute to increased variability in production. This paper examines

this issue using an irrigation system simulation model to analyze the impact of irrigation on the

variability in area, yield, production, and farm income in diversion irrigation systems in the

Philippines. The results show that irrigation more than doubles crop-year rice production and

income. However, because of the dependence of diversion irrigation systems on highly variable

dry-season stream flow, irrigated dry-season production and income are highly variable

compared with those of wet-season rainfed production. On a crop-year basis, production and

income variability under irrigated conditions are slightly higher than under rainfed conditions.

Although improved management of irrigation systems can reduce income and production

disparities among farmers within the system, it has little impact on system-wide variability.

Investments in irrigation infrastructure and management are not substitutes for other policies that

will offset the adverse effects of production instability, such as buffer stock or import

management.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

1.1.4 DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT

Although many different definitions of irrigation are being used, the need for this way of

agricultural intensification is rapidly increasing as the population dependent on agriculture has in

many countries largely surpassed the carrying capacity of rainfed systems. However,

unfortunately many donor-sponsored irrigation projects in Africa disappoint because they are

generally conceived with a too short time perspective and they suffer from a series of negative

characteristics. Generally there is insufficient farmer involvement in all phases of the projects,

which are formulated in isolation from existing farming systems, are capital-intensive and

require high-input levels (from elsewhere), focus on the hardware, neglect agricultural

production and institutional weaknesses, and cannot put up the money needed to be run.

Therefore, sustainability should be the main point of orientation. Important steps towards it

consist in choosing activities and forms of irrigation that fit well in the farming systems, are

attractive to farmers, and can be run to a very large extent by themselves without external

assistance. Marketing and production support services should be included in analysis and

programmers of assistance, together with institutional strengthening and adequate land tenure

arrangements. Governments' involvement in operation and management can often be reduced,

and the same goes for the role of the irrigation organisations. Donor involvement should be more

flexible, have a longer time-perspective, be less guided by expected economic rates of return and

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

concentrate more on how to ensure increased sustainability of irrigation projects for both the

country and the farmers.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

CHAPTER II

STUDY METHODOLOGY

2.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Water pricing is the system of assigning monetary value to the irrigation water on users

to reflect water cost. According to the Global Water Partnership, as cited by Cornish, et al.

(2004), there are three levels of water cost: (1) full supply costs which concerns cost recovery,

including capital depreciation, and replacement costs as well as O&M costs; (2) full economic

costs which includes the full supply costs in (1) as well as the opportunity costs and the

economic externalities; and (3) full cost which covers both (1) and (2) in addition to

environmental externalities. Although the concepts are valid, it has been observed that setting

numerical values to these levels is a difficult process.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

2.1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The project aims to optimize the utilization of water resources through construction of

impounding or storage reservoir to address the alternating effects of typhoons and drought where

the water could be store during rainy season and subsequently release in controlled amount

during dry season.

2.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

A project aiming for economic and social development may nevertheless entail a risk of

having negative impacts on the environment or society, such as pollution, loss of natural habitat,

involuntary resettlement, and infringement of people's rights.

2.1.3 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION

A network of main and lateral canals is being proposed to deliver irrigation water to the service

area of about 1,320 hectares. One side of the main canal would be made wide enough to

accommodate light vehicles.

The distribution system consisting of main canal and lateral canals would be located wherein a

maximum service area could be benefited at reasonable cost. Irrigation canals would be designed
for specific capacities based on NIA Standards. The amount of water each canal conveys

depends on the area it covers and unit amount of water required.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Total Cost of the Project

Based on preliminary designs using generated topographic map, the estimated cost of the

project is about ₱ 1,340.809 million broken down into direct cost of ₱ 1,136.279 million and

indirect cost of ₱ 204.530 million.

The cost of irrigation and drainage development was estimated to be at ₱ 200,000 per

hectare.

Environmental and social safeguard cost was estimated to be ₱ 42.179 million.

The breakdown of cost estimates is as follows:

Pre-Construction ₱ 50.000 million

Dam and Appurtenances ₱ 780.100 million
Irrigation Facilities ₱ 264.000 million
Environmental and Social Safeguard ₱ 42.179 million
Total Direct Cost ₱ 1,136.279 million
Physical Contingency ₱ 56.814 million
Price Contingency ₱ 56.814 million
Administrative Cost & Management
₱ 34.088 million
Fee
GESA ₱ 56.814 million
Total Indirect Cost ₱ 204.530 million
Total Project Cost ₱ 1,340.809 million
2.1.4 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Financial and economic analyses have similar features. Both estimate the net-benefits of

a project investment based on the difference between the with-project and the without-project

situations. However, the financial analyses of the project compare benefits and costs to the

enterprise, while the economic analyses compare the benefits and costs to the whole economy.

While financial analysis uses market prices to check the balance of investment and the

sustainability of project, economic analysis uses economic price that is converted from the

market price by excluding tax, profit, subsidy, etc. to measure the legitimacy of using national

resources to certain project. Financial and economic analyses also differ in their treatment of

external effects (benefits and costs), such as favorable effects on health.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

 2.1.5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

CABU SMALL RESERVOIR IRRIGATION PROJECT

Present Cropping Pattern/Calendar
CABU SMALL RESERVOIR IRRIGATION PROJECT
Proposed Cropping Pattern/Calendar
PARTICULAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

PADDY RICE
PARTICULAR JAN
LP &N FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Irrigated* T CM D H
LP & N
Dry Season
PADDY RICE
Irrigated* CM D H LP & N T CM D H LP & N T
WetPADDY RICE
& Dry Season
Irrigated* & Rainfed LP & N T CM D H
Wet Season
LP Land Preparation T Transplanting D Drainage
LEGEND:
CORN N Nursery C Crop Management H Harvesting
Irrigated* P CM H LP
Dry Season
* SRIP Project FIGURE 4.2
Vegetables
Irrigated* P CM H LP
Dry Season

LP Land Preparation T Transplanting D Drainage P Planting

LEGEND:
N Nursery CM Crop Management H Harvesting

* Irrigated: Open Source Pump (OSP)/Shallow Tube Well (STW)/Small Farm Reservoir (SFR) FIGURE 4.1

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

2.1.6 LAND USE

 The watershed has two general lands use categories- forest land and grass land. The

woodland covers the military reservation area, the second growth forest and the watershed

reforestation or rehabilitation area.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

The grass land which is the most dominant and extensive includes the pasture areas,

abandoned kaingin and open areas. Based on the rapid characterization made within the dam

site, reservoir and immediate periphery is primarily dominated by built-up areas and annual

cropland (5.04%), grasses and shrub land (9.25%) followed by open forest (11.19%) and

wooded grass land (73.78%) in the upper reach of the watershed is partly grown with

reforestation species like Gmelinaarborea and acacia auricuiformis. Non timber species like

Bambusa species are found growing abundantly along the banks of Cabu River and its

tributaries.

Built–up (0.86%) and cultivated areas (4.18%) are also observed in the watershed.

Mostly of the flat to rolling terrain along the river channel is cultivated areas planted with rice,
corn, vegetable citrus and other perennial crops that are widespread in the watershed area with an

aggregate area of about 398.02 hectares.

In the service area, existing land use is dominated by annual crop and perennial crop

(92.71%) and the rest is covered by built-up areas and inland water (8.02%). Crops primarily

cultivated in the area are rain fed rice and corn with uncultivated areas dominated by grass

species. There are also some patches of trees like Gmelina, Mango, Tamarind are sporadically

grown within their cultivated land. Vegetables are also planted within their backyard including

Eggplant,Ampalaya, and Okra for their home consumption.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

 Land use in the watershed

Land use in proposed service area

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
2.1.7 POPULATION

Nueva Ecija is a province in the Philippines situated in the Central Luzon region

occupying the central section of Luzon. Its capital is the City of Palayan.

The province has a land area of 5,751.33 square kilometers or 2,220.60 square miles. Its

population as determined by the 2015 Census was 2,151,461. This represented 19.18% of the

total population of the Central Luzon region, 3.74% of the overall population of the Luzon island

group, or 2.13% of the entire population of the Philippines. Based on these figures, the

population density is computed at 374 inhabitants per square kilometer or 969 inhabitants per

square mile.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

2.1.8 REGIONAL ECONOMY

Economic growth declined to 6.2% in 2018 from 6.7% in 2017. On the demand side,

robust private consumption growth, an accelerated increase in domestic investment, and higher

government social expenditures supported economic growth. These largely offset a rapid

expansion in imports and slowdown in export growth. On the supply side, services and industry

propelled growth, with agriculture subdued by the crop damage caused by several typhoons.

The economy is projected to expand by 6.4% in both 2019 and 2020, buoyed by private

consumption and domestic investment. A low unemployment rate, sustained remittance growth,

and relatively low inflation should boost private consumption. Major public infrastructure

projects will drive domestic investment.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

2.1.9 PROJECT SITE CONDITION

Soil and land classification investigation is one of the basic factors in agricultural

planning, particularly in the development of land for irrigation. The physical condition of the

land and its natural resources is a direct measure in the assessment of the suitability of the land to

a given land use management.

The soil classification is directly related to the geophysical and topographic features of

the land. These basic parameters are useful in defining the future land development potential.

Soil classification survey was carried out for the proposed Lower Cabu Irrigation Project to

determine basic information on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil.

The primary objective of the study was to identify and classify the land relative to its

suitability for irrigation development. The basic data collected are essential in solving agronomic

and to the extent of planning and implementation stage.

Basically, the study aims to establish the land suitability in terms of land classes of the

project area. Basis for the correlation of the land suitability are the soil, topography and drainage.

Special studies related to land classification also include field and laboratory characterization.

Land use and vegetation is one of the factors considered in the preparation of an effective

and sustainable agricultural development plan. It gives an indication of the soils as well as the

crops preferred by the farmers. Crops grown in the area are largely depending on various factors

such as soils, climatic conditions, market opportunities and other socio economic elements.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

The existing land use of the area is an indication of the people’s collective preference in the

utilization of land for agriculture and other economic activities.

The present land use in the area includes rice, corn, vegetable, and plantation crop

(calamansi). Rice is the dominant crop planted under different environment, rainfed and irrigated

by pump. During the dry season, some farmers have their own small reservoir which is their own

source of irrigation to sustain crop growth.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

CHAPTER III

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 EXPECTED EFFECTS OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

Project Impact Areas

Based on the identified activities of the proposed projects, the identified direct and

indirect impacts areas are:

Direct Impact Areas

a. Dam and Reservoir Area

b. Access and service roads

c. Irrigation canal facilities and service areas.

Indirect Impact Area

a. Watershed area

b. Vicinity of the service area

c. Downstream water users

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Predicted Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

A. Environmental Problems due to Site Selection

(a) Dam Site and Reservoir Area

The project site is expected to occupy about 5.0 hectares of land for the establishment of

the dam and facilities including service and access road. With the proposed dam height of 44

meters, it will inundate about 184 hectares of land covering an agricultural areas planted with

vegetables interspersed with perennial crops and annual crops, rainfed paddies, portion of the

concrete road, brgy. Structures, schools, 142 housesmade of concrete and light materials initially

accounted, and other improvements. The estimated cost for the affected land and improvement is

about Php 42,179,000.

Further survey and inventory of the affected land and communities should be undertaken

in the succeeding undertakings. Likewise, initial arrangements to the proper authority-DENR,

DND, NCIP and LGU should be undertaken simultaneously during the conduct of succeeding

studies considering the location of the proposed project (Military Reservation).

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

For the private land, acquisition to the affected land and improvements should be properly

coordinate to the land owner for the just compensation. The Land Acquisition and

Resettlement Action Plan (LARP) should be formulated prior to construction for proper

guidelines

Project Potential Impacts and Description

component Item Description Unit Cost Total Estimated
(php) Project Cost
Dam and Land 162 ha 120,000 19,440,000.0
reservoir area 0
house 142 50,000 7,100,000.0
0
Crops and Mango (540) 5,000 2,700,000.0
trees 0
Citrus (2,840) 500 1,420,000.0
0
bamboo (120) 2,500 300,000.0
0
tree crops 500 819,000.0
(1,638) 0
School 4 500,000 2,000,000.0
buildings 0
Basketball 1 100,000 100,000.
court 00
Barangay 2 300,000 600,000.0
hall 0
Religious 3 400,000 1,200,000.0
building 0
Concrete 1,300 m 5,000,000/km 6,500,000.
road 00
Total 42,179,000.00
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

b) Blocking of fish migration

No significant impact has been defined for this possible concern for the following reason.

Typically fish species in Asia do not demonstrate any specific migration requirements. Fish will

move to take advantage of rising water which may provide better access to feeding grounds and

may also stimulate breeding.

However, fish will move only in an opportunistic fashion to these areas as they present

themselves. Additionally should any losses occur from this intervention this will only have a

minor impact as; (I) all of the fish species are well represented throughout the Philippines, (II)

none of the fish have any particular economic or environmental significance and (III) the river is

not a productive fish resources.

c) Irrigation Service Area

The service area has already been cleared and settled as rain fed farms. Consequently the

siting of the service area will not cause any intrusion into or any significant loss of forests or

swamplands while there will be no loss of historical or cultural monuments, buildings or values.

Service road and irrigation canal right of way will utilized about 38 hectares of land for this

purpose.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

There is no soil salinity or erodibility concerns in the service area, flooding in the area occurs

in the low lying areas within or near the river channel especially during wet season.

(d) Watershed Erosion.

Mass movement in the form of landslide and creep may happen along existing gullies and

banks of the natural drainage line where steep slope gradients are present as consequence of

erosion. If not properly mitigated, the slopes may eventually fail and mass movement is likely to

occur in the dam site areas.

Areas susceptible to erosion are those portions where soft surface soils are exposed

especially those sections along the river bank. The rate of sedimentation as well as the life of

dam structure will depend on the amount of erosion being undergone in the watershed.

The stability of the watershed was considered that some form of pro-active watershed

protection program was needed in the watershed so as to limit any possible future deterioration.

The program should include reduction of slope height and gradient surrounding the reservoir to

lessen the mass movement benching and installation of rip walls, structural vegetative
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

B. Problems Arising from Oversights in Planning and Design

The design was not yet available at the time of compiling the Environmental Assessment.

However, there are no obvious areas where fundamental design errors may be made e.g. ensuring

that design maintains free draining channel structures so that Schistosomiasis may be controlled

when the channels are drained. As there is no Schistosomiasis in the area this is not a problem.

Overall no impacts have been established for this category, anticipated.

C. Environmental Problems Associated with the Construction Phase

(a) Sources of eroded materials.

Excavation will be required for the dam and for the channels. As the design details were

not available it is not possible to quantify the amounts of excavated materials that will arise from

either activity. The dam site will be the greatest source of increased sediment as construction will

need to be undertaken within the channel bed. The Cabu River has only a small channel with low

flows and under these circumstances it will not be difficult to create a coffer dam around the

work area which will eliminate much of the channel disturbance and the supply of sediments.

Construction of the main and lateral canals can be done in a dry environment which will

allow sediments to be contained within the system. At the commencement of operation when the

canals are first filled, any loose sediment will be carried into the service area, not into the water

courses. It is normal practice for NIA to transport any surplus excavated materials to areas where
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

they may be used as base fill for roads and housing so as to lift these areas above the ground

level of the service area. No work will need to be carried out in the water courses to improve

drainage.

Sediments that enter the system will have little overall impact on aquatic life as this has

already evolved under a wide range of turbid conditions. Under non mitigated conditions there

may be a small impact on aquatic life and a moderate impact on water quality for water supplies

and household use.

his impact can be mitigated by ensuring that the contractor uses; (I) good construction

practices which are specified within the contract documents (II) that major excavation work is

scheduled for the dry season and (III) that a Site Protection and Rehabilitation Program is

included within the contract documents. During the drawing up of Specifications and Contract

Documents the Environmental Unit will be required to stipulate conditions that will ensure

environmental integrity is maintained during construction.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

(b) Other construction hazards.

Workers will be brought into the area and worker camps will need to be properly

constructed so as to provide a safe and healthy work environment. Camps will need to be

supplied with potable water and adequate washing and sanitation facilities. This will be the

Contractor’s responsibility and this will need to be included as a requirement within the Contract

Documents

I. During construction several types of wastes will be generated. Some of these will

be able to be broken down and assimilated without problem into the environment while others

will be resistant to breakdown and some may also be toxic. It is this last group that will need to

be carefully evaluated and proper disposal methods. Gravel crushing and screening areas and

concrete batching plants should be sited at least 500 m away from camp sites and construction

areas so that dust and noise generated by these operations does not impact on workers’ health.

Washings from these areas should be intercepted and treated. Bulk cement delivery rather than

bags should be used wherever possible so as to reduce dust emissions and eventual problems

with disposing of the large number of bags.

II. Fuel and oil storage areas should be located well away from any water courses

and be provided with interceptor traps so that accidental spills do not contaminate the aquatic

environment. All waste oil should be stored and disposed to acceptable oil industry standards.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Washing down water also needs to be directed into this system and held in retention areas for

treatment. Refuelling should wherever possible be carried out at the fuel storage area and never

allowed within or adjacent to watercourses.

III. Camp and construction areas will need to be provided with septic sanitation

facilities. No untreated human waste should be allowed to enter any water course where this will

affect downstream water quality, aquatic environments and human health.

IV. An industrial waste collection system will be needed to collect and process waste.

Plastic containers that have been used for chemicals must be destroyed so that these do not re-

enter use as household water containers.

V. When construction is completed the Contractor must be directed to clean up the

construction site by removing all equipment and buildings and carry out site remediation work.

This will need to be included as a clause within the Contract Documents and specifications

determined.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

(c) Monitoring of construction works.

Within the NIA, the Environmental and Watershed Management Section (EWMS) has

been established at the Central Office to support the field level related to environmental and

social safeguard concern. However, at the field level, no environmental unit has been

established. In this situation, arrangement should be made at the field level to appoint a contact

person who would provide environmental support as an additional duty. Monitoring has several

objectives.

(I) To determine whether the impacts have been correctly predicted.

(II) To ensure that mitigation programs are in fact instituted and meet specified targets

(III) To meet environmental compliance parameters such as releases to water, soil and

air bodies. Monitoring will allow the actual situation to be compared to the

required release standard or the predicted situation so as to allow corrections to In

this case the environmental management program will need to be undertaken

using the existing NIA resources.

NIA, the DENR, the LGU will all have supervisory responsibilities with regard to the

Contractor’s duties in meeting the environmental specifications that will be stipulated in the

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and in the DENR Environmental Compliance

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Certificate (ECC) conditions. In this case no concerns have been identified with regard to this

possible impact.

D. Environmental Problems Resulting from Project Operation

The potential impacts during operation phase are described below.

(a) Soil Erosion and siltation due to watershed degradation

The existing cover on the catchment area indicates that soil erosion is likely to be

relatively moderate to high that could lead to accumulation of silt and sediment along the

impounding area. While, the watershed being inhabited by a population engaged in farming as

major source of income in the area. Intervention of the DENR to introduce community approach

in collaboration with the stakeholders (DENR, LGU, NIA, DND etc.) to work together to plan

the use of watershed.

A watershed management plan (WMP) should be formulated and tree planting program

(NGP) should be continuously implemented in cooperation and coordination with the DENR,

DND and the LGU.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

(b) Contamination of ground and surface water with pesticides and fertilizers

The use of pesticides and fertilizers could potentially expose the groundwater within the

service area to the risk of contamination by infiltration. Fertilizer and sewage are the main source

of ammonia and nitrate in water. It is projected that much of this contamination is due to

improper application of pesticides and fertilizer by the farmer or landowner and can be

minimized and probably prevented.

When pesticide contaminants from the farms flows in to the streams, it may lead to the

contamination of surface and ground waters in agricultural areas during periods of extensive

seepage of river water into underlying “alluvial aquifers” particularly following rainy season

applications, when pesticides loads and river flows reach maximum levels.

Farmers should be guided appropriately and scientifically in applying pesticides and

fertilizers, using only pesticides and fertilizers with low toxicity and low residues, and

application of integrated pest management (IPM) and ecological farming to reduce the use of

pesticides. These measures will reduce the contamination of groundwater and surface runoff,

which is the primary source of water pollution in the project area.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

(c) Reduction of downstream water supply

When the dam structure is in place and operating, there will be a significant reduction in

stream flow below the impounding structure site. The reduction in river flow will have a direct

adverse impact on some of the people in the downstream community who use the river for

washing clothes and bathing.

According to the relevant government guidance, to ensure basic ecological system

stability, natural river flows should be maintained at no less than 10% of historical average

flows.

By this standard, the minimum flows should be maintained for downstream sections of

the reservoir. Detailed water release measures have been incorporated into the Project. The

minimum flows will ensure the continued functioning of ecosystems, domestic water supply,

agricultural water use, and tourist resources.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

(d) Structural failure or dam structure break/failure

Impounding structure break is a potential adverse impact on probably the most extreme

case, which very rarely happens. If it happens, the cause may be an engineering failure or likely

by circumstances that maybe characterized as a force majeure. Structural failure or impounding

structure break is likely to flood the downstream part of Cabu River and is likely to affect the

low lying and downstream areas of the service areas.

The dam structure will be designed by NIA to conform to the acceptable design standards

to assure the integrity of the structure and the appurtenances. This should include among others

strict monitoring during construction and operations, adherence to acceptable engineering

standards for structure construction, etc. A sluiceway with slide gates is part of the facility that

will allow water flow of excess water in the event of high and intense rainfall. Nevertheless, an

impounding structure break warning and evacuation plan should be prepared by NIA in

cooperation with the LGU.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

(e) Occupational health hazard from improper use of agrochemicals

Majority of the farmers may be handling and applying up to 3 L of insecticides during

each growing season. At this time the farmer is exposed to the chemical in its most concentrated

form and at its greatest toxicity with attendant health risks associated from the storage, handling

and application of these chemicals. While proper care and handling will be part of the farmer

training course, substantial occupational health risks will be imposed on the farming community.

Additionally the use of protective clothing is an added expense to these farmers who will also

find it uncomfortable to wear when operating spraying equipment in the hot tropical climate.

While most farmers acknowledge the health hazards that are associated with the use of

these chemicals very few farmers will use protective clothing and most prefer to accept the risks

involved in application. Thus a moderate health risk has been identified for this impact which

can be mitigated by;

(I) Pesticides that are Category 4 (only mildly toxic) should be recommended within

the farm package,

(II) Farmers are advised of the health hazards associated with agro-chemicals and

farmer training programs are conducted in the correct handling and application

methods of agro-chemicals,

(III) Increasing the adoption rate of IPM.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

E. Potential Environment and Social Enhancement Impact

An increased of opportunity for employment of local competent work force is anticipated

within construction period. Other indirect benefits of the community may be in the form local

business such as provision of food supply and services to workers. The local government unit

can also benefit from payment of permits and taxes.

During operation period, the reservoir will provide an opportunity for fish culture using a

cage system. This will assist in mitigating some of the resettlement concerns by providing any

families that may wish to stay in the watershed area adjacent to the reservoir with additional

income opportunities. Care will need to be taken to ensure that;

(I) the excessive use of fish feed does not occur leading to a build-up of anoxic

conditions within the reservoir,

(II) the system does not introduce disease to the aquatic system and,

(III) does not introduce any fish species that may become invasive.

Similar opportunities exist in the service area whereby fish could be raised as a protein

and income supplement. Fish may be raised in specially constructed ponds at the beginning of

the water entry points into farms. Fish could also be raised directly within the rice crop as well.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Description of the Environment

The project coverage is delineated in order to determine and situate the potential impacts

of the proposed project at various stages of project development. This corresponds to the impact

zones that are most likely to be affected by the development or vice versa, given existing

conditions, shows the delineated study area.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.2 PRIORITY OF THE PROJECT

The proposed dam site lies in Purok 3 BrgyBagongBuhay, Palayan City, Nueva Ecija

with geographic coordinates of 15o 27’ 4.08’’ Latitude, 121o 07’ 20.03” Longitude across the

Cabu River. (Figure1). The project is an earth fill zoned type impounding dam with a height of

44 meters from the river bed. Computed capacity of the reservoir can hold about 16.53 MCM

that can irrigate about 1,320 hectares of paddy fields.

The project aims to utilize the Cabu River with a catchment area of about 78 km2

reckoned from the dam site. The service area covers some agricultural areas in the municipality

of Sta. Rosa and cities of Palayan and Cabanatuan in the province of Nueva Ecija.

Implementation of the project will benefit about 945 farmers in the proposed service area.

Project impacts relative to environmental and social aspects is shown in Table 8.1 to provide

significant information during the planning and design of dam structures in consideration to

environmental sustainability and social acceptability at least cost with maximum benefits of the

proposed project.
THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

The Proje
ct

LOCATION MAP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

The watershed of the proposed project covers some upland barangays namely: Kabalugaan,

Palali, DonaJosefa under the city of Palayan and barangay Nauzon in the municipality of Laur

that may indirectly benefit to the proposed project.

The construction of main canal from the reservoir and lateral canals to irrigate the potential

area should be constructed within the standard criteria for scouring of not more than 1.0 m/sec

and siltation of not less than 0.3 m/sec. In areas where there is no existing roads, service roads of

about 4.0 meters wide would be provided on one side of irrigation canals. A 3.0 meter wide road

will be used if the canal discharge is less than 0.3 cms.

For the on-farm facilities will include the turnouts, main farm ditches, supplementary farm

ditches, drainage ditches, check structures, off-takes and drainage inlets. The guidelines adopted

are: a) Ranges from 60-65 meter per hectare for main supplementary farm ditches including

internal ditches, b) Approximately 40-45 meters per hectare for farm drain, c) One turn-out for

every 30 to 55 hectares of service area d) For small areas, the lateral canals could be considered

as the main farm ditches. The rehabilitation of existing creeks and construction of new drainage

canals to improve the drainage system is necessary to solve the drainage problem to removed

excess water in the paddy areas.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND WATERSHED COMPONENT

3.3.1 SUMMARY

The construction of Lower Cabu Irrigation Project with a dam height of 44 meter have a

storage capacity of about 16.53 MCM of water. It will inundate an area of about 184 hectares of

crop lands, wooded land, brush land and portion of settlement sites. Brush land is the most

dominant and extensive land cover of the watershed dominated by grass species. Non-timber

species like Bamboo species are abundantly growing in the river banks of Cabu and its

tributaries. There are also patches of paddy fields and orchard plantations inter-cropped with

calamansi, vegetables, corn and other annual crops are observed within the reservoir. Several

house structures, school buildings, church, roads are also located along the river channel

potentially affected by the implementation of the project.

The dam site, reservoir and watershed area is within the Fort Magsaysay Military

Reservation. Portion of the Service area at the immediate downstream the proposed dam site is

within the reservation. The service area is currently cultivated for rice, corn and various types of

diversified crops like eggplant, tomato, onion, and mung bean. The service area is dominantly

rain dependent which limits the planting of rice. The project area is traversed by road with

settlements within and near the barangay proper.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.3.2 INTRODUCTION

Initial study of the proposed project was conducted on May to July 1997 by the

consulting services provided by Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc. (OIDC) with

Regional Development Council III, National Economic Development Authority and the United

States Agency for International Development. Result of the study is the basis of this undertaking

to further determine if the proposed project can still be continued or can proceed to the next level

of the study.

This section provides key results of the activities undertaken on Environmental and

Social Assessment (ESA) of the proposed project. The ESA include the identification of

potential impacts during the construction and operation of irrigation facilities. Mitigating

measures corresponding to the identified impacts are recommended in order to minimize the

negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts, respectively. The ESA also identified if

further study is required in the environmental and social undertakings in support to the

implementation of the proposed project. Activities involved are field assessment to the proposed

project area (watershed and service area), key informant interviews, review of related

information, and discussion with the LGU, other government offices, residents within/near the

project area.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

In May 2017, the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Team undertake a rapid

assessment of the proposed project coverage. The team composed of Environmental Specialist,

Forester, and GIS Specialist together with the Technical Staff from UPRIIS, District III.

3.3.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed dam site lies in Purok 3 Brgy BagongBuhay, Palayan City, Nueva Ecija

with geographic coordinates of 15o 27’ 4.08’’ Latitude, 121o 07’ 20.03” Longitude across the

Cabu River. (Figure1). The project is an earthfill zoned type impounding dam with a height of

44 meters from the river bed. Computed capacity of the reservoir can hold about 16.53 MCM

that can irrigate about 1,320 hectares of paddy fields. The project aims to utilize the Cabu River

with a catchment area of about 78 km2 reckoned from the dam site.

The service area covers some agricultural areas in the municipality of Sta. Rosa and cities

of Palayan and Cabanatuan in the province of Nueva Ecija. Implementation of the project will

benefit about 945 farmers in the proposed service area. Project impacts relative to environmental

and social aspects is shown in Table 8.1 to provide significant information during the planning

and design of dam structures in consideration to environmental sustainability and social

acceptability at least cost with maximum benefits of the proposed project.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Criteria Details Remarks

Location (Dam site) BrgyBagongBuhay, Palayan City
River Cabu
Coordinates at the dam axis N 15° 27’ 4.08”
E121° 07’ 20.03”
Reservoir Capacity (MCM) 16.53
Watershed area (km2) 78
Service area (ha) 1,320 based on computed
dam storage
capacity
Existing cropped area within Rainfed 2,000 ha Assessed condition
the proposed service area (ha) Proposed Service Area
Potential Area 6,300 ha
Dam Structure
Dam Type Earth and Random Fill
Dam crest length (m) 555
Dam crest elevation (m) 140
River bed elevation (m) 96

Project Potential Impacts and Description Total Estimated

component Item Description Unit Cost (php) Project Cost
Dam and Land 162 ha 120,000 19,440,000.00
reservoir area house 142 50,000 7,100,000.00
Crops and Mango (540) 5,000 2,700,000.00
trees Citrus (2,840) 500 1,420,000.00
bamboo (120) 2,500 300,000.00
tree crops (1,638) 500
819,000.00
School 4 500,000
2,000,000.00
 buildings
Basketball 1 100,000 100,000.0
court 0
Barangay 2 300,000
hall 600,000.00
Religious 3 400,000
building 1,200,000.00
Concrete 1,300 m 5,000,000/km 6,500,000.0
road 0
Total 42,179,000.00

Project Description and Options

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

The watershed of the proposed project covers some upland barangays namely: Kabalugaan,

Palali, DonaJosefa under the city of Palayan and barangay Nauzon in the municipality of Laur

that may indirectly benefit to the proposed project.

The construction of main canal from the reservoir and lateral canals to irrigate the

potential area should be constructed within the standard criteria for scouring of not more than 1.0

m/sec and siltation of not less than 0.3 m/sec. In areas where there is no existing roads, service

roads of about 4.0 meters wide would be provided on one side of irrigation canals. A 3.0 meter

wide road will be used if the canal discharge is less than 0.3 cms.

For the on-farm facilities will include the turnouts, main farm ditches, supplementary

farm ditches, drainage ditches, check structures, off-takes and drainage inlets. The guidelines

adopted are: a) Ranges from 60-65 meter per hectare for main supplementary farm ditches

including internal ditches, b) Approximately 40-45 meters per hectare for farm drain, c) One
turn-out for every 30 to 55 hectares of service area d) For small areas, the lateral canals could be

considered as the main farm ditches. The rehabilitation of existing creeks and construction of

new drainage canals to improve the drainage system is necessary to solve the drainage problem

to removed excess water in the paddy areas.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.3.4 Project Impact Areas

Based on the identified activities of the proposed projects, the identified direct and

indirect impacts areas are:

Direct Impact Areas

a. Dam and Reservoir Area

b. Access and service roads

c. Irrigation canal facilities and service areas.

Indirect Impact Area

a. Watershed area
 b. Vicinity of the service area

c. Downstream water users

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3.3.5 Description of the Environment

The project coverage is delineated in order to determine and situate the potential impacts

of the proposed project at various stages of project development. This corresponds to the impact

zones that are most likely to be affected by the development or vice versa, given existing

conditions, Figure 8.2shows the delineated study area.

 Environmental study area

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.3.6 Physical Resources

A. Location

The proposed Lower Cabu IP will be constructed across the Cabu River in Barangay

Bagongbuhay in Palayan City, Nueva Ecija. The watershed area is about 78 sq. km covering the

city of Palayan and municipality of Laur, Nueva Ecija. It is bounded by the Sierra Madre

Mountain in the East, municipality of Laur in the North, City of Cabanatuan in the West and the

municipality of General Tinio in the South. It can be reached through the Bangad-Fort

Magsaysay Road or through the St. Rosa-Fort Magsaysay Road and about 16 kilometers east of

Cabanatuan.

B. Topography
 The topography of the watershed area is characterized from undulating to rolling to steep

slopes with elevation ranges from 50 masl to 806 masl (Military Topographic Map) Undulating

to rolling are mostly situated from the proposed dam site going upstream along the river channel

with area coverage of about 22.64%. The steep in slopes is mostly situated in the eastern side of

the watershed with an area of about 64.62% and the rest are patches of rolling to moderately

steep in slope covering an area of about 12.75% of the total watershed.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Generally the slope characteristics of the watershed from the upper most ridge to the lower tip of

the mouth of the watershed is categorized under the 8% and above slope class which suggest its

suitability for agro forestry and reforestation activities. The highest slopes are dominantly

situated in the northeast and south eastern section of the watershed towards the municipality of

Laur, General Tinio and Gabaldon. In the proposed service area, the terrain is characterized by

level to nearly level (0-3%) in slopes which suggest its suitability to rice

C. Land Cover/Land Use

The watershed has two general lands use categories- forest land and grass land. The

woodland covers the military reservation area, the second growth forest and the watershed

reforestation or rehabilitation area. The grass land which is the most dominant and extensive

includes the pasture areas, abandoned kaingin and open areas. Based on the rapid

characterization made within the dam site, reservoir and immediate periphery is primarily
dominated by built-up areas and annual cropland (5.04%), grasses and shrub land (9.25%)

followed by open forest (11.19%) and wooded grass land (73.78%) in the upper reach of the

watershed is partly grown with reforestation species like Gmelinaarborea and acacia

auricuiformis. Non timber species like Bambusa species are found growing abundantly along the

banks of Cabu River

and its tributaries.

THE

UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Slope Map
Built–up

(0.86%) and

cultivated areas

(4.18%) are

also

observed in the

watershed. Mostly of the flat to rolling terrain along the river channel is cultivated areas planted

with rice, corn, vegetable citrus and other perennial crops that are widespread in the watershed

area with an aggregate area of about 398.02 hectares.

In the service area, existing land use is dominated by annual crop and perennial crop

(92.71%) and the rest is covered by built-up areas and inland water (8.02%). Crops primarily

cultivated in the area are rain fed rice and corn with uncultivated areas dominated by grass

species. There are also some patches of trees like Gmelina, Mango, Tamarind are sporadically

grown within their cultivated land. Vegetables are also planted within their backyard including

Eggplant,Ampalaya, and Okra for their home consumption.

 Land use in the water shed

Land use in proposed service area

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

D. Land Classification and Tenure

Land classification at the proposed dam site and the watershed area is within the For

Magsaysay Military Reservation under the management of the Department of National Defense

(DND) by virtue of a Presidential Proclamation (PD). However, with reference with the

NAMRIA land classification map release on 2003 showed that certain parcels of land of about

529 hectares (6.78%) inside the watershed is under Alienable and Disposable (A & D) land (refer

to. Portion of these areas (A& D land) are the resettlement sites of the affected Aeta families

(Indigenous People) during the Pinatubo eruption from the provinces of Zambales and

Pampanga. The site is located in SitioBacao, Barangay Dona Josefa, Palayan City upstream of

the proposed dam site. Based on the interview, the area is already declared and waiting for the

releases of their land certification/titles. On the other hand, the service area is within the

alienable and disposable land (NAMRIA land classification map on 2003)

E. Soils in the Study Area

Soils in the study area are characterized by three major soil types dominated by the

Annan Loam Gravelly Phase covering an area of about 8,273 hectares or 56.39% followed by

Prensa Silt Loam (43.20%) found mostly in the Cabanatuan side, and the rest is Quingua Clay

Loam are distributed in the western and northern portion of Cabanatuan City and Sta. Rosa
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Soil types Area (Hectare) Percentile (%)

Watershed Area

Annam Loam Gravelly Phase 7,800.00 53.17

Sub-Total 7,800.00

Service Area

Prensa Silt Loam 6,338.00 43.20

Quingua Clay Loam 60.00 0.41

Annam Loan Gravelly Phase 473.00 3.22

Sub-Total 6,871.00 100

Soils in the study area

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Land Classification Map

F. Water Source

The Cabu River has a total length of about 34.75 km with head water originated in the

east side at the foot hills of the Sierra Madre Ranges. The tributaries include the Talictic Creek,

Sandilating Creek and Banga Creek that drains to Cabu River. The length of the river starting

from the proposed dam site to head water is about 35 kilometers. Width of the main channel

ranges from 30 to 100 meters. Water from the watershed drain’s in a north-westerly direction

towards Palayan City. Cabu river will drain into the Coronel River in Palayan City and then to
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Pampanga River. The total length of the rivers is about 79.62 kilometers with a drainage density

of 0.01 km/ha which suggests a slower flow with high infiltration rate and lesser peak flow.

The climate in the area is characterized by Type I and Type III as per classification by

Weather Bureau. Type I climate enjoys in the proposed service area, while the Type III climate

experiences mostly in the watershed area. Type I is characterized by two pronounced season,

dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. The Type III climate is

characterized by not very pronounced season with a dry season last only for one to three months,

either from December to February or from March to May. This type of climate is similar to

Type I since it has short dry season. Maximum rain period recorded in Palayan City reach a level

of 394.2 mm and the average maximum temperature ranges from 29.6°C to 34.1°C that occurs

during the months of April to July while the average minimum temperature is 22°C occurs

during the months of January.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

The Climate Map

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
G. Water Quality

Generally, quality of water in the Cabu River is still in good condition. This is with

reference to the observed utilization of the locals which include for their domestic use, irrigation,

recreation and as laundry areas.

To validate the quality of water for irrigation, a water sample was collected in the dam

site last May 17, 2017 for laboratory analysis to determine the threshold limits and suitability of

the water for irrigation. The sample was brought to laboratory for analysis for the following

parameters: pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),

Total Suspended Solid, Calcium, Magnesium, Bicarbonates, and Carbonates.

On-site measurement for the electrical conductivity (EC) was also undertaken using a

portable meter and the results is 32 µmhos which quality is excellent for irrigation use. It should

be noted that this undertakings was conducted on dry season (May 8-18, 2017) and the flow of

the river is nominal as shown.

Quality of Cabu River

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Cabu River still host several fish species which benefits some upland dwellers who

occasionally undertake fishing for their subsistence. Among of the fish species still thriving in

the river includes; Dalag, Shrimp, Goby Fish, and Tilapia but decreasing in quantity which is

anchored to the massive used of electro-fishing as observed during the field visit as well the

statement of interviewed local (Mr. Alberto Gamboa) a resident of Barangay BagongBuhay,

Palayan City.

H. Noise/Air

Noise meter sampling was also conducted on site within the dam site to established noise

in the area prior to construction. Sampling was undertaken in 30 minutes at around 9:30 am with

normal weather condition. Result of noise level generated using a portable noise meter reveals a

noise level ranging from 31.8 to 69.4 decibels. Noise generated during the sampling is under the

rural setting produced by sound from the air, birds, and domesticated animals. This shows that

noise in the area is still considered minimal.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF
MANILA

Noise/Air Sampling

I. Indigenous People

There are vulnerable group/ Indigenous People (IP) in the project area. Observed during

our field investigation are some Aeta kids swimming in Cabu River. Based on Key Informant

Interview with Marlene Bulaan, a member of Aeta minority came from Pampanga due to Mt.

Pinatubo eruption. According to her, there are about 550 households from Pampanga and

Zambales relocated to the Palayan City. Out of 550 household about 200 household belong to

Aeta minority resettled to Palayan City. The Palayan City opened its door to the victims of Mt.

Pinatubo by establishing three (3) resettlement sites (Pinaltakan, Bacao and BagongBuhay).

BagongBuhay has been converted into separate barangay. The IP group resettled in SitioBacao

in Barangay Dona Josefa and still practicing their custom and tradition and now decreasing in
 THE UNIVERSITY OF
MANILA

number to find fortune to other places, and some

return to their place of origin. The IP

community is represented by their tribal leader

CarlitoSorio

Indigenous People in the Area

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.3.7 Ecological Environment

In the Watershed Area, the common vegetation sited during our rapid assessment are

mixtures of agricultural crops, planted forest trees and fruit bearing trees, and naturally growing

plants species. Among of the crops are mixtures of perennial and annual crops such as rice, corn,

vegetables, banana, Calamansi, Nangka, Guyabano and other more.

Trees observed were Eucalyptus, Mangium, Acacia Auri, Gmelina, Binayuyo, Duhat,

AklengParang, Ipil-Ipil, Rain tree and other shrub species. Kawayan species such as killing and

bayog are also commonly observed along the river channel. Narra trees are also found in several

locations including the mahogany species.

With regard to conservation status, only the Narra species are included in the list of

threatened species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2014.1) as

vulnerable species. The watershed still host varieties of wild species dominated by bird species.

Most of the faunal species observed within the watershed are bird species. Among the

observed species are the Tawny Grass Bird, White Eared dove, Zebra Dove, Greater Coucal,

Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Little Heron, Pied Fantail, ChesnutMunia, Grass birds, Swiftlet species,
 White Collared King Fisher, Black naped Oriole, Culasisi,

Black Capped King Fisher and other bird species. These

species are found to be common in lowland areas along

bodies of water, grass lands, shrub lands, agricultural areas

and even in settlement areas.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Birds Spotted in the Area

With reference to the interviewed Aeta in [Link] in barangay Dona Josefa, presence of

Monkey, Wild Boar, Wild Deer, Monitor Lizard and Wild Chicken are still observed in

furthermost chunks of the watershed. Declined of fauna species specially the Deer and Wild

boar is alleged to be associated to unrestrained poaching, degradation of habitat and human

encroachment in the uplands.

 In the service area, corn and rice paddies are mostly grown in the area dependent in rain

and pump for irrigation. Vegetables crops are not commercially grown such as

eggplant,ampalaya, string beans, etc. are sited in their backyard for home consumption. During

our field visit varieties of birds and domesticated animals are sited.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

3.3.8 Socio-economic

The proposed project will cover 22 barangays in the province of Nueva Ecija. Out of the

22 barangays covered by the proposed project, six (6) are partly covered by the watershed while

the rest (16 barangays) are covered by the service area. The barangays covered has a total

population of 115,347 in 2010 with an average population density of 4.95 inhabitants per hectare

having a land area of 19,818.26 hectares. The populations of the sixteen barangays covered by

the proposed service area are 99,138 in 2010 with a total number of households of about 14, 088.

The average population density of the municipality covered is about 4.95 persons per hectare.

Municipality/City Population No. of Population Average

(2010) Households Density Household
Source: Source: (Person/ha) size
PSA) MPDO
Watershed Area
General Tinio 0.8

1. 4,669 1167.25 4
Sta Rosa 4.7
1. Bagy. Mapalad 3,257 814.25 4
Laur 1.1
1. Bgy. Nauzon 807 201.75 4
2. Bgy. San 3,230 4
Isidro 807.5
Palayan City 3.7
1. Bgy. 1,195 4
BagongBuhay 298.75
2. Dona Josefa 1,668 417.00 4
Sub-Total 16,209 3,706.00
Service Area
Cabanatuan City 16
1. Bgy. 4
BagongBuhay 589 147.25
2. Bgy. Lourdes 2,149 537.25
3. Bgy. 4
Macatbong 2,965 741.25
4. Bgy. Bakod 4
Bayan 5,691 1422.75
5. Bgy. Bangad 7,381 1845.25 4
6. Bgy. Patalac 1,973 493.25 4
7. Bgy. Cabu 3,224 806.00 4
8. Bgy. 4
KalikidNorte 2,985 746.25
9. Bgy. Pangatian 3,044 761.00 4
10. Bgy. Campo 4
Tinio 8,656 2164.00
11. Bgy. Kalikid 4
Sur 4,126 1031.50
Palayan City 3.7
 1. Bgy. Aulo 858 214.50 4
2. Bgy. Bo. 4
Militar 5,620 1405.00
Sta Rosa 4.7
1. BgyLiwayway 3,053 763.25 4
2. Bgy. 4
Malacañang 1,621 405.25
3. Bgy. Tagpos 2,420 605.00 4
Sub-Total 99,138 14,088.00
Grand Total 115,347 28,836.75 4.95

Barangay covered within proposed watershed and service area

The source of income of the communities in the project area is mainly associated to

farming, services and partly commerce and trade. Residents in the watershed area are mostly

engaged in farming, backyard poultry and hog raisings, labor works, gathering of forest products,

charcoal making, small scale entrepreneurship and other services related works within and

nearby town and cities of Sta Rosa, Cabanatuan City and Palayan City. Hence, farming is

suitable only during wet season and alternate crops during dry season like corn and vegetables

are the source of income of the locals. To augment their income, some of the populations are

engaged in labor services and small agri-businesses, farm labor works, small enterprises,

backyard raisings of hog, swine, cattle and poultry. Others are employed within nearby business

center in Cabanatuan City and Palayan City.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
3.3.9 Predicted Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

A. Environmental Problems due to Site Selection

(b) Dam Site and Reservoir Area

The project site is expected to occupy about 5.0 hectares of land for the establishment of

the dam and facilities including service and access road. With the proposed dam height of 44

meters, it will inundate about 184 hectares of land covering an agricultural areas planted with

vegetables interspersed with perennial crops and annual crops, rainfed paddies, portion of the

concrete road, brgy. Structures, schools, 142 housesmade of concrete and light materials initially

accounted, and other improvements. The estimated cost for the affected land and improvement is

about Php 42,179,000.

Further survey and inventory of the affected land and communities should be undertaken

in the succeeding undertakings. Likewise, initial arrangements to the proper authority-DENR,

DND, NCIP and LGU should be undertaken simultaneously during the conduct of succeeding
 studies considering the location of the proposed project (Military Reservation). For the private

land, acquisition to the affected land and improvements should be properly coordinate to the land

owner for the just compensation. The Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan

(LARP) should be formulated prior to construction for proper guidelines.

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Project Potential Impacts and Description Total Estimated

component Project Cost
Item Description Unit Cost
(php)
Dam and Land 162 ha 120,000 19,440,000.0
reservoir area 0
house 142 50,000 7,100,000.0
0
Crops and Mango (540) 5,000 2,700,000.0
trees 0
Citrus (2,840) 500 1,420,000.0
0
bamboo (120) 2,500 300,000.0
0
tree crops 500 819,000.0
(1,638) 0
School 4 500,000 2,000,000.0
buildings 0
Basketball 1 100,000 100,000.
court 00
Barangay 2 300,000 600,000.0
hall 0
Religious 3 400,000 1,200,000.0
building 0
Concrete 1,300 m 5,000,000/km 6,500,000.
road 00
 Total 42,179,000.00

Potential Impacts with corresponding estimated cost

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CHAPTER IV

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

4.1 PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Irrigation has contributed significantly to poverty alleviation, food security, and

improving the quality of life for rural populations. However, the sustainability of irrigated

agriculture is being questioned, both economically and environmentally. The increased

dependence on irrigation has not been without its negative environmental effects.

Inadequate attention to factors other than the technical engineering and projected

economic implications of large-scale irrigation or drainage schemes in Africa has all too

frequently led to great difficulties. Decisions to embark on these costly projects have often been
made in the absence of sound objective assessments of their environmental and social

implications. Major capital intensive water engineering schemes have been proposed without a

proper evaluation of their environmental impact and without realistic assessments of the true

costs and benefits that are likely to result.

The sustainability of irrigation projects depends on the taking into consideration of

environmental effects as well as on the availability of funds for the maintenance of the

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implemented schemes. Negative environmental impacts could have a serious effect on the

investments in the irrigation sector. Adequate maintenance funds should be provided to the

implementing organizations to carry out both regular and emergency maintenance.

It is essential that irrigation projects be planned and managed in the context of overall

river basin and regional development plans, including both the upland catchment areas and the

catchment areas downstream.

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4.2 EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS BY IMPLEMENTATION OF

THE FORECAST

Skillful climate forecasts are valuable to society to the extent that they provide knowledge that

can be used to cope better with climate variations. This chapter examines what forecasts might

offer to improve the outcomes of weather-sensitive activities and what is known about how

individuals and organizations are likely to interpret and use forecast information. We first

consider what kinds of climate forecast knowledge might prove valuable.

We then examine the limited available information about how coping systems have

actually responded to skillful seasonal-to-interannual climate forecasts, supplementing this with

other sources of insight, including basic knowledge about human information processing and
knowledge about human use of information in situations that may be relevant by analogy. This

examination yields a set of hypotheses about the characteristics that make forecast messages and

information systems useful.

Useful Information that Climate Forecasts Might Provide

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Chapter 3 shows the variety of ways in which individuals and organizations cope with variable

climates. Climate forecasting is intended to help them cope better, but not all forecast

information will necessarily be useful toward this goal. Forecast information can have value only

if people can change their actions in beneficial ways based on the content of the information. As

the following examples show, different kinds of

4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS BY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE

PROJECT

The environmental impacts of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality

of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the effects on natural and social conditions in river

basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme. The impacts stem from the altered hydrological

conditions caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme.

Direct effects

An irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater, rivers, lakes or overland flow, and

distributes it over an area. Hydrological, or direct, effects of doing this include reduction in

downstream river flow, increased evaporation in the irrigated area, increased level in the water

table as groundwater recharge in the area is increased and flow increased in the irrigated area.

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Likewise, irrigation has immediate effects on the provision of moisture to the

atmosphere, inducing atmospheric instabilities and increasing downwind rainfall, or in other

cases modifies the atmospheric circulation, delivering rain to different downwind areas.

Increases or decreases in irrigation are a key area of concern in precipitation shed studies,

that examine how significant modifications to the delivery of evaporation to the atmosphere can

alter downwind rainfall.

Indirect Effects

Indirect effects are those that have consequences that take longer to develop and may also

be longer-lasting. The indirect effects of irrigation include the following:

 Water logging
  Soil salivation

 Ecological damage

 Socioeconomic impacts

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The indirect effects of water logging and soil salivation occur directly on the land being

irrigated. The ecological and socioeconomic consequences take longer to happen but can be

more far-reaching.

Some irrigation schemes use water wells for irrigation. As a result, the overall water level

decreases. This may cause water mining, land/soil subsidence, and, along the coast, saltwater

intrusion.

Irrigated land area worldwide occupies about 16% of the total agricultural area and the

crop yield of irrigated land is roughly 40% of the total yield. In other words, irrigated land

produces 2.5 times more product than non-irrigated land. This article will discuss some of the

environmental and socioeconomic impacts of irrigation.

Adverse impacts
Reduced river flow

The reduced downstream river flow may cause:

 Reduced downstream flooding

 Disappearance of ecologically and economically important wetlands or flood forests.

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 Reduced availability of industrial, municipal, household, and drinking water

 Reduced shipping routes. Water withdrawal poses a serious threat to the Ganges. In

India, barrages control all of the tributaries to the Ganges and divert roughly 60 percent

of river flow to irrigation

 Reduced fishing opportunities. The Indus River in Pakistan faces scarcity due to over-

extraction of water for agriculture. The Indus is inhabited by 25 amphibian species and

147 fish species of which 22 are found nowhere else in the world. It harbors the

endangered Indus river dolphin, one of the world's rarest mammals. Fish populations,

the main source of protein and overall life support systems for many communities, are

also being threatened.

 Reduced discharge into the sea, which may have various consequences like coastal

erosion (e.g. in Ghana and salt water intrusion in delta's and estuaries (e.g. in Egypt,

see Aswan dam). Current water withdrawal from the river Nile for irrigation is so high
 that, despite its size, in dry periods the river does not reach the sea. The Aral Sea has

suffered an "environmental catastrophe" due to the interception of river water for

irrigation purposes.

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Increased groundwater recharge, waterlogging, soil salinity

Looking over the shoulder of a Peruvian farmer in the Huarmey delta

at waterlogged and salinised irrigated land with a poor crop stand.
This illustrates an environmental impact of upstream irrigation developments causing an
increased flow of groundwater to this lower-lying area, leading to adverse conditions.

Increased groundwater recharge stems from the unavoidable deep percolation losses occurring in

the irrigation scheme. The lower the irrigation efficiency, the higher the losses. Although fairly
high irrigation efficiencies of 70% or more (i.e. losses of 30% or less) can occur with
sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, or by well managed surface
irrigation, in practice the losses are commonly in the order of 40% to 60%. This may cause the
following issues:

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 Rising water tables

 Increased storage of groundwater that may be used for irrigation, municipal, household

and drinking water by pumping from wells

 Waterlogging and drainage problems in villages, agricultural lands, and along roads -

with mostly negative consequences. The increased level of the water table can lead to

reduced agricultural production.

 Shallow water tables - a sign that the aquifer is unable to cope with the groundwater

recharge stemming from the deep percolation losses

 Where water tables are shallow, the irrigation applications are reduced. As a result, the

soil is no longer leached and soil salinity problems develop

 Stagnant water tables at the soil surface are known to increase the incidence of water-
borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue,
 and schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) in many areas. Health costs, appraisals of health impacts
and mitigation measures are rarely part of irrigation projects, if at all.

 To mitigate the adverse effects of shallow water tables and soil salinization, some

form of watertable control, soil salinity control, drainage and drainage system is

needed

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 As drainage water moves through the soil profile it may dissolve nutrients (either

fertilizer-based or naturally occurring) such as nitrates, leading to a buildup of those

nutrients in the ground-water aquifer. High nitrate levels in drinking water can be

harmful to humans, particularly infants under 6 months, where it is linked to "blue-

baby syndrome.

Reduced downstream river water quality

Owing to drainage of surface and groundwater in the project area, which waters may be

salinized and polluted by agricultural chemicals like biocides and fertilizers, the quality of the

river water below the project area can deteriorate, which makes it less fit for industrial,

municipal and household use. It may lead to reduced public health.

 Polluted river water entering the sea may adversely affect the ecology along the sea

shore.

The natural contribution of sediments can be eliminated by the detention of sediments

behind the dams critical to surface water irrigation diversions. Sedimentation is an essential part

of the ecosystem that requires the natural flux of the river flow. This natural cycle of sediment

dispersion replenishes the nutrients in the soil, that will in turn, determine the livelihood of the

plants and animals that rely on the sediments carried downstream.

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The benefits of heavy deposits of sedimentation can be seen in large rivers like the Nile River.

The sediment from the delta has built up to form a giant aquifer during flood season, and retains

water in the wetlands. The wetlands that are created and sustained due to built up sediment at the

basin of the river is a habitat for numerous species of birds. However, heavy sedimentation can

reduce downstream river water quality and can exacerbate floods up stream.

This has been known to happen in the Sanmenxia reservoir in China. The Sanmenxia

reservoir is part of a larger man-made project of hydro-electric dams called the Three Gorge

Project In 1998, uncertain calculations and heavy sediment greatly affected the reservoir’s ability

to properly fulfill its flood-control function.

 This also reduces the down stream river water quality. Shifting more towards mass

irrigation installments in order to meet more socioeconomic demands is going against the natural

balance of nature, and use water pragmatically- use it where it is found.

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Affected downstream water users

 Water becomes scarce for nomadic pastoralist in Baluchistan due to new irrigation

developments.

Downstream water users often have no legal water rights and may fall victim of the

development of irrigation.

Pastoralists and nomadic tribes may find their land and water resources blocked by new

irrigation developments without having a legal recourse.

Flood-recession cropping may be seriously affected by the upstream interception of river

water for irrigation purposes.

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 In Baluchistan, Pakistan, the development of new small-scale irrigation projects

depleted the water resources of nomadic tribes traveling annually between Baluchistan

and Gujarat or Rajasthan, India.

 After the closure of the Kainji dam, Nigeria, 50 to 70 per cent of the downstream area of

flood-recession cropping was lost.

 Lake Manantali, 477 km2, displaced 12,000 people.

Lost land use opportunities.

Irrigation projects may reduce the fishing opportunities of the original population and the

grazing opportunities for cattle. The livestock pressure on the remaining lands may increase

considerably, because the ousted traditional pastoralist tribes will have to find

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their subsistence and existence elsewhere, overgrazing may increase, followed by serious soil

erosion and the loss of natural resources.

The Manatali reservoir formed by the Manantali dam in Mali intersects the migration

routes of nomadic pastoralists and destroyed 43000 ha of savannah, probably leading to
overgrazing and erosion elsewhere. Further, the reservoir destroyed 120 km2 of forest. The
depletion of groundwater aquifers, which is caused by the suppression of the seasonal flood
cycle, is damaging the forests downstream of the dam.

Groundwater mining with wells, land subsidence

 Flooding as a consequence of land subsidence

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When more groundwater is pumped from wells than replenished, storage of water in

the aquifer is being mined and the use of that water is no longer sustainable. As levels fail, it

becomes more difficult to extract water and pumps will struggle to maintain the design flow rate

and consume more may energy per unit of water. Eventually it may become so difficult to extract

groundwater that farmers may be forced to abandon irrigated agriculture.

Some notable examples include:

 The hundreds of tube wells installed in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, with World Bank

funding have operating periods of 1.4 to 4.7 hours/day, whereas they were designed to

operate 16 hours/day
  In Baluchistan, Pakistan, the development of tube well irrigation projects was at the

expense of the traditional qanat or karez users

 Groundwater-related subsidence of the land due to mining of groundwater occurred in the

United States at a rate of 1m for each 13m that the water table was lowered

 Homes at Greens Bayou near Houston, Texas, where 5 to 7 feet of subsidence has

occurred, were flooded during a storm in June 1989 as shown in the picture

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Reduced downstream drainage and groundwater quality.

 The downstream drainage water quality may deteriorate owing to leaching of

salts, nutrients, herbicides and pesticides with high salinity and alkalinity. There is threat

of soils converting into saline or alkali soils. This may negatively affect the health of the

population at the tail-end of the river basin and downstream of the irrigation scheme, as

well as the ecological balance. The Aral Sea, for example, is seriously polluted by

drainage water.

 The downstream quality of the groundwater may deteriorate in a similar way as the

downstream drainage water and have similar consequences.

 Mitigation of adverse effects.

Irrigation can have a variety negative impacts on ecology and socio economy, which may

be mitigated in a number of ways. These include siting the irrigation project in a location which

minimises negative impacts. The efficiency of existing projects can be improved and existing

degraded croplands can be improved rather than establishing a new irrigation project.

Developing small-scale, individually owned irrigation systems as an alternative to large-scale,

publicly owned and managed schemes.

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The use of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation systems decreases the risk

of waterlogging and erosion. Where practicable, using treated wastewater makes more water

available to other users. Maintaining flood flows downstream of the dams can ensure that an

adequate area is flooded each year, supporting, amongst other objectives, fishery activities.

Delayed environmental impacts.

It often takes time to accurately predict the impact that new irrigation schemes will have

on the ecology and socio-economy of a region. By the time these predictions are available, a

considerable amount of time and resources may have already been expended in the

implementation of that project. When that is the case, the project managers will often only

change the project if the impact would be considerably more than they had originally expected.
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4.4 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND

SOCIAL IMPACTS

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Environmental, water and land issues involve many disciplines and many government bodies.

Data will therefore have to be collected and collated from a wide range of technical ministries,

other government authorities and parastatals. The interests of some bodies may not initially

appear to be relevant to irrigation and drainage. However, they may hold important information

about the project and surrounding area on such topics as land tenure, health, ecology and

demography.
 The link between different ministries and departments within ministries are often complex

and the hierarchy for decision making unclear. There is a tendency for each ministry to guard “its

project” and not consult or seek information from other government bodies unless forced to. This

is directly contrary to the needs of an EIA. Even if formal structures exist there may be a lack of

coordination between different organizations. Informal links may have been established in

practice in order to overcome awkward bureaucratic structures. These issues must be understood

and not oversimplified.

There may be conflict between government organizations, particularly between the institution
promoting the development and that given the mandate for environmental protection. In

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countries where some planning processes are undertaken at the regional or district level, the

regional or district councils make it easier for affected communities to put forward their views,

which may differ from those of the central authorities. They will have different agendas and

approaches. The EIA process must be interactive and be sympathetic to the differing views; not

biased towards a particular organization.

One of the main conflicts arising from irrigation and drainage projects is between those

responsible for agriculture and those for water. In some countries, there are several key

ministries with differing responsibility, such as agriculture, public works and irrigation, plus

several parastatal organizations and special authorities or commissions, some perhaps directly
under the Office of the President. The institutional aspects are complex; for example, in

Thailand, over 15 institutions have responsibility for various aspects of soil conservation work.

Increasingly, at the national level, new institutions are being created, or existing institutions

reorganized, to address environmental issues. Often a Ministry of the Environment will be

created with a mandate to prepare legislation, set standards and provide a “policing” role. In

addition, an Environmental Protection Agency may also be created to coordinate environmental

assessment activities and to monitor follow up actions. As well as specific environmental

agencies, new units or departments concerned with environmental issues are being created in

technical ministries. Such units may have narrow duties related to the responsibilities of the

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institution. For example, several units could be concerned with various aspects of monitoring

water pollution levels and setting acceptable quality standards. The responsibilities of all the

relevant institutions needs to be clearly understood.

Institutional weakness is one of the major reasons for environmentally unsound development.

The multiplicity of institutions may also mitigate against effective enforcement of environmental

control measures. The EIA must cover such issues in depth and highlight contradictions, weak or

impractical legislation and institutional conflicts. To overcome such problems an EIA should

propose appropriate solutions. This should include institutional strengthening.

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LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Environmental policy without appropriate legislation will be ineffective as, in turn, will be

legislation without enforcement. Economic and financial pressures will tend to dominate other

concerns. In many developing countries legislation on environmental issues has been in

existence for many years. For example, laws exist in most countries for the prevention of water

pollution, the protection of cultural heritage and for minimum compensation flows. Much of the

existing legislation or regulations have not been considered “environmental”. Recently, much

specific new environmental legislation has been enacted. This may be as a response to major

disasters, or may result from government policy, public pressure or the general increased
international awareness of the environmental dangers that now exist in the world. Relevant water

and land law as well as environmental protection legislation needs stating, understanding and

analyzing as part of an EIA.

New legislation may include a statutory requirement for an EIA to be done in a prescribed
manner for specific development activities. When carrying out an EIA it is thus essential to be
fully aware of the statutory requirements and the legal responsibilities of the concerned
institutions. These are best given as an annex to the terms of reference. The legal requirements of
the country must be satisfied. New laws can impose an enormous burden on the responsible
agencies. The statutory requirement to carry out an EIA for specific projects will, for example,

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require expert staff to carry out the study, as well as officials to review the EIA and approve the

project.

Laws designating what projects require EIA should, ideally, limit the statutory requirements

to prevent EIA merely becoming a hurdle in the approval process. This will prevent large

volumes of work being carried out for little purpose. Most legislation lists projects for which EIA

is a discretionary requirement. The discretionary authority is usually the same body that approves

an EIA. This arrangement allows limited resources to be allocated most effectively. However, it

is essential that the discretionary authority is publicly accountable.

When external financial support is required it will also be necessary to satisfy the obligations

of the donor organization. Most major donors now require an EIA for projects relating to

irrigation and drainage. Chapter 6 gives details of publications outlining the requirements of the
main donors. The function of environmental legislation can vary. It is not easy to give a precise

definition of when an EIA is needed. Therefore, the statutory requirement for an EIA is not

particularly well suited to law. On the other hand, many of the most important environmental

hazards are easily addressed by law. For example, it is straightforward to set legal limits for

pollution, flow levels, compensation etc.: here the problem is one of enforcement. It is normal

for an EIA to assess the acceptability or severity of impacts in relation to legal limits and

standards. However, it is important to highlight cases where existing standards are insufficiently

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stringent to prevent adverse impacts and to recommend acceptable standards. Enforcement

problems can be partially addressed by changing institutional structures.

Laws relating to irrigated lands are complex and according to an FAO study of five African

countries they are not generally applied (FAO, 1992). There are conflicts between modern and

customary laws: the former tends to be given prominence although the latter are usually strong

locally. Traditional and customary rights have often developed in very different historical and

political contexts and can vary greatly over a short distance. They may also be mainly oral and

imprecise. Local participation in the preparation of the EIA will help to understand important

customary rights and highlight possible weaknesses in any proposed development.

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4.4.1 LAND ACQUISITIONS AND RESETTLEMENT

OBJECTIVE OF THE LARP

The LARP covers the land acquisition and resettlement impacts of the construction of the

main canal, its distribution system and FCCs under JIP- ICB-P1 of the Project. The main

objective of the LARP is to identify overall project impacts in the form of quantity and valuation.

The LARP provides a clear picture of the project impacts, consultation with potential DPs,

measurement of impacted structures and fair valuation for the compensation, procedure of the

payment to the DPs and implementation of the LARP. It aims to enhance, or at least restore the

livelihoods of all DPs in real terms relative to pre-project level and improve the standards of

living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups in accordance with existing laws of

Pakistan and the ADB SPS-2009.

RESETTLEMENT PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS

Approval and disclosure of the draft LARP was a condition for ADB appraisal of the Project.

Further, the following resettlement-related conditions are to be satisfied for the award and

implementation of civil works under JIP/WKS/ICB-1 of the Project:

Contract Awards signing: Conditional to ADB cleared updated/final implementation ready

package-wise LARP based on detailed design reflecting final impacts, list of DPs entitled for

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compensation, updated LARP budget reflective of compensation rates at replacement cost and

relocation rehabilitation and income restoration costs with LARP implementation schedule

synchronized with the construction activities.

Commencement of civil works/Issuance of notice-to-proceed: Conditional to the full

implementation of the LARP including (a) compensation at full replacement cost paid to each

DP for sections that may be handed over for construction; (b) other entitlements listed in the

LARP have been provided as confirmed by an external monitoring agency/expert; and (c) a

comprehensive income and livelihood rehabilitation program, supported by an adequate JIP-

ADB PDA 6006: PAK Detailed Design Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan of Jalalpur

Irrigation Project ICB-PI - RD 0+000 to RD 52+000 NESPAK with sub-consultants ICS and

TRS 1-4 budget, is in place. ADB clearance of the internal and external monitoring report and no

objection is a condition for issuing the notice-to-proceed with civil works in sections with LAR

impacts.
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SCOPE OF LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT

For the construction of main canal up to RD 52+000, three FCCs and a distributary, 478.25

acres (444.25 acres private and 34 acres government land) will be acquired. The Row of 235-

250 ft (85 meters), 85-100 ft (33 meters) and 105-175 ft (25-58 meters) will be needed for the

main canal, distributaries/minors and FCCs, respectively. The land falls in Tehsil Jhelum and

Tehsil PD Khan of Jhelum District. Due to severe project impact on residential structures from

RD 35 to 48 i.e. impact on dense residential area, shrine, mosque and graveyard, community

raised their concerns. Some concerns were highlighted by the social team noted during routine

resettlement survey and other were recorded through focus group discussions, while potential

DPs registered their complaints in writing and sent to higher authorities to address their issues.

This caused delay due to repeatedly change of alignment and de-notification of Section 4.

However, huge social issues were addressed as indicated in.

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APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Before start of actual resettlement survey, final design was collected, reviewed and consulted

with the design engineer. Then demarcation and identification of land to be acquired was marked

through GPS (global positioning system) on ground and also on Xu Sharjah (Lathha) to find out

the land and owners for preparation of DPs list. For this purpose, retired patwaris recommended

by the Assistant Commissioner/LAC who are well conversant and knowledgeable with the local

area and community were recruited. After identification of land and khasra jaat, data was

prepared and formatted for Section-4 notification. Maps were also developed showing clear

picture of canal route and land to be acquired and submitted to DC Jhelum. As per ADB

guidelines, the census and inventory of losses covered 100 percent of the DPs and affected assets

based on final design through a trained and experienced team of sociologists led by a Social

Safeguards Specialist, by adopting a well-defined approach and methodology and in close

coordination with the Revenue Department and LACs. The data was collected through structured
questionnaires already approved by the ADB and used for preparation of draft LARP in August

2017 of assets inventory, socio-economic survey and gender survey. The Project will impact

2,738 owners of agricultural land who are also losing income from crops, 10 owners of

residential land, 1,677 owners of flood-prone/uncultivable land, 151 DPs losing trees, 50 DPs

losing structures, and 8 households which need to relocate. Among those losing agricultural land,

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76 owners/cultivators will lose 10% or more of their land. There are also 210 affected

households that are vulnerable.

Collection and Review of Secondary Data/Information

All available information related to the Project area and Project components were collected from

local government offices, Revenue Department and Agriculture Department of Jhelum district.

The district population census reports of Jhelum and Khushab were also reviewed for projection,

comparison and updating. Since the current national population survey (2017) is not yet

published, the population of affected mouzas was projected based on the average growth rate

derived from the website of Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.

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CHAPTER V

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC COST

5.1 ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

An estimated project cost is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation.

The estimated project cost is the product of the cost estimating process. The estimated project

cost has a single total value and may have identifiable component values.

Total Cost of the Project

So based on our preliminary designs using generated topographic map, the estimated cost of

the project is about ₱ 1,340.809 million broken down into direct cost of ₱ 1,136.279 million and

indirect cost of ₱ 204.530 million.

The cost of irrigation and drainage development was estimated to be at ₱ 200,000 per hectare.

Environmental and social safeguard cost was estimated to be ₱ 42.179 million.

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The breakdown of cost estimates is as follows:

Project Potential Impacts and Description Total Estimated

component Project Cost

Item Description Unit Cost

(php)
Dam and Land 162 ha 120,000 19,440,000.00
house 142 50,000 7,100,000.00
reservoir area
Crops and Mango (540) 5,000 2,700,000.00
Citrus (2,840) 500 1,420,000.00
trees bamboo (120) 2,500 300,000.00
tree crops 500

(1,638)

819,000.00
School 4 500,000

buildings 2,000,000.00
Basketball 1 100,000

court 100,000.00
Barangay 2 300,000

hall 600,000.00
Religious 3 400,000

building 1,200,000.00
Concrete 1,300 m 5,000,000/km

road 6,500,000.00
Total 42,179,000.00
5.1.1 BASE CONDITION

 To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and

disadvantages of the various methods. He or she must know which method suits the

local conditions best. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution: all

methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Testing of the various methods -

under the prevailing local conditions - provides the best basis for a sound choice of

irrigation method. This chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates several

important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method.

SURFACE, SPRINKLER OR DRIP IRRIGATION

The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends

mainly on the following factors:

- natural conditions

- type of crop

- type of technology

- previous experience with irrigation

- required labour inputs

- costs and benefits.

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Natural Conditions
The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the

following impact on the choice of an irrigation method:

Soil type: Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate. They

therefore need frequent but small irrigation applications, in particular when the

sandy soil is also shallow. Under these circumstances, sprinkler or drip irrigation

are more suitable than surface irrigation. On loam or clay soils all three irrigation

methods can be used, but surface irrigation is more commonly found. Clay soils

with low infiltration rates are ideally suited to surface irrigation.

When a variety of different soil types is found within one irrigation scheme,

sprinkler or drip irrigation are recommended as they will ensure a more even water

distribution.
Slope: Sprinkler or drip irrigation are preferred above surface irrigation on steeper or

unevenly sloping lands as they require little or no land levelling. An exception is

rice grown on terraces on sloping lands.

Climate: Strong wind can disturb the spraying of water from sprinklers. Under very windy
conditions, drip or surface irrigation methods are preferred. In areas of
supplementary irrigation, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable than

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

surface irrigation because of their flexibility and adaptability to varying irrigation

demands on the farm.

Water Water application efficiency (see Annex 4, step 8) is generally higher with

availability: sprinkler and drip irrigation than surface irrigation and so these methods are

preferred when water is in short supply. However, it must be remembered that

efficiency is just as much a function of the irrigator as the method used.

Water Surface irrigation is preferred if the irrigation water contains much sediment. The

quality: sediments may clog the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems.

If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly

suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods.
Sprinkler systems are more efficient that surface irrigation methods in leaching out

salts.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Type of Crop

Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of

their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as

vegetables and fruit trees. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops.

Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables

and sugarcane. It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. rice).

Type of Technology
The type of technology affects the choice of irrigation method. In general, drip and sprinkler

irrigation are technically more complicated methods. The purchase of equipment requires high

capital investment per hectare. To maintain the equipment a high level of 'know-how' has to be

available,. Also, a regular supply of fuel and spare parts must be maintained which - together

with the purchase of equipment - may require foreign currency.

Surface irrigation systems - in particular small-scale schemes - usually require less sophisticated

equipment for both construction and maintenance (unless pumps are used). The equipment

needed is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the availability of foreign currency.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Previous Experience With Irrigation

The choice of an irrigation method also depends on the irrigation tradition within the region or

country. Introducing a previously unknown method may lead to unexpected complications. It is

not certain that the farmers will accept the new method. The servicing of the equipment may be

problematic and the costs may be high compared to the benefits.

Required Labour Inputs

Surface irrigation often requires a much higher labour input - for construction, operation and

maintenance - than sprinkler or drip irrigation. Surface irrigation requires accurate land levelling,
regular maintenance and a high level of farmers' organization to operate the system. Sprinkler

and drip irrigation require little land levelling; system operation and maintenance are less labour-

intensive.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Costs and Benefits

Before choosing an irrigation method, an estimate must be made of the costs and benefits of the

available options. On the cost side not only the construction and installation, but also the

operation and maintenance (per hectare) should be taken into account. These costs should then

be compared with the expected benefits (yields). It is obvious that farmers will only be interested

in implementing a certain method if they consider this economically attractive. Cost/benefit

analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this manual.

In conclusion: surface irrigation is by far the most widespread irrigation method. It is normally

used when conditions are favourable: mild and regular slopes, soil type with medium to low

infiltration rate, and a sufficient supply of surface or groundwater. In the case of steep or

irregular slopes, soils with a very high infiltration rate or scarcity of water, sprinkler and drip

irrigation may be more appropriate. When introducing sprinkler and drip irrigation it must be

ensured that the equipment can be maintained.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

BASIN, FURROW OR BORDER IRRIGATION

This section discusses some of the important factors which should be taken into account when

determining which surface irrigation method is most suitable: basin, furrow or border irrigation.

Again, it is not possible to give specific guidelines leading to a single best solution; each option

has its advantages and disadvantages.

Factors to be taken into account include:

- natural circumstances (slope, soil type)

- type of crop

- required depth of irrigation application

- level of technology

- previous experience with irrigation

- required labour inputs.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Natural Circumstances

Flat lands, with a slope of 0.1% or less, are best suited for basin irrigation: little land levelling

will be required. If the slope is more than 1%, terraces can be constructed. However, the amount

of land levelling can be considerable.

Furrow irrigation can be used on flat land (short, near horizontal furrows), and on mildly sloping

land with a slope of maximum 0.5%. On steeper sloping land, contour furrows can be used up to

a maximum land slope of 3%. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to assist drainage.
Border irrigation can be used on sloping land up to 2% on sandy soil and 5% on clay soil. A

minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to ensure adequate drainage.

Surface irrigation may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land levelling may

be required to achieve the required land gradients.

All soil types, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of more than 30 mm/hour, can be used

for surface irrigation. If the infiltration rate is higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip

irrigation should be used.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Type of Crop

Paddy rice is always grown in basins. Many other crops can also be grown in basins: e.g. maize,

sorghum, trees, etc. Those crops that cannot stand a very wet soil for more than 12-24 hours

should not be grown in basins.

Furrow irrigation is best used for irrigating row crops such as maize, vegetables and trees.

Border irrigation is particularly suitable for close growing crops such as alfalfa, but border

irrigation can also be used for row crops and trees.

Required Depth of Irrigation Application

When the irrigation schedule has been determined it is known how much water (in mm) has to be

given per irrigation application. It must be checked that this amount can indeed be given, with

the irrigation method under consideration.

Field experience has shown that most water can be applied per irrigation application when using
basin irrigation, less with border irrigation and least with furrow irrigation. In practice, in small-
scale irrigation projects, usually 40-70 mm of water are applied in basin irrigation, 30-60 mm in

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

border irrigation and 20-50 mm in furrow irrigation. (In large-scale irrigation projects, the

amounts of water applied may be much higher.)

This means that if only little water is to be applied per application, e.g. on sandy soils and a

shallow rooting crop, furrow irrigation would be most appropriate. (However, none of the

surface irrigation methods can be used if the sand is very coarse, i.e. if the infiltration rate is

more than 30 mm/hour.)

If, on the other hand, a large amount of irrigation water is to be applied per application, e.g. on a

clay soil and with a deep rooting crop, border or basin irrigation would be more appropriate.

The above considerations have been summarized. The net irrigation application values used are

only a rough guide. They result from a combination of soil type and rooting depth. For example:
if the soil is sandy and the rooting depth of the crop is medium, it is estimated that the net depth

of each irrigation application will be in the order of 35 mm. The last column indicates which

irrigation method is most suitable. In this case medium furrows or short borders.

The sizes of the furrows, borders and basins have been discussed in the previous chapters. The

approximate rooting depths of the most Important field crops are given in Volume 4.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Level of Technology

Basin irrigation is the simplest of the surface irrigation methods. Especially if the basins are

small, they can be constructed by hand or animal traction. Their operation and maintenance is

simple.

Furrow irrigation - with the possible exception of short, level furrows -requires accurate field

grading. This is often done by machines. The maintenance - ploughing and furrowing - is also

often done by machines. This requires skill, organization and frequently the use of foreign

currency for fuel, equipment and spare parts.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

SELECTION OF AN IRRIGATION METHOD BASED ON THE DEPTH OF THE NET

IRRIGATION APPLICATION

Soil Rooting depth of Net irrigation depth per

Irrigation method
type the crop application (mm)
Sand shallow 20-30 short furrows
medium 30-40 medium furrows, short borders
long furrows, medium borders,
deep 40-50
small basins
Loam shallow 30-40 medium furrows, short borders
long furrows, medium borders,
medium 40-50
small basins
deep 50-60 long borders, medium basins
Clay shallow 40-50 long furrows, medium borders,
 small basins
medium 50-60 long borders, medium basins
deep 60-70 large basins

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

LAND LEVELING USING ANIMAL TRACTION

Short, level furrows - also called furrow basins - can, like basins, be constructed and maintained

by hand.

Borders require the highest level of sophistication. They are constructed and maintained by

machines. The grading needs to be accurate. Machine operation requires a high level of skill,

organization and usually foreign currency.

Previous Experience with Irrigation

If there is no tradition in irrigation, the most simple irrigation method to introduce is basin

irrigation. The smaller the basins, the easier their construction, operation and maintenance.

If irrigation is used traditionally, it is usually simpler to improve the traditional irrigation method

than it is to introduce a previously unknown method.

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
Required Labour Inputs

The required labour inputs for construction and maintenance depend heavily on the extent to

which machinery is used.

In general it can be stated that to operate the system, basin irrigation requires the least labour and

the least skill. For the operation of furrow and border irrigation systems more labour is required

combined with more skill.

5.1.2 CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE

Construction cost estimating is the process of forecasting the cost of building a physical

structure. Of course, builders and clients both worry about the financial impact of cost overruns

and failing to complete a project. That’s why they devote time and effort to estimating how much

a project will cost before deciding to move forward with it. Clients considering large projects

often seek multiple cost estimates, including those prepared by con

Construction cost estimating is the process of forecasting the cost of building a physical

structure. Of course, builders and clients both worry about the financial impact of cost overruns

and failing to complete a project. That’s why they devote time and effort to estimating how much
a project will cost before deciding to move forward with it. Clients considering large projects

often seek multiple cost estimates.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

Breakdown of Construction Cost Estimates (Dam)
THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA
5.1.3 PROJECT COST

Project Cost is the total funds needed to complete the project or work that consists of a

Direct Cost and Indirect Cost. The Project Costs are any expenditures made or estimated to

be made, or monetary obligations incurred or estimated to be incurred to complete

the project which are listed in a project baseline.

Pre-Construction ₱ 50.000 million

Dam and Appurtenances ₱ 780.100 million

Irrigation Facilities ₱ 264.000 million

Environmental and Social Safeguard ₱ 42.179 million

5.1.4
Total Direct Cost ₱ 1,136.279 million

Physical Contingency ₱ 56.814 million

Price Contingency ₱ 56.814 million

Administrative Cost & Management

₱ 34.088 million
Fee

GESA ₱ 56.814 million

Total Indirect Cost ₱ 204.530 million

TOTAL PROJECT COST ₱ 1,340.809 million

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST

 The Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost of a Component is the cost associated

with operating and maintaining that Component. The total O&M cost of the system is the sum of

the O&M costs of each system Component. For most Components, you enter the O&M cost as

an annual amount.
Particular Unit Pertinent Data
A. GENERAL
Project Title Lower Cabu IP
Location Palayan City, Nueva Ecija
Source of Water Supply Cabu River
C. DAM
Type Zoned Earthfill
U/S Slope 3:1
D/S Slope 2.5:1
Crest Elevation m El. 140.00
River Bed Elevation m El. 96.00
Dam Height m 44.00
Crest Length m 555.00
Crest Width m 8.00
3
Volume of Embankment m 1.463 MCM
D. COFFERDAM
U/S Slope 3:1
D/S Slope E
Length m 390.00
Width m 8.00
E. SPILLWAY
Type Side Channel
Crest Elevation m El. 134.00
Design Capacity cms 845.18
Channel Trough m
Length m 120.00
Width m 40.00
Chute Length m 145.70
Chute Width m 40.00
Type of Energy Dissipator Stilling Basin Type III
Stilling Basin
Length m 40.00
Width m 40.00
Total Length of Spillway m 145.70
F. PROTECTION DIKES
Height m 16.00 & 2.00
Length m 140.00 & 39.00
Width m 8.00
G. DIVERSION AND OUTLET WORKS
Type Circular Conduit
No. and Size m 1-2.00
Design Capacity
Q - Diversion (5-year Flood) cms 340.79

H. RESERVOIR ELEVATION
Maximum Water Surface Elevation (MWSE) m El. 136.24
Normal Water Surface Elevation (NWSE) m El. 134.00
Minimun Water Surface Elevation (MinWSE) m El. 114.65
I. RESERVOIR AREA
2
Water Surface Area @ NWSE km 1.84
2
Water Surface Area @ MinWSE km 0.4
J. RESERVOIR CAPACITY
Total Storage Capacity mcm 3.69

K. IRRIGABLE AREA
Wet Season ha 1320
Dry season ha 1057
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

5.2 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN EVALUATION

2 (Values in Million Pesos)
DISCOUNTED
COST BENEFITS NET
TOTAL TOTAL @ 10 %
YEAR INCREMENTAL
INVESTMENT O&M COSTS INTRASITE BENEFITS
IRRIGATION FISHERY BENEFIT BENEFITS COSTS
COST IRRIGATION ROADS
1 441.69 - 441.69 - - - - (441.69) - 401.54
2 441.69 - 441.69 - - - - (441.69) - 365.03
3 441.70 - 441.70 - - - - (441.70) - 331.86
4 - 5.62 5.62 32.75 43.12 5.39 81.26 75.64 55.50 3.84
5 - 5.62 5.62 65.49 86.24 5.39 157.12 151.50 97.56 3.49
6 - 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 107.18 3.17
7 - 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 97.43 2.88
8 - 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 88.58 2.62
9 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 80.52 2.38
10 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 73.20 2.17
11 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 66.55 1.97
12 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 60.50 1.79
13 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 55.00 1.63
14 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 50.00 1.48
15 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 45.45 1.34
16 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 41.32 1.22
17 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 37.56 1.11
18 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 34.15 1.01
19 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 31.05 0.92
20 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 28.22 0.83
21 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 25.66 0.76
22 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 23.32 0.69
23 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 21.20 0.63
24 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 19.28 0.57
25 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 17.52 0.52
26 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 15.93 0.47
27 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 14.48 0.43
28 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 13.17 0.39
29 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 11.97 0.35
30 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 10.88 0.32
31 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 9.89 0.29
32 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 8.99 0.27
33 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 8.18 0.24
34 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 7.43 0.22
35 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 6.76 0.20
36 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 6.14 0.18
37 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 5.58 0.17
38 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 5.08 0.15
39 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 4.61 0.14
40 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 4.20 0.12
41 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 3.81 0.11
42 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 3.47 0.10
43 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 3.15 0.09
44 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 2.87 0.08
45 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 2.60 0.08
46 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 2.37 0.07
47 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 2.15 0.06
48 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 1.96 0.06
49 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 1.78 0.05
50 5.62 5.62 98.24 86.24 5.39 189.87 184.25 1.62 0.05
Total 1,325.08 263.97 1,589.05 8,782.53 7,193.48 1,315.82 1,140.14
EIRR (%) : 11.40%
NPV @ 10 % : 175.69
B/C Ratio : 1 : 1.15