EMISSION FACTORS 2019

DATABASE DOCUMENTATION
2 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

This document contains a description of the electricity and heat emissions factors file distributed together with the
2019 edition of the Emission factors data package. This excel file includes 10 sheets with a set of carbon emission
factors for electricity and electricity/heat generation. The factors are described below:
 CO2 emission factors for electricity and heat generation for world countries (in CO2 per kWh, 1990 to
2017). (Sheet CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT)
 CO2 emission factors for electricity only generation (CHP electricity included) for world countries (in
CO2 per kWh, 1990 to 2017). (Sheet CO2KWH ELE)
 These emission factors are given for electricity and electricity/heat generation for the total electricity
generation, and for generation from oil, coal, gas and from non-renewable wastes, as well as from
biofuels. (Sheets CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT and CO2KWH ELE)
 CH4 and N2O emission factors for electricity generation (based on default IPCC factors) (in CO2eq per
kWh, 1990 to 2017). (Sheets CH4 factors and N2O factors)
 2018 provisional emission factors for electricity and electricity/heat generation, based on provisional
electricity generation data (for all OECD countries and selected non-OECD countries). (Sheets CO2
KWH ELE & HEAT and CO2KWH ELE)
 Adjustment factors to emission factors from electricity generation for indirect emissions induced by
electricity trade between countries (for OECD countries, 1990 to 2017). (Sheet Trade adjustment)
 Adjustment factors to emission factors from electricity generation for emissions associated to
transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid (for countries with available data, 1990 to
2017). (Sheet T&D losses adjustment)
 Emission factors by fuel from direct combustion of fuels in other sectors than electricity and heat
production (1990 to 2017). (Sheet Implied emission factors)
Please address your inquiries to emissions@[Link]

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 3

Please note that all IEA data are subject to the following Terms and Conditions found on the IEA’s website at:
[Link]

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

4 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.  WHAT’S NEW............................................................................................................................................. 5 

2.  DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 7 

3.  GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE AND COUNTRY NOTES ........................................................................ 9 

4.  METHODOLOGY: CO2/KWH EMISSION FACTORS.............................................................................. 30 

5.  METHODOLOGY: OTHER FACTORS .................................................................................................... 33 

6.  UNITS AND CONVERSIONS ................................................................................................................... 36 

7.  ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 38 

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 5

1. WHAT’S NEW
Geographical coverage for the provisional year
In the 2019 edition, further to OECD countries, provisional 2018 data for selected non-OECD countries are
available.
Below the list of the added countries and the respective flows.

Flow Countries

Emissions per Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,

kWh of Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Malta,
electricity only Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of North Macedonia,
(gCO2eq per Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore.
kWh)
Emissions per Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,
kWh of Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Malta,
electricity and Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of North Macedonia,
heat (gCO2 per Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore.
kWh)

Geographical coverage

Old shortname
Old longname New longname Shortname
(if changed)
Memo: Equatorial Guinea MEQGUINEA
Memo: Lao People's Democratic
MLAO
Republic
Memo: Palestinian Authority MPALESTINE
Memo: Uganda MUGANDA

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

6 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Former Yugoslav Republic

the Republic of North Macedonia NORTHMACED FYROM
of North Macedonia
Memo: OPEC Memo: OPEC OPEC OPEC13

According to UN nomenclature, “Former Yugoslav Republic of North Macedonia” was renamed into “the
Republic of North Macedonia” and accordingly re-positioned.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 7

2. DEFINITIONS
Electricity and Heat Output and Emissions per kWh
Flow Short name Definition

Emissions per GHGKWHIN This ratio is expressed in grammes of CO2 per kWh.
kWh of Characteristics
electricity only This ratio is based on total emissions from fossil fuels consumed for
(gCO2eq per electricity generation, in both electricity-only and combined heat and
kWh) power plants (CHP), divided by output of electricity generated from all
fossil and non-fossil sources. Both main activity producers and
autoproducers have been included in the calculation.
The calculation methodology is available in part III.
Emissions per GHGKWHHIN This ratio is based on total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed
kWh of for electricity and heat generation divided by the output of electricity
electricity and and heat (in kWh) from all fossil and non-fossil sources. It includes
heat (gCO2 per electricity-only plants, combined heat and power plants, and heat-only
kWh) plants.
Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in
the calculation.
The calculation methodology is available in part III.
Trade TRADECORREC Part of the electricity consumed in one country may have been
adjustment generated in another one. Similarly, part of the electricity generated in
(gCO2/kWh) one country can be exported to other countries. Therefore, adjustments
may be done to the emission factors calculated above to account for
electricity trade. Such adjustments are based on the share of electricity
that is imported or exported compared to the domestic supply. The data
needed to calculate such adjustment are only available for OECD
countries. This adjustment can be positive or negative.
The calculation methodology is available in part III.
Transmission LOSSCORREC As electricity is transmitted through a grid from the generation point to
and the consumption point, losses can occur for different reasons - they
distribution usually represent between 5 and 15% of the energy transmitted, mainly
losses depending on the distance of the lines. Basically, for each kWh being
adjustment consumed, a higher amount had to be generated.
(gCO2/kWh) The calculation methodology is available in part III.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

8 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

GHG
GHG Short name Definition

CO2 CO2
CH4 CH4 The emission factors are converted from gCH4 and gN2O to gCO2eq
using the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP). For the purpose
of comparability with international data submission guidelines, the
factors from the 4th Assessment of the IPCC are used. 1gCH4 = 25
gCO2eq
N2O N2O The emission factors are converted from gCH4 and gN2O to gCO2eq
using the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP). For the purpose
of comparability with international data submission guidelines, the
factors from the 4th Assessment of the IPCC are used. 1gN2O = 298
gCO2eq

Aggregated product categories

Flow Short name Definition

Total TOTAL TOTAL = the total of all CO2 emissions from fuel combustion,
i.e. COAL + OIL + NATGAS + OTHER.
Coal, peat and COAL Coal, peat and oil shale includes all coal, both primary (hard coal,
oil shale brown coal, anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal,
sub-bituminous coal and lignite) and derived fuels (patent fuel, coke
oven coke, gas coke, coal tar, BKB, gas works gas, coke oven gas,
blast furnace gas and other recovered gases). Peat, peat products and
oil shale are also aggregated in this category.
Oil OIL Oil includes crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks,
additives/blending components, orimulsion, other hydrocarbons,
refinery gas, ethane, LPG, motor gasoline excl. biofuels, aviation
gasoline, gasoline type jet fuel, kerosene type jet fuel excl. biofuels,
kerosene, gas/diesel oil excl. biofuels, fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit,
lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and non-specified
oil products.
Natural gas NATGAS Gas represents natural gas. It excludes natural gas liquids.
Non-renewables OTHER Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.
wastes
Memo: Biofuels BIOPROD Includes biofuels (primary solid biofuels, biogases, biogasoline,
and renewable biodiesels, bio jet kerosene and other liquid biofuels) and renewable
wastes wastes.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 9

3. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE AND

COUNTRY NOTES
Countries and regions
This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

World WORLD Includes OECD Total; Africa; non-OECD Asia (excluding

China); China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong, China);
Non-OECD Americas; Middle East; Non-OECD Europe
and Eurasia; World aviation bunkers and World marine
bunkers. It is also the sum of Africa (UN), Americas (UN),
Asia (UN), Europe (UN), Oceania (UN), World aviation
bunkers and World marine bunkers.
It is also the sum of Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe,
Oceania, World aviation bunkers and World marine
bunkers.
Memo: OECD Total OECDTOT Includes Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; the
Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel1; Italy;
Japan; Korea; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Mexico; the
Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; the
Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland;
Turkey; the United Kingdom and the United States.
Estonia, Latvia Lithuania and Slovenia are included starting
in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
are included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in
Former Yugoslavia.

1. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is
without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

10 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

OECD Americas OECDAM Includes Canada, Chile, Mexico and the United States.
OECD Asia Oceania OECDAO Includes Australia, Israel2, Japan, Korea and New Zealand.
OECD Europe OECDEUR Includes Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia3, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
Africa AFRICA Includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (from 1981),
Cameroon, Republic of Congo (Congo)4, Côte d'Ivoire,
Democratic Republic of Congo (from 1981), Egypt, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mauritius,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991), Niger (from
2000), Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan (from
2012), Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,
Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa.
Note that Africa is identical to Memo: Africa (UN).
Non-OECD Americas LATAMER Includes Argentina, the Plurinational State of Bolivia
(Bolivia), Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao5,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Suriname (from 2000), Trinidad and Tobago,
Uruguay, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
(Venezuela) and Other non-OECD America.

2. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is
without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
3. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia are included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in Former
Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia.
4. Country short names are included in parentheses.
5. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010 resulting in two new “constituent countries” (Curaçao and Sint Maarten) with the other
islands joining The Netherlands as ‘special municipalities’. However, due to lack of detailed data the IEA secretariat’s data and estimates under the
“Curaçao” still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only
to the island of Curaçao from 2012. The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other non-OECD Americas from 2012.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 11

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Middle East MIDEAST Includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab
Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
Non-OECD Europe and EURASIA Includes Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and
Eurasia Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus6; Georgia;
Gibraltar; Kazakhstan; Kosovo7; Kyrgyzstan; Malta;
Republic of Moldova (Moldova); Montenegro; the
Republic of North Macedonia (North Macedonia);
Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia8; Tajikistan;
Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Former Soviet Union
(prior to 1990) and Former Yugoslavia (prior to 1990).
Non-OECD Asia ASIA Includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (from
(excluding China) 1995), DPR of Korea, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Chinese Taipei,
Thailand, Viet Nam and Other non-OECD Asia.
China (including Hong CHINAREG Includes the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong,
Kong, China) China.
World Aviation WORLDAV World Aviation Bunkers represents the sum of
Bunkers International Aviation Bunkers from all countries.
World Marine Bunkers WORLDMAR World Marine Bunkers represents the sum of International
Marine Bunkers from all countries.
Albania ALBANIA
Algeria ALGERIA
Angola ANGOLA
Argentina ARGENTINA
Armenia ARMENIA Data for Armenia are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.

6
. Note byTurkey:
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both
Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable
solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to
the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
7
This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the
Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.
8
. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

12 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Australia AUSTRALI Excludes the overseas territories.

Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30
June Y are labelled as year Y.
Austria AUSTRIA
Azerbaijan AZERBAIJAN Data for Azerbaijan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Bahrain BAHRAIN
Bangladesh BANGLADESH Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30
June Y are labelled as year Y.
Belarus BELARUS Data for Belarus are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Belgium BELGIUM
Benin BENIN
Bolivia BOLIVIA
Bosnia and BOSNIAHERZ Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina are available starting in
Herzegovina 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
Botswana BOTSWANA Data for Botswana are available starting in 1995. Prior to
that, they are included in Other Africa.
Brazil BRAZIL Brazil joined the IEA as an Association country in October
2017. Accordingly, Brazil is now included in the IEA and
Accession/Association countries regional aggregate for
data starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.
Brunei Darussalam BRUNEI
Bulgaria BULGARIA According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the
Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Bulgaria is
allowed to use 1988 as the base year.
Cambodia CAMBODIA Data for Cambodia are available starting in 1995. Prior to
that, they are included in Other non-OECD Asia.
Cameroon CAMEROON
Canada CANADA
Chile CHILE Data start in 1971.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 13

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

People’s Republic of CHINA

China
Colombia COLOMBIA
Congo CONGO
Costa Rica COSTARICA
Côte d’Ivoire COTEIVOIRE
Croatia CROATIA Data for Croatia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
Cuba CUBA
Curaçao CURACAO The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October
2010 resulting in two new “constituent countries” (Curaçao
and Sint Maarten) with the other islands joining The
Netherlands as ‘special municipalities’. However, due to
lack of detailed data the IEA secretariat’s data and
estimates under the “Curaçao” still refer to the whole
territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior
to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only
to the island of Curaçao from 2012. The other islands of the
former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other non-
OECD Americas from 2012.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

14 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Cyprus CYPRUS Note by Turkey:

The information in the report with reference to “Cyprus”
relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single
authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot
people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and
equitable solution is found within the context of the United
Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the
“Cyprus” issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the
OECD and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of
the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The
information in this report relates to the area under the
effective control of the Government of the Republic of
Cyprus.
At its seventeenth session, the Conference of the Parties
decided to amend Annex I to the Convention to include
Cyprus (Decision 10/CP.17). The amendment entered into
force on 9 January 2013.
Czech Republic CZECH Data start in 1971.
Democratic People’s KOREADPR
Republic of Korea
Democratic Republic of CONGOREP
Congo
Denmark DENMARK Excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to
1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with
the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to
revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts.
Dominican Republic DOMINICANR
Ecuador ECUADOR
Egypt EGYPT Data for Egypt are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y
and ends on 30 June Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
El Salvador ELSALVADOR
Eritrea ERITREA Data for Eritrea are available from 1992. Prior to that, they
are included in Ethiopia.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 15

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Estonia ESTONIA Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within
Former Soviet Union.
Note: Estonia joined the IEA in May 2014.
Ethiopia ETHIOPIA Ethiopia energy data include Eritrea from 1971 to 1991.
From 1992, the two countries are reported separately.
Finland FINLAND
France FRANCE Includes Monaco and excludes the overseas collectivities:
New Caledonia; French Polynesia; Saint Barthélemy; Saint
Martin; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; and Wallis and Futuna.
Energy data for the following overseas departments:
Guadeloupe; French Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte; and
Réunion are included for the years from 2011 onwards, and
excluded for earlier years.
Gabon GABON
Georgia GEORGIA Data for Georgia are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Germany GERMANY Includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970
onwards.
Ghana GHANA
Gibraltar GIBRALTAR
Greece GREECE
Guatemala GUATEMALA
Haiti HAITI
Honduras HONDURAS
Hong Kong, China HONGKONG
Hungary HUNGARY Data start in 1965.
According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the
Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Hungary is
allowed to use average 1985-1987 as the base year.
Iceland ICELAND
India INDIA Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31
March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Indonesia INDONESIA

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

16 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Islamic Republic of IRAN Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year. By
Iran convention data for the year that starts on 20 March Y and
ends on 19 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Iraq IRAQ
Ireland IRELAND
Israel ISRAEL Data start in 1971.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the
responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of
such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of
the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in
the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Italy ITALY Includes San Marino and the Holy See.
Jamaica JAMAICA
Japan JAPAN Includes Okinawa.
Starting 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y
and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Jordan JORDAN
Kazakhstan KAZAKHSTAN Data for Kazakhstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Kenya KENYA Electricity data are reported on a fiscal year basis,
beginning on the 1 July Y and ending on the 30 June of
Y+1.
Korea KOREA Data start in 1971.
Kosovo KOSOVO This designation is without prejudice to positions on status,
and is in line with United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the
International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of
independence.
Data for Kosovo are available starting in 2000. From 1990-
1999, data for Kosovo are included in Serbia. Prior 1990
that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
For data in the NONCO2 file, from 2000 onwards, all
emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are
included in Serbia.
Kuwait KUWAIT

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 17

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZSTAN Data for Kyrgyzstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Latvia LATVIA Data for Latvia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Lebanon LEBANON
Libya LIBYA
Lithuania LITHUANIA Lithuania became an OECD Member in July 2018.
Accordingly, Lithuania appears in the list of OECD
Members and is included in the zone aggregates for data
starting in 1990, starting with the 2019 edition.
Data for Lithuania are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Luxembourg LUXEMBOU
Malaysia MALAYSIA
Malta MALTA At its fifteenth session, the Conference of the Parties
decided to amend Annex I to the Convention to include
Malta (Decision 3/CP.15). The amendment entered into
force on 26 October 2010.
Mauritius MAURITIUS
Mexico MEXICO Mexico became the 30th IEA Member country in February
2018. Accordingly, Mexico now appears in the list of IEA
Members and is included in the IEA zone aggregate for the
entire time series.
Data start in 1971.
Republic of Moldova MOLDOVA Data for the Republic of Moldova are available starting in
1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet
Union.
Mongolia MONGOLIA Data for Mongolia are available starting in 1985. Prior to
that, they are included in Other Asia.
Montenegro MONTENEGRO Data for Montenegro are available starting in 2005. From
1990 to 2004, data for Montenegro are included in Serbia.
Prior to 1990, data are included in Former Yugoslavia.
For data in the NONCO2 file, from 2005 onwards, all
emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are
included in Serbia.
Morocco MOROCCO

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

18 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE
Myanmar MYANMAR Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31
March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Namibia NAMIBIA Data for Namibia are available starting in 1991. Prior to
that, they are included in Other Africa.
Nepal NEPAL Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30
June Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Netherlands NETHLAND Excludes Suriname, Aruba and the other former the
Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Saint
Eustatius and Sint Maarten).
New Zealand NZ
Nicaragua NICARAGUA
Niger NIGER Data for Niger are available starting in 2000. Prior to that,
they are included in Other Africa.
For data in the NONCO2 file, for 1990 and 1995, Other
Africa includes Niger for all CO2 emissions from fuel
combustion.
Nigeria NIGERIA
Republic of North NORTHMACED Data for the Republic of North Macedonia (North
Macedonia Macedonia) are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
Norway NORWAY Discrepancies between Reference and Sectoral Approach
estimates and the difference in the resulting growth rates arise
from statistical differences between supply and consumption
data for oil and natural gas. For Norway, supply of these fuels
is the residual of two very large and opposite terms,
production and exports.
Oman OMAN
Pakistan PAKISTAN Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention
fiscal year Y/Y+1 is labelled as year Y.
Panama PANAMA
Paraguay PARAGUAY

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 19

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Peru PERU
Philippines PHILIPPINES
Poland POLAND According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention
and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Poland is allowed to use
1988 as the base year.
Portugal PORTUGAL Includes the Azores and Madeira.
Qatar QATAR
Romania ROMANIA According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention
and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Romania is allowed to use
1989 as the base year.
Russian Federation RUSSIA Data for Russian Federation are available starting in 1990.
Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Saudi Arabia SAUDIARABI
Senegal SENEGAL
Serbia SERBIA Data for Serbia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia. Serbia includes
KosovoError! Bookmark not defined. from 1990 to 1999 and
Montenegro from 1990 to 2004.
For data in the NONCO2 file, Serbia includes KosovoError!
Bookmark not defined.
for all emissions other than CO2 from fuel
combustion from 2000 onwards, and Montenegro for all
emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion from 2005
onwards.
Singapore SINGAPORE Due to Singapore’s large trade volume in comparison to its
final consumption, a slight misalignment of trade figures
can have a significant impact on the Energy balance of
Singapore. As a result, large discrepancies between the
Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates arise from
statistical differences between supply and consumption of
oil and oil products.
The IEA secretariat, the Energy Market Authority and the
National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) are working
closely together on improving data quality for Singapore.
Efforts are continuing on this project, therefore breaks in
time series between 2008 and 2009 and differences in
trends when compared to previous publications may occur
for some products.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

20 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Slovak Republic SLOVAKIA

Slovenia SLOVENIA Data for Slovenia are available from 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia in the full
publication.
According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the
Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Slovenia is
allowed to use 1986 as the base year.
South Africa SOUTHAFRIC South Africa became an IEA Association country in
November 2018. Accordingly, South Africa is now
included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
aggregate.
Large differences between the Reference and Sectoral
Approach estimates are due to losses associated with coal-
to-liquid and to a lesser extent gas-to-liquid transformation.
South Sudan SSUDAN South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July
2011. Data for South Sudan are available from 2012. Prior
to 2012, they are included in Sudan.
For data in the NONCO2 file, data for South Sudan is
included in Sudan for all years.
Spain SPAIN Includes the Canary Islands.
Sri Lanka SRILANKA
Sudan SUDAN South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July
2011. Data for South Sudan are available from 2012. Prior
to 2012, they are included in Sudan.
For data in the NONCO2 file, data for South Sudan is
included in Sudan for all years.
Suriname SURINAME Data for Suriname are available from 2000. Prior to 2000,
data for Suriname are presented in Other non-OECD
Americas.
For data in the NONCO2 file, for 1990 and 1995, Other
non-OECD Americas includes Suriname for all CO2
emissions from fuel combustion.
Sweden SWEDEN
Switzerland SWITLAND Includes Liechtenstein for the oil data. Data for other fuels
do not include Liechtenstein.
Chinese Taipei TAIPEI

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 21

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Tajikistan TAJIKISTAN Data for Tajikistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
United Republic of TANZANIA Oil data are reported on a fiscal year basis, beginning on
Tanzania the 1 July Y and ending on the 30 June Y+1.
Thailand THAILAND
Togo TOGO
Trinidad and Tobago TRINIDAD
Tunisia TUNISIA
Turkey TURKEY
Turkmenistan TURKMENIST Data for Turkmenistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Ukraine UKRAINE Data for Ukraine are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
United Arab Emirates UAE

United Kingdom UK Shipments of coal and oil to the Channel Islands and the Isle
of Man from the United Kingdom are not classed as exports.
Supplies of coal and oil to these islands are, therefore,
included as part of UK supply. Exports of natural gas to the
Isle of Man are included with the exports to Ireland.
United States USA Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but
generally excludes all territories, and all trade between the
U.S. and its territories. Oil statistics include Guam, Puerto
Rico9 and the United States Virgin Islands; trade statistics
for coal include international trade to and from Puerto Rico
and the United States Virgin Islands. Starting with 2017
data, inputs to and outputs from electricity and heat
generation include Puerto Rico.
Uruguay URUGUAY
Uzbekistan UZBEKISTAN Data for Uzbekistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, data are included in Former Soviet Union.
Venezuela VENEZUELA
Viet Nam VIETNAM

9
. Inputs to and outputs from electricity and heat generation up to 2016, and natural gas data for the entire time series for Puerto Rico are
included under Other non-OECD Americas.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

22 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Yemen YEMEN
Zambia ZAMBIA
Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE
Former Soviet Union FSUND Before 1990, includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
(if no detail) Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
Former Yugoslavia (if YUGOND Before 1990, includes Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia;
no detail) Republic of North Macedonia (North Macedonia); Kosovo;
Montenegro; Slovenia and Serbia.
Other Africa OTHERAFRIC Includes Botswana (until 1980); Burkina Faso; Burundi;
Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros;
Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; the Kingdom of Eswatini;
Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Lesotho; Liberia;
Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Namibia (until
1990); Niger (until 1999); Réunion (until 2010); Rwanda;
Sao Tome and Principe; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia;
and Uganda.
For data in the NONCO2 file, for 1990 and 1995, Other
Africa includes Niger for all CO2 emissions from fuel
combustion.

Other non-OECD OTHERLATIN Includes Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas;
Americas Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; British Virgin Islands;
Cayman Islands; Dominica; Falkland Islands (Malvinas);
French Guiana (until 2010); Grenada; Guadeloupe (until
2010); Guyana; Martinique (until 2010); Montserrat; Puerto
Rico10 (for natural gas); Saba (from 2012); Saint Eustatius
(from 2012); Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
Sint Maarten (from 2012); Suriname (until 1999); and the
Turks and Caicos Islands.
Other non-OECD Asia OTHERASIA Includes Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cambodia (until 1994);
Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; Kiribati; Lao
People’s Democratic Republic; Macau, China; Maldives;
Mongolia (until 1984); New Caledonia; Palau (from 1994);
Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Timor Leste;
Tonga and Vanuatu.

10
. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States. Inputs to and outputs from electricity and heat
generation up to 2016, and natural gas data for the entire time series are included under Other non-OECD Americas.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 23

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: Equatorial MEQGUINEA Data start in 1981. Equatorial Guinea data are also included
Guinea in the Other Africa region.

Memo: Greenland MGREENLAND Data start in 2004. Prior to 1990, data on oil for Greenland
were included with the Danish statistics, within the OECD
region. They are not included in any region after 1990.

Memo: Lao People's MLAO Data start in 2000. Lao People's Democratic Republic data
Democratic Republic are also included in the Other Asia region.

Memo: Mali MMALI Data start in 2000. Mali data are also included in the Other
Africa region.

Memo: Palestinian MPALESTINE Data start in 2001.

Authority
Memo: Uganda MUGANDA

Memo: Africa (UN) UNAFRICA Includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso;
Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic;
Chad; Comoros; the Republic of the Congo (Congo); Côte
d’Ivoire; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Djibouti;
Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; the Kingdom of Eswatini;
Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau;
Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi;
Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique;
Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Réunion (until 2010); Rwanda;
Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; the Seychelles; Sierra
Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan (from 2012),
Sudan; the United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania); Togo;
Tunisia; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe.
Note that Memo: Africa (UN) is identical to Africa.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

24 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: Americas (UN) UNAMERICAS Includes Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Aruba; the
Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; the Plurinational State
of Bolivia (Bolivia); Bonaire (from 2012); the British Virgin
Islands; Brazil; Canada; the Cayman Islands; Chile;
Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Curaçao11; Dominica; the
Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; the Falkland
Islands (Malvinas); Guatemala; French Guiana (until 2010);
Grenada; Guadeloupe (until 2010); Guyana; Haiti; Honduras;
Jamaica; Martinique (until 2010); Mexico; Montserrat;
Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Puerto Rico (for
natural gas) 12; Saba (from 2012); Saint Kitts and Nevis;
Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines; Sint Eustatius (from 2012); Sint Maarten
(from 2012); Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; the Turks and
Caicos Islands; the United States; Uruguay; the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela).
Memo: Asia (UN) UNASIATOT Data for Asia (UN) are available from 1990.
Includes Afghanistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahrain;
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; the
People’s Republic of China; Cyprus13; Georgia; Hong Kong,
China; India; Indonesia; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq;
Israel14; Japan; Jordan; the Democratic People’s Republic
of Korea; Korea; Kazakhstan; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao
People’s Democratic Republic; Lebanon; Macau, China;
Malaysia; the Maldives; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal;
Oman; Pakistan; the Philippines; Qatar; Saudi Arabia;
Singapore; Sri Lanka; the Syrian Arab Republic;
Tajikistan; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Turkey;
Turkmenistan; the United Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan; Viet
Nam; and Yemen.

11
. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010 resulting in two new ‘constituent countries’ (Curaçao and Sint Maarten) with the other
islands joining The Netherlands as “special municipalities’. However, due to lack of detailed data the IEA Secretariat’s data and estimates under the
“Netherlands Antilles” still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data
refer only to the island of Curaçao from 2012. The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other non-OECD Americas from 2012.
12
. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States.
13. Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this chapter.
14. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is
without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 25

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: Europe (UN) UNEUROPE Data for Europe (UN) are available from 1990.
Includes Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and
Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; the Czech Republic;
Denmark; Estonia; Finland; the Republic of North
Macedonia (North Macedonia); France; Germany;
Gibraltar; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy;
Kosovo15; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; the
Republic of Moldova (Moldova); Montenegro; the
Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the
Russian Federation; Serbia16; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia;
Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; the United Kingdom.
Memo: Oceania (UN) UNOCEANIA Includes Australia; New Zealand; Cook Islands; Fiji; French
Polynesia; Kiribati; New Caledonia; Palau; Papua New
Guinea; Samoa; the Solomon Islands; Tonga; Vanuatu.
Memo: non-OECD NOECDTOT Includes Africa; Non OECD Asia (excluding China); China
total (P.R. of China and Hong Kong, China); Non-OECD
Americas; Middle East and Non-OECD Europe and
Eurasia.
Memo: IEA Total IEATOT Includes Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; the Czech
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany;
Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Korea;
Luxembourg; Mexico17; the Netherlands; New Zealand;
Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Spain;
Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; the United Kingdom and the
United States.
Estonia is included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for
Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union.

15
. This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the
Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.
16
. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.
17. Mexico became the 30th IEA Member country in February 2018. Accordingly, starting with the 2018 preliminary edition, Mexico now appears in
the list of IEA Members and is included in the IEA zone aggregate for the entire time series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

26 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: IEA and IEAFAMILY Includes: IEA member countries: Australia, Austria,
Accession/Association Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
countries Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the
Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the
United Kingdom and the United States; Accession
countries: Chile and Mexico; Association countries: Brazil;
the People’s Republic of China; India; Indonesia; Morocco;
Singapore; South Africa; Thailand.
Mexico became the International Energy Agency’s 30th
member country on 17 February 2018. Accordingly,
starting with the 2018 edition, Mexico appears in the list of
IEA Members and is included in the IEA zone aggregates
for data starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.
South Africa became an IEA Association country in
November 2018. Accordingly, South Africa is now
included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries
regional aggregate for data starting in 1971 and for the
entire time series.
At the time of the preparation of the publication Lithuania
was not yet formally an IEA Accession country and
therefore has not been included in the relevant aggregate.
Memo: European EU28 Includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus18, the
Union – 28 Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Please note that in the interest of having comparable data,
all of these countries are included since 1990 despite
different entry dates into the European Union.
Memo: Former MYUGO Includes Former Yugoslavia (if no detail); Bosnia and
Yugoslavia Herzegovina; Croatia; the Republic of North Macedonia
(North Macedonia); Kosovo; Montenegro; Slovenia and
Serbia
Memo: Former Soviet MFSU15 Includes the Former Soviet Union with all 15 countries for
Union all years.

18. Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this chapter.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 27

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: OPEC OPEC Includes Algeria; Angola; Ecuador; Equatorial Guinea

(starting with 1981 data); Gabon; the Islamic Republic of
Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Libya; Nigeria; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; the
United Arab Emirates; the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela (Venezuela). 19
Memo: G7 MG7 Includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United
Kingdom and the United States.
Memo: G8 MG8 Includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian
Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Memo: G20 MG20 Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China
(including Hong Kong, China), India, Indonesia, Japan,
Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South
Africa, Turkey, the United States and the European Union
– 28.
Memo: Annex I Parties ANNEX1 Includes Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canada, Croatia, Cyprus20, the Czech Republic21,22,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia,
Liechtenstein (not available in this publication)23,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco (included with
France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak
Republic22,24, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United
States.25
The countries that are listed above are included in
Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change as amended on 11 December 1997 by the 12th
Plenary meeting of the Third Conference of the Parties in
Decision 4/CP.3. This includes the countries that were
members of the OECD at the time of the signing of the
Convention, the EEC, and fourteen countries in Central and
Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union that were
undergoing the process of transition to market economies.
During subsequent sessions, the Conference of the Parties
agreed to amend Annex I to the Convention to include Malta
(Decision 3/CP.15, effective from 26 October 2010) and
Cyprus20 (Decision 10/CP.17, effective from 9 January 2013).

19.
Data for Congo, that joined OPEC in June 2018, are not included in the OPEC aggregate in this edition.
20. Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this chapter.
21. Czechia in official UN documents.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

28 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: Annex II ANNEX2 Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,

Parties Finland, France26, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland27, the
United Kingdom and the United States.
According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document
FCCC/CP/2001/13/ Add.4, Turkey has been deleted from
the list of Annex II countries to the Convention. This
amendment entered into force on 28 June 2002.
Memo: Annex II North ANNEX2NA Includes Canada and the United States.
America
Memo: Annex II ANNEX2EU Includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France26,
Europe Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland27 and the United Kingdom.
Memo: Annex II Asia ANNEX2AO Includes Australia, Japan and New Zealand.
Oceania
Memo: Annex I ANNEX1EIT Annex I: Economies in Transition (EITs) are those
Economies in countries in Annex I that are undergoing the process of
Transition transition to a market economy. This includes Belarus,
Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic21,22, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian
Federation, the Slovak Republic22,24, Slovenia and Ukraine.
Memo: Non-Annex I NONANNEX1
Parties

22. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries.

23. Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland.
24. Slovakia in official UN documents.
25. The European Union is also an Annex I Party in its own right. The EU was assigned an overall reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol, which
by agreement, was used to determine the individual targets of the fifteen states that were EU members in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted.
26. In IEA data, France also includes Monaco, which is not in the list of Annex II Parties.
27. In IEA data, Switzerland includes Oil data for Liechtenstein, which is not in the list of Annex II Parties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 29

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’
refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for
non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.

Country/Region Short name Definition

Memo: Annex B Kyoto ANNEXB Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Bulgaria,
Parties Croatia, Cyprus28, the Czech Republic21,22, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein
(not available in this publication), Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak
Republic22,24, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine
and the United Kingdom.29
Refers to countries with emission targets under the second
commitment period (CP) of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020)
as per the Doha Amendment. This differs from the list of
countries with targets under the first CP (2008-2012). Please
note that the Doha Amendment has not yet entered into
force. Membership of Annex B in the second CP of the Kyoto
Protocol differs from that in Annex I. In particular, Annex B
excludes, or does not contain targets for Canada, Japan,
New Zealand, the Russian Federation, Turkey and the
United States (all Annex I member states), but includes
Kazakhstan (a non-Annex I Party under the Convention, but
an Annex I Party under the Kyoto Protocol (as per decision
9/CMP.8).

Please note that the following countries have not been considered:
 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Andorra; Faroe Islands (after 1990); Liechtenstein (except for oil data);
Svalbard; Jan Mayen Islands;
 Africa: British Indian Ocean Territory; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; Mayotte; Saint Helena;
Western Sahara;
 Non-OECD Americas: Bouvet Island; Saint Barthélemy; Greenland (after 1990); Saint Martin (French
Part); South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;
 Antarctica;
 Non-OECD Asia (excluding China): American Samoa; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Christmas Island;
Heard Island and McDonald Islands; Marshall Islands; Micronesia (Federated States of); Nauru; Niue; Norfolk
Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Pitcairn; Tokelau; Tuvalu; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Wallis
and Futuna Islands.

28. Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this chapter.
29. The European Union is also an Annex I Party in its own right. The EU was assigned an overall reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol, which
by agreement, was used to determine the individual targets of the fifteen states that were EU members in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

30 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

4. METHODOLOGY: CO2/KWH EMISSION

FACTORS
Data source
The estimates of CO2 emissions in this publication are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the IEA World
Energy Balances data; they represent the total emissions from fuel combustion.
For OECD Member countries, these figures are derived based on information provided in the five annual OECD
questionnaires completed by the national administrations. For the member countries of the Economic Commission for
Europe of the United Nations (UNECE) and a few others, the data shown are mostly based on information provided by
the national administrations through the same annual questionnaires. The commodity balances for all other countries are
based on national energy data of heterogeneous nature, converted and adapted to fit the IEA format and methodology.
Considerable effort has been made to ensure that the data presented adhere to the IEA definitions reported in the
section on Methodological notes in the general documentation30. These definitions, based on the United Nations
International Recommendations on Energy Statistics31, are used by most of the international organisations that
collect energy statistics.
Nevertheless, energy statistics at the national level are often collected using criteria and definitions which differ,
sometimes considerably, from those of international organisations. This is especially true for non-OECD
countries, which are submitting data to the IEA on a voluntary basis. The IEA secretariat has identified most of
these differences and, where possible, adjusted the data to meet international definitions.

The indicator: definition

In the total CO2 emissions per kWh, for electricity or for electricity and heat generation, the numerator presents
the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation, while the denominator presents the total
electricity generated, coming from fossil fuels, but also from nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, biofuels, etc. As a
result, the emissions per kWh vary a lot across countries and from year to year, depending on the generation mix.
In the CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel the numerator and denominator only refer to the electricity generation from
a given fuel:
 Coal includes primary and secondary coal, and coal gases. Peat and oil shale have also been aggregated with
coal, where applicable.
 Oil includes oil products (and crude oil for some countries).

30. [Link]
31. [Link]

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 31

 Gas represents natural gas.

 Non-renewable wastes includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.
 Biofuels includes both biofuels and renewable wastes. Note that these emission factors are included for
information, as CO2 emissions from biofuel are not accounted for in the total CO2 emissions of the energy
sector according to the IPCC guidelines.
Note: Emissions per kWh should be used with caution due to data quality problems relating to electricity
efficiencies for some countries.

Electricity-only carbon emission factors: allocation of

emissions from CHP plants
Calculating emission factors for electricity-only generation from the IEA energy balances require specific
assumptions, as for combined heat and power (CHP) plants only data for a combined input are available.
The IEA adopts the fixed-heat-efficiency approach, which consist in fixing the efficiency of heat generation to
compute the input to heat, and calculating the input to electricity as a residual from the total input. The standard
heat efficiency was set to that of a typical heat boiler, 90%.
The proportionality approach would conversely allocate inputs based on the proportion of electricity and heat in
the output. This is equivalent to fixing the efficiency of electricity and heat to be equal. With the advantage of
simplicity and transparency, the proportionality approach however tends to overstate electricity efficiency and to
understate heat efficiency. For example, for CHP generation in OECD countries, total efficiency is around 60%.
However, total electricity-only plant efficiency is around 41% in OECD countries. Similarly, 60% is quite low for
heat generation (given typical heat-only plant efficiencies of 80-95%).
In general, the fixed-heat-efficiency approach attributes larger emissions to electricity than the proportionality
approach, with values much closer to those of electricity-only plants. While the fixed-heat-efficiency approach has
proven to provide sensible results in most cases, implementation problems arise in two cases:
i) When the observed efficiency is over 100% (i.e. there are problems in data quality).
ii) When the observed efficiency is between 90% and 100% (the total efficiency may be correct or it
may be overstated).
In both cases, it is not possible to use the fixed-heat-efficiency approach and, by default, the proportionality
approach is used to allocate the inputs based on the output shares.

Calculation of the carbon emission factor

CO2kWh for electricity and heat generation

〈 〉

Where:
 CO2kWh : Carbon factors (in CO2/kWh) calculated at the generation point
 ∑ : Sum over the fuels.
 : Fuel input into the plants (both main activity and autoproducer) expressed in energy unit.
 : Default emission factors as provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
 :
o For the total emission factor: includes the generation from all sources
(i.e. as well the non-emitting sources).
o For the emission factors by fuel (oil, coal, gas, non-renewable waste and Memo: biofuels):
includes only the electricity generated by the corresponding fuel.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

32 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

CO2kWh for electricity generation

〈 / / 〉

Where:
 CO2kWh : Carbon factors (in CO2/kWh) calculated at the generation point
 ∑ : Sum over the fuels.
 : Fuel input into the plants (both main activity and autoproducer) expressed in energy unit.

 /
 efficiency of heat generation - assumed to be 0.9 (i.e. 90%) except when the observed efficiency of CHP
generation is higher than 90%, in which case emissions are allocated using the proportionality approach (EFFHEAT =
EFFELEC = EFFCHP).

 /

 : default emission factors as provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
 :
o For the total emission factor: includes the generation from all sources
(i.e. as well the non-emitting sources).
o For the emission factors by fuel (oil, coal, gas, non-renewable waste and Memo: biofuels):
includes only the electricity generated by the corresponding fuel.
Note that in some cases, when the output of electricity is very small for a given fuel, rounding effects can cause
the corresponding emission factor to appear very high. It is advised to disregard these emission factors which are
clearly out of the range.

Comparison between electricity-only and combined

electricity and heat ratios
For the majority of OECD countries, the electricity-only indicator is not significantly different from the combined
electricity and heat indicator, shown in previous editions of this publication and in the online database. For the
OECD total in 2014, the electricity-only indicator is 4% higher, while 19 of the OECD’s 34 countries saw a
difference of 5% or less. Of the 15 countries with differences of more than 5%, 7 countries had large amounts of
non-emitting electricity generation, giving them a small ratio to begin with (thus more prone to change). In
addition, non-emitting generation is generally electricity-only, and so when the heat-only and heat CHP emissions
are removed from the calculation, greater weight is attached to the non-emitting generation, with a lower level for
the final indicator.
The countries in the OECD with larger differences are generally coal-intensive countries with large amounts of
heat generation. As mentioned, in general, heat plants are more efficient than electricity-only or CHP plants;
therefore, excluding heat plants from the calculation increases CO2 intensity. The same is true if we allocate a
high efficiency to the heat part of CHP generation; this decreases the efficiency of the electricity part and thus
increases electricity’s carbon intensity. Further, CHP and heat plants are more likely to be powered by CO2-light
natural gas while electricity-only plants tend to be powered by CO2-heavy coal, making the new ratio more CO2
intensive for these countries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 33

5. METHODOLOGY: OTHER FACTORS

Provisional carbon emission factors
The carbon factor for the latest year (Y) is only available for OECD countries. The available data for the year Y
only include the breakdown of electricity generated by fuel, but not the fuel input to plant. Therefore, the
assumption required is that there was no change in the efficiency of plants, and in the energy content of the input
products compared to the year Y-1.
With these assumptions, the factor was derived as follows:
∑ kWh 1
kWh

Only the total carbon emission factor is included for the provisional year.

Correction factor for electricity trade

Part of the electricity consumed in one country may have been generated in another one. Similarly, part of the
electricity generated in one country can be exported to other countries. Therefore, adjustments may be done to the
emission factors calculated above to account for electricity trade. Such adjustments are based on the share of
electricity that is imported or exported compared to the domestic supply. The data needed to calculate such
adjustment (i.e. the breakdown of electricity import by trade partner) are only available for OECD countries. This
adjustment can be positive or negative, and is calculated as follows:

CO kWh kWh

With
∗ kWh
And
∗ kWh

And
∗

Where
 CO kWh : Adjustment of the carbon factor (in CO2/kWh) for emissions induced by the trade of
electricity with partner countries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

34 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

 CO kWh : Carbon emission factor for electricity generation of the partner country.
 :
Note that for a given country, trade data are those reported by the country for which the factor is calculated, which
in some cases can differ from those reported from trade partners. Also, since the emission factors from trading
partners are used, the quality of this adjustment depends not only on the quality of the data reported by the
country, but also on the quality of the data reported by the trading partners. Moreover, in some cases, country
report imports from non-specified countries. In such cases, assumptions were made based on transmission grid
and data reported by potential partners.
This adjustment does not take into account geographically localized connections between countries. For example,
Luxembourg reports trade from Germany, which is mostly related to electricity from the Vianden hydro plant;
however the trade adjustment would be calculated using the nationally averaged carbon emission factor for
Germany. As this case was known, the figure was set as “not available”. But other similar issue may occur.

Correction factor for electricity T&D losses

As electricity is transmitted through a grid from the generation point to the consumption point, losses can occur
for different reasons - they usually represent between 5 and 15% of the energy transmitted, mainly depending on
the distance of the lines. Basically, for each kWh being consumed, a higher amount had to be generated.
The adjustment due to losses was calculated as follows:
CO kWh kWh
Where
 CO kWh : Adjustment (in CO2/kWh) for emission induced by the losses of electricity in transmission
and distribution.


Where
o : Total transmission and distribution losses in the grid.
o : Total amount of electricity transiting through the country electricity grid,
calculated as gross electricity generation – own use in plant + imports.
Note that data quality for electricity transmission and distribution losses may be very variable across countries.

CH4 and N2O emissions for electricity generation

If CO2 represent a large majority in term of greenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion, it is not the only one.
Emission factors for CH4 and N2O were calculated using the same methodology as for the CO2 per kWh, using the
Tier 1 methodology and the default emission factors of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, including also emissions from
biofuels in this case (as opposed to CO2 only emissions). The emission factors are converted from gCH4 and gN2O
to gCO2eq using the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) given below. For the purpose of comparability
with international data submission guidelines, the factors from the 4th Assessment of the IPCC are used.

Designation or Name Chemical formula 100-Year GWP

Carbon dioxide CO2 1

Methane CH4 25

Nitrous oxide N2O 298

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 35

Note that the uncertainty associated with CH4 and N2O emissions factors is very large, therefore these emission
factors are provided as an indication when no better information is available. Please see the 2006 IPCC
guidelines32 for more information about the uncertainty associated to emission factors.

Use of the adjustment indicators

In order to allow more flexibility for the users depending on their reporting needs, the CO2 emission factors are
presented in a disaggregated manner. Since the CO2 emission per kWh represents the emissions at the generation
point, this factor can be completed by adding the transmission and distribution losses factor, and the correction for
electricity trade. By adding these figures one can obtain a closer figure to the CO2 per kWh at the final user point.
Please note that in order to calculate completely the scope 3 emissions, the losses from Well to Tank (WTT)
would have to be included as well, and these figures are not provided here.
This factor can also be completed with the CH4 and N2O figures to obtain a more complete greenhouse gas per
kWh indicator. As stipulated above, these figures are to be taken with caution due to the uncertainty associated
with the corresponding IPCC emission factors. The CH4 and N2O adjustment for trade and losses are not
provided here due to the negligible impact compared to the uncertainty associated with the figure.

Implied emission factors from direct combustion of fuels

In most cases fuels are combusted directly for other purposes than electricity generation. The implied emissions
factors (IEF) vary according to the fuel used, and are computed as weighted average of the consumption across all
sectors excluding electricity generation, as follows:

Where:
 IEF : Implied emission factors for fuel combustion other than for electricity and heat generation, in kg
CO2 / kg of fuel
 : Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in the Industry sector plus emission in the Energy
sector except electricity and CHP plants in kg CO2.
 : Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in the Transport sector in kg CO2.
 : Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in the Residential, Commercial and Public services,
Agriculture/Forestry, Fishing and Other non-specified sectors in kg CO2.
 : Total fuel consumption in the respective sector, expressed in kg.
Which is equivalent to:


Where:
 : Net Calorific Value, which is product-, country-, sector- and time-specific.
These emission factors are presented for individual and for some average fuels described below:
 For coal: individual primary products (anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous
coal and lignite); as well as the weighted average coal mix;
 For oil: individual secondary products (refinery gas, ethane, LPG, motor gasoline excl. biofuels, aviation
gasoline, gasoline type jet fuel, kerosene type jet fuel excl. biofuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil excl.
biofuels, fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, bitumen, petroleum coke and non-specified oil products); as well
as the weighted average oil product mix.
When no data is reported for a fuel and year, the data is marked as X: Not applicable.

32 [Link]

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

36 - EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

6. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

General conversion factors for energy
To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh
From: multiply by:
2 -5 2 -1
terajoule (TJ) 1 2.388x10 2.388x10 9.478x10 2.778x10
-3 -7 -3
gigacalorie (Gcal) 4.187x10 1 1.000x10 3.968 1.163x10
million tonnes of oil 4 7 7 4
4.187x10 1.000x10 1 3.968x10 1.163x10
equivalent (Mtoe)
million British thermal units -3 -1 -8 -4
1.055x10 2.520x10 2.520x10 1 2.931x10
(MBtu)
2 -5 3
gigawatt hour (GWh) 3.600 8.598x10 8.598x10 3.412x10 1

Conversion factors for mass

To: kg t lt st lb
From: multiply by:
-3 -4 -3
kilogramme (kg) 1 1.000x10 9.842x10 1.102x10 2.205
3 -1 3
tonne (t) 1.000x10 1 9.842x10 1.102 2.205x10
3 3
long ton (lt) 1.016x10 1.016 1 1.120 2.240x10
2 -1 -1 3
short ton (st) 9.072x10 9.072x10 8.929x10 1 2.000x10
-1 -4 -4 -4
pound (lb) 4.536x10 4.536x10 4.464x10 5.000x10 1

Conversion factors for volume

3 3
To: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft l m
From: multiply by:
-1 -2 -1 -3
U.S. gallon (gal U.S.) 1 8.327x10 2.381x10 1.337x10 3.785 3.785x10
-2 -1 -3
U.K. gallon (gal U.K.) 1.201 1 2.859x10 1.605x10 4.546 4.546x10
1 1 2 -1
barrel (bbl) 4.200x10 3.497x10 1 5.615 1.590x10 1.590x10
3 -1 1 -2
cubic foot (ft ) 7.481 6.229 1.781x10 1 2.832x10 2.832x10
-1 -1 -3 -2 -3
litre (l) 2.642x10 2.200x10 6.290x10 3.531x10 1 1.000x10
3 2 2 1 3
cubic metre (m ) 2.642x10 2.200x10 6.290 3.531x10 1.000x10 1

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EMISSION FACTORS: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition) - 37

Decimal prefixes Tonne of CO2

The 2006 GLs and the UNFCCC Reporting Guide-
101 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d)
lines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emis-
102 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c) sions and removals be reported in Gg (gigagrammes)
103 10-3 milli (m) of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg
kilo (k)
of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication
106 mega (M) 10-6 micro (µ) with national inventories expressed in Gg, multiply
109 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n) the IEA emissions by 1 000.
1012 tera (T) 10-12 pico (p) Other organisations may present CO2 emissions in
tonnes of carbon instead of tonnes of CO2. To convert
1015 peta (P) 10-15 femto (f)
from tonnes of carbon, multiply by 44/12, which is the
1018 exa (E) 10-18 atto (a) molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

38 - WORLD CO2 EMISSION FACTORS: DOCUMENTATION (2019 edition)

7. ABBREVIATIONS
Btu British thermal unit
BKB Brown coal briquettes (braunkohlebriketts)
Gg gigagramme
GJ gigajoule
GWh gigawatt hour
J joule
kcal kilocalorie
kg kilogramme
kt thousand tonnes
ktoe thousand tonnes of oil equivalent
kWh kilowatt hour
MJ megajoule
Mt million tonnes
Mtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent
MtCO2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide
m3 cubic metre
PJ petajoule
t metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg
tC tonne of carbon
TJ terajoule
toe tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal
CC carbon content
CEF carbon emission factor
COF carbon oxidation factor
CHP combined heat and power
GCV gross calorific value
GDP gross domestic product
GWP global warming potential
NCV net calorific value
PPP purchasing power parity
TPES total primary energy supply
Convention United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
COP Conference of the Parties to the Convention
G20 Group of Twenty (See the chapter Geographical coverage and country notes)
IEA International Energy Agency
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
UN United Nations
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
.. not available
(blank) nil
x not applicable
CO2 carbon dioxide

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY