Norman Coe Grammar Spectrum 3 Intermediate With answers Oxford University PressOXFORD For Sara and Joe Great Clarendon Steet, Oxford oxa GDF ‘Oxford University Press ia department ofthe University of Oxford efuthes the Univesity s objective ofexcslence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worlwide in (Oxford New York ‘Auckland CapeTown Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kala lumpar Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi ‘NewDelhi Shanghal Taipel Toronto ‘with offices in Angentina Austria Beall Chile Czech Republic France Gresce Guatemala Hungary Raly Japan Poland Portgal Singapore South Korea Switerland ‘hailand Turkey Uksaine Vietnam, oxronp and orroxp excusit are registered rade marks of (Oxford University Press inthe UK and in certain other countries {0 Oxfon Unversity Press 1995, “The moral sightsof the author have been aerted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) Fire published 095, 200912008 2007, No unauthorized photocopying. Allright reserved. No par ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in aretreral system, or transmitted, in any form or by any ‘means, without the prior permission in wing of Oxford University Press oras expressly permed by aw, o under terms agred with the appropriate reprographis rights organization. Enquiries concerning ‘production outside the scope ofthe above shold be sent tthe ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Pres, atthe address above ‘You must not ciculate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose ths same condition on any acquirer ‘Any websites refered tin tis publication aren the public domain and theiraddreses are provided by Oxford Universiy Press for Information only. Oxford University Press disclaims any esponsibility forthe content sansa: 978oxgsc.44es with answers) “Typeset by Wyvem Typesetting Lid, Brstol Printed in China iustrated by Belinda EvansIntroduction Grammar Spectrum 3is for intermediate students of English. It explains and practises the grammar that intermediate students need to learn. It can be used for self-study, for homework, and in class. This book is part of the Grammar Spectrum series of books; students can use the whole series to progress from an elementary to an intermediate level of English. Using the book When you havea particular grammar problem, you can lookit up in the Contents at the front of the book, or in the Index at the back. You can then study the unit that deals with that problem. Or, you can work through the book from beginning to end. Each unit begins with an explanation of the grammar point, and then it has a number of exercises for students to practise the grammar they have read about, Students can write their answers in the book, or on a separate piece of paper. When you have finished the exercises, you can check your answers in the answer key at the back of the book (page 102). Grammar and spelling tables at the back of this book (pages 94-97) give information on plural and uncountable nouns, Present Simple forms, - forms, past participles, etc. Finishing the book ‘When you have finished studying the whole book, you can do the Exit tests on pages 98 to 101. In the Exit tests, every question tests something from a unit with the same number. If you make a mistake, for example in question 30, youcan look back to unit 30 and study that unit again. The answers to the Exit tests are on page 117. Enjoy your studies. PAGE 3Contents unit 1 som OMAN 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 28 29 30 Introduction Contents. ‘Verbs and tenses Present Simple (Iknow) Present Continuous (I'm eating) Present Simple (I work) or Present Continuous (P'm working) Verbs not used in continuous tenses Past Simple (I walked) Past Simple (I waited) or Past Continuous (I was waiting) Present Simple, Past Simple and used to (used to know) Present Perfect (Ihaveeaten) ' Past Simple (ate) or Present Perfect (Ihave eaten) (1) ast Simple or Present Perfect (2); ago, for, since Present Perfect Simple (Ihave done) or Present Perfect Continuous (Ihave been doing) Past Perfect (Ihad eaten) Future: will, be going to, Present Continuous and Simple Second conditional (Ifhewas...); Iwish Twas... Third conditional (If he had been...); Twish Thad been... Zero, first and second conditionals Uses of get, do, and make Phrasal verbs (look for, put on, get up) page 3 10 2 u 16 18, 20 2 4 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 ‘Modals and other verbs. Can, could, be able to, may, will, shall Probability: must, can’t, may, might, could Obligation: must, have to, mustn’t, don’t haveto Necessity: need, needn't, needn’t have Advice: should, ought to, had better Had to go, should have gone 2 44 46 48 50 52. Passive Passive sentences (1) (Itismade) Passive sentences (2) Have something done (We had it cleaned) 54 56 58 Infinitives and -ing forms Verb + -ing (I enjoy reading)or verb + to (He wants to hel Purpose: What is it for? ~ It’s for cutting cloth. Verb + object (+ to) + infinitive (asked her to wait) 62 PAGE 4unit 34 32 33 34 35 36 37 40 a1 42 43 44 Questions What... like? (What's she like?) Questions and question words (Who, What etc.) Reported speech Reported speech (She said that...); say or tell Reported requests, orders or advice Reported questions (She asked if. Articlesete, Alan, some, any or the Thereand it There or it/they ‘Adjectives and adverbs Soor such (She's so clever) adjective + preposition (angry with, afraid of) Prepositions Prepositions (in, on, at, between, across et.) Building sentences Since, for, ago; first, last Defining relative clauses with who, which, that or whose Non-defining relative clauses with who, which, or whose Because, incase, 50, so that Grammar and spelling tables TableA Plural nouns TableB_Uncountable nouns TableC Present Simple TableD ing forms TableE Regular verbs: Past Simple and past participle TableF Irregular verbs: Past Simple and past participle TableG Comparative and superlative adjectives Exit tests Answer key to practice exercises Answer key to exit tests Index Verb tenses and structures page 66 70 2 "4 76 84 86 88 90 92 94 95 95 7 98 102 7 us PAGE 51 Present Simple (Iknow) 11 The Present Simple has two forms (e.g. know, knows). We use do and does to make negatives, questions, and short answers: POSITIVE Vyoulwe/they know. He/shesit knows. NEGATIVE Vyouiwelthey don’t He/shef/it doesn’t J oe Questions Do —_Lyou/welthey }, Does he/shelit — fk0OW? SHORT ANSWERS — { Uyoulwelthey do. he/shelit does. {Jf Uyoulwelthey don’t. Non he/shelit. doesn’t. (For more information on the forms of the Present Simple, see Table C, page 95.) 2 Notealso: » plural nouns: The girlsknow. The boys don't know. » singular nouns: Sarah knows the answer, ‘Michael doesn’t know the answer, Practice > uncountable nouns (e.g. ice, water, cotton, information): Tee floats on water. (For more details on uncountable nouns, see Table B, page 94.) ‘We use the Present Simple to talk about facts: Heat rises. Does glass float on water? ~ No, it doesn't. Fiona doesn't eat meat. ‘We use the Present Simple to talk about repeated actions (e.g. habits or routines): He always gets up at 8 o'clock. Do you cycle to work? ~ Yes, Ido. ‘We use the Present Simple with expressions of frequency (e.g. twice a week, often): We watch TV two or three times a week. ‘Tom doesn't practise every day. Note that we put adverbs (e.g. never, often, usually) before the main verb (e.g. go, visit): I never go to bed after midnight. Do you often visit your grandparents? A. Write the correct Present Simple form of the verb in brackets ( ). Sometimes you do not need to change the verb. 0 Jane reads _ (read) “The Guardian’ newspaper, but I _tead__ (read) “The Independent, 1 Fred __ (cycle) to work, but his wife (go) by car. 2 Mark ____ (say) he (do) alot of fishing, but he never (catch) anything. 3 Jeff _______ (buy) his food in small shops, but Jane — (do) all her shopping at the supermarket. 4 Diana (like) Physics, Chemistry and Biology; she always (get) good marks in her science exams. 5 Susan ______ (live) in Leeds, but she (work) in Bradford. 6 1 (leave) work at 6 o'clock, but John (finish) work at 5 o'clock. 7 Mary _____ (ride) her bike to school and her father (carry) her books. 8. For breakfast, Ann (at) cereal with milk and then she ___ (have) some toast. PAGE 6B_ Make Present Simple questions and answers from the words in brackets. Sometimes no change is required. 0 (the President of the U.S.A./live/in New York? ~ No, he/do/. /He/live/in Washington.) Does the Fresident of the U.S.A. live in New York? ~ _No, he doesn’. He lves in Washington. 1 (modern trains/use/coal? ~ No, they/do/. /They/use/electricity.) 2 (the Queen/often/wear/a crown? ~ No, she/do/. /She/usually/wear/a hat.) 3 (wine/come/from oranges? ~ No, it/do/. /Ivcome/from grapes.) 4. (Sri Lanka/export/coffee? ~ No, it/do/. / Ivexportitea.) 5 (potatoes/grow/on bushes? ~ No, they/do/. / They/grow/in the ground.) C._ Now, using the words from exercise B, write negative sentences. The President of the USA doesn't vein New York. 0 poo 2 3 - a 4 5 D_ Use the words in brackets to make sentences that are true; sometimes you will need doesn’tor don’t. 0. (The sun/rise/in the East) The sun rises in the East. — 0. (The sun/rise/in the West) ‘The oun docer't rise in the West. 1 (Ice/float/on water) 2. (Lions/live/in the Arctic) 3 4 5 (Winter/come/after spring) (Austrians/speak/German) (Cotton/come/from sheep) E. Lookat these notes about different people's habits. Ruth Clark: jog—twice a week smoke—no Neil Peters: cycle every day drink beer — never ‘Mary Thomas: swim every weekend smoke ~ 15 cigarettes a day Bill Brown: play tennis— once a week smoke -no Susan West; swim—twiceaweek drink alcohol no ‘Now write sentences about these people, as in the example. 0 Ruth jogs twice a week. She doesn't moke, Nei) Mary pill Susan, PAGET.2 Present Continuous (I’m eating) 1 Wemake the Present Continuous with the present tense of be and the -ing form of a verb: a 1 “am? You/we/they arel’re + eating, Helshe/it iss / nee a ve (pairing ‘We make negatives, questions, and short tte flat at answers like this: {aly Fre momes Tim isn’t speaking to me. Qh You aren't listening. Is Mary working in the garden? ~ Yes, she is, Are the others helping her? ~ No, they aren't. (For more information on -ing forms, see Table D, page 95.) 2 Weuse the Present Continuous for actions in progress at the time of speaking: 3 Weuse the Present Continuous for an action that has started, that has not finished, and that will continue in the future, The action is not in progress atthe time of speaking, but ‘we often say at the moment: 4 Weuse the Present Continuous fora temporary action or situation that is different froma person's normal habits: A:Can [speak to Ann, please? B:No, she’s not at work. She's doing a course in Norwich this week. 5 Weuse the Present Continuous to talk about changes and [Link] use often goes with nowadays, these days etc. The earth's climate is getting warmer. These days, more and more people are going abroad for their holidays. 6 Wecan use the Present Continuous with always to say that something happens too often: Tom is always asking stupid questions. They're always phoning me at home. A. Lookat the pictures. Complete the sentences, describing the pictures, using the Present Continuous of a verb in the box. Use He/She/It/They, asin the example. 7 ~ Oget They're walking over the bridge. after a ball. apicture. ___— the baby. some fish. cover a wall. PAGE 8B_ Choose the best phrase from the box to complete these sentences, Put the verb in the Present Continuous. (sleep) in the sitting-room at the moment (do) acomputer course this week at the moment (go) to work by bus this week 0 A: Youlook tired. B: Yes, Pit not sleeping very well at the moment. 1 A:Does Tim Sharp work with you? B: Yes, but he's not here. He 2. Mybrother has borrowed my car. That's why 3. The ceiling in our bedroom fell down so we ‘C_ What do people say about our world these days? Write complete sentences. Use the Present Continuous. 0 (The air/become/more polluted every year) The air is becoming more polluted every year. —_ 1 (Fashions/change/all the time these days) 2. (More women/study/at university these days) 3. (House prices/go/up all the time nowadays) 4. (The sea/get/dirtier every year) D_ Use the words in brackets () to complete these dialogues. Use the Present Continuous. 0. A:Why don't you like Adam? B: (Because he/always/tell/stupid stories) Because he's always telling stupid etories. 1A: Why are you annoyed with Mary? B: (Because she /always/ask/me for money) 2. A:Why don't you like Pam and Paul? B: (Because they/always/argue) 3. A:Whyare you annoyed with Susan? B; (Because she/always/borrow/my CDs) 4 A:Why don’tyou like Tom? B: (Because he /always/ phone/me late at night) PAGE3 Present Simple (I work) or Present Continuous (?’'m working) ‘Compare the Present Simple and the Present Continuous: Present Simple Present Continuous 41 [ We use the Present Simple for things that are true at any time. We use it for a general truth, ora fact: Things fall to the ground because of gravity. Ann doesn't play the violin very well, but she plays the piano beautifully. 2 | We use the Present Simple when we talk about a permanent situation, or an activity that is repeated again and again. We think that it will continue for an unlimited time: What does Fred do? ~ Fred's a journalist; he writes fora geographical magazine. Iwork for a company that makes computers. Wesell them all over the world. Mary usually studies inthe library. Istay with friends when Igo on business trips to Japan. T We use the Present Continuous to say that an } action is in progress now, at the time we ! speak: Look! The leaves are falling from the trees. Listen! Ann’s playing the piano; she’s playing | ‘something by Beethoven. ‘We use the Present Continuous to describe a current activity or situation that is unusual or temporary. We know it will continue fora limited period of time from now: Fred is writing four articles about Africa. He did two yesterday. He'll do the rest tomorrow. Idon’t usually work at the weekends, but P'm working on Saturdays at the moment. Mary's studying at home. The library is shut, Sue and Martin are staying in a friend's flat until they find a flat of their own. 3 | Weuse the Present Simple with words like always, usually, often etc. when we talk about how often we do something: ‘Mary sometimes studies at home, but she usually works in the library. T We can use the Present Continuous with { always to say that something happens too often: Tom is always asking stupid questions, They're always complaining. A. Lookat this table. Name Home Job ‘Current project Projectlocation Mike Glasgow engineer bridgedesign Aberdeen Sally London conference organiser congress Dublin Philip Leeds salesman trade fair Birmingham Jenny Brighton accountant head office London Use these verbs in the Present Simple or the Present Continuous: live, work, stay. 0 Mike lives in Glasgow and he works _as an engineer. 0 Atthe moment Mike is staying in Aberdeen because he_is working __ on abridge design there. sally in London where she asa conference organiser. 2 Atthe moment Philip fair there. in Birmingham because he atatrade PAGE 103. Atthe moment Sally ___ in Dublin becauseshe ___atacongress there. 4 Jenny in Brighton where she asan accountant, 5 Philip - in Leeds wherehe ____ asa salesman. 6 Atthemoment Jenny ____ in London because she ___at head office. Use the words in brackets () to complete the dialogues. Use the Present Continuous or the Present Simple. 0 (The sun/rise/in the east.) 0 (Look! The sun/come/up.) ‘The sun rises in the east. Look! The sun is coming up. 1 Ann: Is the swimming pool open today? Jane: ‘Ann: Jane: 2. Sam: Chris: Chris: 3 Mary: Toe: Sam: (No, they/get/things ready for the next competition.) (Why/that machine/not/work/at the moment?) (I don't know, buta mechanic/mend/it.) (What/the machine/do/in fact?) ( itimake/boxes?) (Yes, it/make/boxes of all sizes.) (Look! The Fosters/work/in their garden.) (They/not/usually/work/on Sundays.) Let’s have a word with them, Hello, Joe. Hello, Sara. ( you/get/ready/for the winter?) (Yes, weltidy /up the leaves.) (Wefalways/try/to do it before the winter/come!.) (Sam, what/you/look/for?) (Ilook/for Jean's glasses.) (She/not/often/wear/them.) (She only/wear/them to read, so she often/lose/them.) PAGE N4 Verbs not used in continuous tenses 1 Lookat this: ‘A: What does Tom do? Bs He sings in a pop group. ‘A: What is Tom doing? B: He's singing with his band. Action verbs, like sing, are used in simple forms (e.g, he sings) and in continuous forms (e.g, he’s singing). Most verbs (e.g. sing, teach, study, talk, listen, sit, play etc.) are verbs of action, But some verbs do not describe actions. Look at this: Tom has a motorbike. t [EEA Tom tikes Mary. Non-action verbs, like have (="possess’), like, know, are not usually used in continuous tenses: Not fonishaving a motorbike. Not —Tomistiking Mary 2 Non-action verbs include: > verbs of thinking: know forget notice remember recognize understand Tknow the answer. (Not knowing theanswer) love want He likes ice-cream. (Not He's-Hking-=) » other verbs: be cost fit hear include mean need own matter prefer smell sound These shoes cost £55. (Not =are-costings=) ‘Some verbs have two meanings: one that describes an action, and one that does not: look: He's looking at the picture. (action) | He looks (= seems) tired. (not an action) John is tasting the soup. (action) The soup tastes nice, (not an action) She's feeling the material. [feel (=am) cross about the accident. What's she doing? She’s having lunch. What's wrong? I have a headache. Please be quiet. Pm thinking. I think you're right. taste: feel: have: Practice ‘Complete this text about a party. Put in the right words from the box in the right form, Present Simple (Feat) or Present Continuous (I’m eating). Use each verb once. listen like sit tale want drink play understand think Everybody is talking __very loudly. Tom ‘to the music. “Who *__ because he? Judy asks him, ‘It’s Bric Clapton. I+ 15 3___ the music, but don'ts says. At the end of the song, Judy says, Are you thirsty, Tom? 2 drink?’ Yes, a glass of orange juice, please? says Tom, ‘Inever * near the CD player the guitar?” he’s fantastic} says Tom. the words very well? Judy you a beer or wine? PAGE 2B_ Putin the words in the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. Sometimes you do not need to change the verb in brackets. 0 [don't understand __ (not/understand) that sign over there. What does it mean __(it /mean)? 1 Paula and Jackare in the sitting-room. They _______ (listen) to the news, and Paula ___ (look) ata magazine as well. 2. Thestudents __ (count) the books in the library today, because we (not/ know) how many we have. 3 Tim (like) his new shoes; they ___ (fit) him perfectly. 4 June: Look! That woman —___(sit) inyour chair. Barry: It (not/matter). Ian sit over there. 5 This computers very expensive. It_____ (cost) more than £3000, but the price (include) tax. C_ Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. Sometimes you do not need to change the verb. 0 Alan: (You/wear/your overcoat./you/go/out?) ‘You're wearing your overcoat. Are you going out? Jane: (Yes,/I/go/the shops. I/need/some more paint.) ‘Yes, Im going to the shops. | need some more paint. 1 Adam: (you/recognize/the woman in this photo?) Susan: (you/mean/ the woman who/look/straight at the camera?) 2. Mark: (Hello, David. Why/you/stand/here?/you/wait/for me?) David: (Yes, I/want/to speak to you.) 3. James: (Listen to the engine. /you/think/itis all right?) Fiona: (It/sound/all right, but it/smell/of oil.) D_ Complete each sentence using the words in the box. tastes istasting feels isfeeling has —ishaving thinks is thinking © A customer _i¢ feeling _ some curtain material. 1. She's smiling because she _ abouther boyfriend. 2. Johnis very rich, He ___ ahouse, a flat, and two cars. 3 Thecook__ the soup now. 4 Thismaterial _ very soft. 5. Thiscake ___ delicious. 6 Sue ___ breakfast at the moment. 7 Pamela____ English is an easy language to learn. PAGE 13,5 Past Simple (walked) 1 We form the Past Simple like this: | Posrrive Iyou/he/she/it/welthey walked. NEGATIVE Iyou/he/shelit/welthey didn’t walk. Questions Did yow/he/she/it/we/they walk? SHORT ANSWERS Yes, Wyoushe/she/it/welthey did. No, Iyoushe/she/it/welthey didn’t. (For information on how to form Past Simple verbs, see Tables E and F on page 96.) 2 Weuse the Past Simple for single complete events in past time. We often use it with time expressions ike at 4 o'clock, yesterday, when, in 1993 etc: ‘A: When did you win the cup? B: We wont the cup in 1993. We went [Link] yesterday. 3 Weuse the Past Simple for complete events, even when they continued for along time: ‘A: How long did the First World War last? B: Itlasted for about 5 years, I think, ‘My parents lived in Japan for three years. ‘Then they went to live in Australia, 4 Wealso use the Past Simple to talk about repeated events, or habits in the past: When George was young, he always walked to school. 5 Weuse the Past Simple to tell a story in past time: We left home early on Saturday morning and drove, without stopping, to the Scottish border. It took about 6 hours to get there. After we crossed the border, we stopped in a litle village, and had something to eat... Practice 0 (When/Kennedy/die?) When did Kennedy die? 1 (What/Marie Curie/discover/in 18982) (Where/Michelangelo/live?) Use the words in brackets () to make a question and an answer. Use the Past Simple. ~ (Helin 1963) ~ _He died in 1963. ~ (She /radium) ~ (He /in Florence) 3. (When/Margaret Thatcher/become/Prime Minister?) ~ (She/Prime Minister in 1979) 4 (What/Alexander Bell/invent?) (How many books/Agatha Christie/write?) ~ (He /the telephone) Q (She /over a hundred books) 6 (When/Greta Garbo/move/to the United States.) ~ (She /there in 1925) PAGE 14B_ Imeach case the two facts were true many years ago. Write a sentence to describe the past situation, asin the example. 0 (It is 1984.) Sally is at school. She plays in a football team. When _Sally was at school, she played in afootball team 1 (Itis 1987.) Bob’s sister is at university. She writes a lot of poetry. When oo 2 (tis 1990.) Fredis in the army. He goes to many different countries. When 3 (It is 1992.) Jane and Michael are at school. They don’t do much homework. When 4 (Itis 1985.) Annaisa teenager. She wears very long skirts. When C. Put the right form of the best verb from the box in each sentence. Use each verb once. Then write the sentences in the correct order so they tell a story. be believe decide eat enjoy get talk go last eave. “make see take tell After _left___school, took _ajob on the railways. We ___ bytrain, of course. In particular, we ____ some mushrooms that ____ as bigas plates. We _____ everyone about the size of the mushrooms when we — back home. But nobody —___us. Ofcourse, we _____all the famous buildings in Rome. They were fascinating. We _ to go together to Rome. I friends with a man called Harry. But most ofall, we - the delicious Italian food. Sometimes, we ___ about our ideas fora holiday. The journey __ over 24 hours. 0 _After [left echool, | took a job on the railways, _ 1 —_ 2 3 — 4 5A —_ 6 7 — 8 om — 10 PAGE IS,6 Past Simple (I waited) or Past Continuous (I was waiting) ‘Compare the Past Simple and the Past Continuous: Past Simple Past Continuous Tivhe/shelit was/wasn’t You/welthey were/weren’t Was Ihe/shelit\ sats {Were you/weltheys ‘kins? Uyowhelsheltiwesthey{ KE raking. Did I/you/he/she/it/welthey talk? 2 | Weuse the Past Simple to talk about a complete | We use the Past Continuous to talk about an. event in the past: { action that was in progress, when something 1 else happened: Last Saturday, Paul was playing football in the ‘park when he saw Jane. Last Saturday morning, Paul played football in the park. past Gow)! [past Paul played footbal i Paul was playing football. Here are some more examples: Here are some more examples: On Sunday made a cake. The phone rang while I was making a cake. Irrained alot on Saturday morning. Iwas raining when we left home. 3. [ Weoften use the Past Simple to talkabout one} Ina story we often use the Past Continuous to event that followed another event: say what was in progress, when something When Ann James left university, she went to} happened: ‘work fora bank. She left the bank after five} Thesun was shining. People were sitting ‘years, and wrote a book which... under the trees or walking around the park. Suddenly a car drove into the park... Prai A. Use the Past Simple and the Past Continuous to make sentences from the words in brackets. 0 (The police/arrive/while/I/have/breakfast } ‘The police arrived while | was having breakfast. 1 (The storm/start/while/they/drive/home ) 2. (Wisee/an accident/while /I/wait/for the bus ) 3. (Mary/go/to several concerts/while/she/stay/in London ) 0 (Ihave/breakfast/when/the police/arrive ) was having breakfast when the police arrived. 4 (My father/cook/the dinner /when Jhe/burn/his fingers ) 5. (The soldiers/prepare/to leave/when/the bomb/explode ) PAGE 16B_ Complete these texts using the Past Simple or the Past Continuous of the verbs in brackets. 0 Beethoven wrote __ (write) nine symphonies; he _wa6 writing (write) another symphony when he died, 1 Last Saturday Tom wanted to make two salads, He — (make) the first one in five minutes. He __ (make) the second one when his guests (arrive), and they — (help) him to finish it. 2. Theartist Gaudi ___ (design) several houses in Barcelona, Spain. Later he (start) work on a church. He _ (work) on the church when he ___(die). 3. Lastmonth bank robber __(escape) while the police (take) him to prison, Later they _____ (catch) him again, and this time they (lock) him up without any problem. 4 Philip's football team were lucky last Saturday. After 20 minutes they ——___ (lose), but in the end they __ (win) the game by 4 goals to 2. 5 John Lennon — (sing) and __ (play) on many records with the Beatles. After that he _ (record) several songs without the Beatles. He (prepare) a new record when Mark Chapman _____ (shoot) him. 6 Theevening was getting darker; the street lights ____ (come) on. People (hurry) home after work. I (stand) ina queue at the bus stop. Suddenly somebody _____ (grab) my bag. CC. Apolicewoman is interviewing Mary Croft about last Friday evening. Look at the pictures and complete the conversation. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous of the words in brackets. Policewoman: What time ° did youget_ (you/get) home from work? ‘Mary: Atabout 6 o'clock. Policewoman: And what!___ (you /do) after you got home? Mary: Iread the newspaper. Policewoman: Did anything happen while?______________(read) the paper? Mary: Yes, the phone (ring). Policewoman: . What ________ (you/do) when your husband came home? Mary: Iwas watching TV, andI3_____ (drink) acup of coffee. Policewoman: Did you and your husband stay at home? Mary: No,I¢__ (rink) my coffee. Then I put on my raincoat, and we? (go) out at seven o'clock. Policewoman: Why’ ___(you/put) your raincoat on? Mary: Because it? ______ (rain), of course. PAGE 17Present Simple, Past Simple, and used to (I used to know) ‘We can use the Present Simple to talk about present situations or habit > situations: [My sister works asa translator. Andrew lives in London. > habits: Peter usually wears jeans. Tofien eat a sandwich for lunch. Mike doesn’t smoke any more Does John drive to work every day? Look at these sentences with the Past Simple: » situation: Henry lived in France for many years » habit: When Iwas young, Iran three miles every day. ‘The verbs are in the Past Simple and the sentences are about past situations or habits. Look at these sentences with used to: Jill used to live in Ireland. ‘Many people used to make their own bread. ‘My husband used to work at home. ‘We use used to to talk about a past situation orhabit that continued for months or years, and to emphasize that the situation today is ractice different: Jill doesn’t live in Ireland now. Nowadays people usually buy bread froma shop. ‘My husband doesn’t work at home now. Compare the Past Simple and used to: » Past Simple: When he was young, he ran three miles every day. (He may or may not run 3 miles every day now.) > usedto: When Iwas young, [used to run three miles every day: I don’t do that now. (Idor’t run 3 miles everyday now.) ‘We make negative sentences and questions with did + useto: Sue didn’t use to like black coffee. Paul didn’t use to smoke a pipe. Did Alan use to cycle to school? Did your parents use to read to you? 4 Wedo not use use to for present situations or habits; we use the Present Simple: ‘Ann sings in a band. (Not Ameusestosinginaband) Joe doesn’t cycle to school. (Not =--doesn'tusetocyele-n) Use the words in brackets () to make complete sentences. Use a Past Simple ‘and a Present Simple verb in each sentence. 0 (Yesterday Ian/get/up at 7.15, but he normally/get/up at 8) 0 (Fred usually/walk/to work, but last week he/go/by car) Fred usually walks to work, but last. week he went by car. 1 (Last Sunday Mike/stay/at home, but he normally/go/fishing) 2 (Weusually/swim/in the sea, but last Sunday we/swim fin the river) 3. (Last summer, Bob/have/a short holiday, but he usually/have/a long holiday) 4 (Mrs Jones normally/sleep/for seven hours every night, but lastnight she/sleep/for nine hours) 5 (Lusually/enjoy/the food in this restaurant, but I/notilike fit yesterday) PAGE 186 (Peter/usually/do/his homework, but he /not /do /it yesterday) B_ Complete the questions. Use the Present Simple or the Past Simple. 0 Sally: My sister and I usually work on Saturdays. Tim: Did _ you work __ast Saturday as well? 0 Robin: Last Sunday Peter went to bed at 9 o'clock. Diana: Does __ he usually go ___ tobed at 9 o'clock 1 Jeff: Neil hada cold shower yesterday. Helen; ______ he usually __acold shower? 2 Kate: Bob wakes up very early almost every day. John; ___he__very early yesterday as well? 3. Mary: My cousins usually send usa card at Christmas. Jim: they ____youa card last Christmas? 4 Susan: Paula phoned me again last night. Derek: she often __ yout C_ Lookat this table of people who have changed what they eat or drink. name now ‘Ann fish Tom coffee tea Robert white bread brown bread Pam tap water bottled water Mary tinned fruit fresh fruit Susan margarine butter Now make sentences, asin the examples. 0 Ann usedtocat___ meat, butnow sheeats _fish. 0 Tom _drinkotea _ now, but _heused todrink __ coffee. 1 Robert__ white bread, but now brown bread. 2 Pam ___ tap water, butnow ____ bottled water. 3. Mary _______ fresh fruit now, but____ tinned fruit. 4 Susan ___. butternow, but___ margarine. ‘Now complete these questions. 0 Did Ann use toeat__ meat? ~ _Yesshe did, but now she eats fish. 5 ____white bread? ~ _Yeshe did, but now he eats brown bread. 6 —____tinmed fruit? ~ Yes she did, but now she eats fresh fruit. 7 tap water? ~ Yes she did, but now she drinks bottled water. Now complete these sentences. 0 Ann _didn'tusetoeat fish, but she does now. 0 Tom drinks tea now, but he —didn'=use to drink _ it, 8 Susan __ butter, but she does now. 9 Mary eats fresh fruit now, but she it, 10. Pam drinks bottled water now, but she it. PAGE 198 Present Perfect (Ihave eaten) 1 We make the Present Perfect with have or has and a past participle (e.g. walked, taken): /youlwelthey — ha He/shesit has? j started. ‘We make negatives, questions, and short answers with have or has: You haven't started. Diana hasn't started. Have you started? ~ Yes, [have. Has Diana started? ~ No, she hasn't 2 With regular verbs, we add -ed to form the past participle (e.g. walked, started). But there are many verbs with irregular past participles (e.g. taken, chosen, sold, slept). For more details on past participle forms, see ‘Tables E and F on page %. 3 Weuse the Present Perfect to talk about events in past time, but not about when they happened: Somebody has taken my bag. (Not Somebody-has taken it yesterday.) Thave read her latest novel. ‘We use the Present Perfect in this way when the past event is relevant now: Somebody has taken my bag. I can’t find it. ve been to the dentist. My tooth doesn’t hurt now. Practice 4 Weuse the Present Perfect to talk about situations or actions during a period that started in the past, and has continued up to the present (c.g, today, this month, this year, for three weeks, since last year) We've lived here for six years. (= from six years ago until now) Pve worked at CGE since 1992. (= from 1992 until now) Jane has phoned me three times this week. Wehaven't saved much money this year. Have you seen Neil (today)? 5 Wecan use the Present Perfect with ever, never, already, and yet, ike tis: Have you ever been inside a submarine? I’ve never eaten horse meat. Chris has already sent her a present. They haven’ finished their game yet. Note that we put ever, never and already before the past participle, and yet at the end of the sentence. A. Use the words in brackets () to make questions and answers with the Present Perfect. 0 (havelyou/eat/anything?) Have you eaten anything? 1 (have/Tom/buy/anything?) (have/Jane/give/him any money?) (havelyou/break/anything?) 4 (have/Pam/choose/a present?) (have/they/bring/any food?) ~ (Nes, Vhaveleat/a lot.) ~ Yes, ve eaten alot. ~ (Nes, he/have/buy/a new suit.) ~ (Nes, she/have/give/him £10.) ~ (Yes, I/have/break/a plate.) ~ (Yes, she/have/choose/this novel.) ~ (Yes, they/have/bring/some sandwiches.) PAGE 20B_ Say what has happened in each situation. Use the words in brackets and the Present Perfect. 0 Your bike is not where you leftit. (somebody/take/my bike) _Somebody has taken my bike — 1. The garage door was closed now it is open. (somebody/open/the garage door) 2. Thereare no biscuits in the cupboard. (somebody/eat/all the biscuits) 3. The kitchen window was all right; now it is smashed. (somebody/break/the kitchen window) 4 Mary's watch isnot where she leftit. (somebody/steal/Mary’s watch) ee 5 Your orange juice was inthe fridge; i isn't there now. (somebody/drink/my orange juice) 6 Your shoes are not where you left them. (somebody/take/my shoes) CC _Aninventor wants to advertise a new product. This week, he must send outa letter and organize a newspaper advertisement. He has made a list of jobs, and he has ticked (/) the things he has already done. 0. prepare the circularletter / 2 put the copies in the envelopes 0 buy thestamps 3 write the text of the advertisement 7 1 make copies ofthe letter 7 4 send the advertisement to the paper Write positive sentences with already, and negative sentences with yet. He has already prepared the circular lebter. He hasn't bought the stamps yet. 0 0 1 2 3 4 D_ Make complete questions and answers from the words in brackets. 0 (have/you/see/Kate this week? ~ No, I/have/not/see/her since last month) Have you seen Kate this week? ~ _No, haven't eeen her since last month, 1 (have/Sue/win/any tennis competitions this year? ~ Yes, she/have/ win/three this year) 2. (have/you/shave/today? t No, Ihhave/not/shave/since yesterday) t 3. (have/you/sell/many TVs this month? Yes, we/have/sell/23 this month) 4 (have/you/play/tennis this week? No, I/have/not/play/for a month) PAGE 219 Past Simple (I ate) or Present Perfect (Ihave eaten)(1) 41 Wecan use the Past Simple, but not the Present Perfect, to ask questions with What time?, When? etc, and to make statements about when things happened (e.g. at 5 o'clock, in 1977): ‘A: What time did the plane land? (Not Whartinehasthe plane landed?) B: Itlanded at 5 o'clock. (Not Ithas landed -at o'clock: ) Past Gees A: When did Elvis Presley die? (Not Wher has he died?) B: He died in 1977. (Not Hehas died in-1977,) | 2 Wealso use the Past Simple if other expressions set the event in past time: When Iwas in the army, Thad a terrible time. (Not Frehad--) Twas almost back home when the storm started. 3 Wedescribea past action or event with the Present Perfect to show that itis relevant now. ‘The time of the action is not important. ‘Ann has broken her arm. (= Itisnow broken.) Bill has made the salad. ‘The salad is now made.) ‘The Past Simple does not imply anything about the situation now: James broke his arm last year. Kate broke her arm yesterday. From this information we expect, of course, that James's arm is ll right now, but that Kate's arm is till broken. 4 Weintroduce an event with the Present Perfect, but we continue to talk about it with the Past Simple: ‘A: Ann’s broken her arm. B: How did she break it? A: She fll onto some rocks 5 Foravery recent event we can use the Present Perfect with just or the Past Simple with ago: John has just gone out. John went outa few minutes ago. Note that we use just before the past participle (e.g, gone). Practice A. Complete the sentences with the correct form ofa verb from the box. the Wind’ in 1962. diego write marry paint win 0 Bob Dylan wrote _ ‘Blowin’ 1 Mark Spitz _____ seven Olympic gold medals in 1972. 2. Pablo Picasso ____ ‘Guernica’ in 1937. 3. Marlene Dietrich, to Hollywood in 1930. 4 Louis Armstrong in 1971. 5 Diana ___ Prince Charles in 1981. B_ Use the words in brackets ( ) to complete the sentences. 0 When Iwas at school, (Iinotilike/history) 0 1 (Wmeet/Brian) —___ 2. (I/befin the garden) 3. When Sam was young, (she/love/swimming) | dide’t like history. (My mother/be/at work) _My mother was at work when the explosion happened. when we were in the army. when you phoned. PAGE 224 (I/buy/these shoes) _____________ when I was paid last week. 5 When Neil was sixteen, (he/have/very long hair) 6 When he saw her, (he/smile) Ifthe first sentence is true, do we know that the second sentence is true? Write Yes or Don’t know. 0 John grewa beard. John has a beard now. Don't know. 0 Bobhasgrownamoustache. Bobhasamoustachenow, Yes. 1 Ruth went to Italy. Ruth is in Italy now. 2 Sarah has opened thedoor. The door is now open. 3 lanhas gone abroad. Tan is abroad now. 4 Billopenedthe windows. The windowsare open now. Complete these dialogues using the words in brackets. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple. 0. A:Whyare you crying? B: Look. (I/cut/my hand) _ Ive cut my hand. A: (How/it/happen?) _How did it happen? 1A: Isthata telegram? B: Yes. It says that (Jane/have/a baby boy) ‘A: (When/she/have/the baby?) 2. A: Whyare you looking so cross, Jeff? B: Look. (Mary/break/my camera) ‘A: (How/she/breakfit?) 3. A: What's the problem, Jason? B: Look. (My bicycle/disappear) — A: (Where/you/leave/it?) 4. A: What's the matter with Paul? B: (He/losefhis bag.) A: (When/he/loselit?) 5. A:What’s that piece of paper? B: It’s my certificate. (I/pass/my exam) ‘A: (What mark/you/get?) Express these sentences in a different way. Use just or a few minutes ago. © Mary has just phoned. _Mary phoned a few minutes ago. Kathy came home a few minutes ago. Colin has just finished his hunch, - Michael has just had a shower. Jenny went to bed a few minutes ago. - PAGE 2310 Past Simple or Present Perfect (2); ago, for, since Compare the Past Simple and the Present Perfect: Past Simple Present Perfect 1 | Look at this example of the Past Simple: Look at this example of the Present Perfect: There were many earthquakes last century. ‘There have been many earthquakes this century. bath cm; last century i this century Note that last century isa period of past time. } Note that this century isa period of time that Ttended before now. } includes now (the time of speaking). 2 | Weuse the Past Simple to talk about events or} We use the Present Perfect for events or situations in a period of past time: tuations ina period of time that includes now: : How long did you work in your last job? ‘A: How long have you worked here? B: worked there forfour years. B: I've worked here since last summer. (still work here.) Did you go to the cinema last week? Have you been to the cinema this week? Sheila did not go to work yesterday. Sheila has not gone to work today. ‘We use the Past Simple for events in the ‘We use the Present Perfect for events in the lifetime of someone who is dead: lifetime of aliving person: ‘A: Did your grandmother ever visit Canada? } A: Have you ever visited Canada? B: Yes, she spent several holidays there. es, Pve had several holidays there. 8 Notice how a sentence with the Past Simple and one with the Present Perfect can give similar information from different points of view. Notice the use of ago, for and since: Pam went to live in Dublin 5 years ago. am has lived in Dublin for five years. ar has lived in Dublin since her wedding. { (or... since she got married.) (For more details about ago, for and sinee, see unit 41.) Practice A. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Present Perfect of the verb in brackets, 0 (be) There were __alotofaccidents last year, and there have been! a Jot this year, too. 0 (see) I have ______ not seen __ Jane today, but | aw __ her yesterday. 1 (win) Our team is very good. We two competitions last year, and we two this year as well. 2 (make) The factory more than 1,000 motorbikes this year; it ___ not __ so many last year. 3 (be) I'm worried about Mary. She illlast week, and she _ ill most of this week as well. 4 (work) Joe not hard last month, but he hard this month, 5. (earn) 1_____alot of money this year - much more than I __last year. PAGE 246 (rain) It___ not much last year here, and it —_ much this year, either. not B_ Inthe brackets, the first year is when the person was born. Ifthere isa second year, itis when the person died. Put the verbs into the Past Simple or the Present Perfect. 0 Susan Cowley (1947—_) is anartist. She has painted ___(paint) in many different. styles and she hashad __(have) exhibitions in 14 countries. 1 Timothy Spinks (1846-1927) wasa biologist. He __ (study) the plants of ‘New Zealand, and he _______ (write) several books on biology. 2. Claire Fox (1957—_ ) is a doctor. She _______ (develop) new treatments for several diseases, and she _____ (make) several TV programmes about medicine. 3 Catherine Knight (1824-1883) was a nurse. She — ——— (work) mainly with soldiers, and she __ (spend) most of her life trying to improve their lives. 4 Steven Brock (1963 ) isa golfplayer. He _______ (win) several competitions, and he (earn) alot of money from advertising different products. C__Use the words in brackets to express the same information from a different point of view. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple. 0. Ben stopped smoking five years ago. (not/smoke/for) Ben hasr't smoked for five years. 0. Jane has lived in Bristol for two years, (move/to/ago) Jane moved to Bristol two years ago 1 Annaand John moved to London after their wedding. (livefin/since) —____ 2. Mary started working in France 6 months ago. (work/for) 3. Pam stopped playing tennis when she was 15. (notiplay/since) 4 Fred hasn't eaten meat for 2 years. (stop/eating/ago) D_ Summary exercise: study units 9 and 10, before you do this exercise. Use the words in brackets, and put them in the gaps in the Past Simple or the Present Perfect, Policeman: Mr. Leach, how many times © have you been. _ (you/be) in prison? Jim Leach: Twice. Policeman: When !_ (you/finish) your last prison sentence? Jim Leach: | 12_______ (come) out of prison about 6 months ago. Policeman: How long*______ (youve) in this town? Jim Leach: About 7 years. 14 (move) here when I got married. Policeman: So you? (be) married for seven years. Jim Leach: No, my wife¢ __ (leave) me two years ago, Policeman: 7___(you/see) her since she left you? Jim Leach: No, she* __ (phone) mea few days ago. 12 (meet) her once about a year ago, but 1@____ (not/see) her since then. PAGE 25ah} Present Perfect Simple (Ihave done) or Present Perfect Continuous (Ihave been doing) Compare the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous: Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous 1 [Tiyou/we/they have've | FTiyou/welthey have/'ve | i Helshelit. —has?’s-S°*"™ { He/she/it has/’s_sbeeneating. 2 | We use the Present Perfect Simple (have painted) to talk about a past activity that is now completed: We've painted the rooms. (= The rooms are now painted.) Anna’s mended her bike. (= She can ride it now.) 3. | Weuse the Present Perfect Simple to ask and answer How many?, How much?: ‘A: How many rooms have you painted? ‘We use the Present Perfect Continuous (have { been painting) to emphasize the activity itself, { which may or may not be completed: ‘We've been painting the flat. That's why it smells. We till have three rooms to paint. Anna’s hands are dirty because she’s been mending her bike. ¥ We usually use the Present Perfect Continuous ro ask How long?, and with since and for: ‘A: How long have you been waiting? Have you been queuing for along time? B: I've been waiting since 2 o'clock. B: We've painted three of them. 4 Note that we usually use the Present Perfect Simple (not the Continuous): > to talk about short actions with have, stop, break, etc: Tony has had an accident on his bike. > with verbs of thinking (e.g. know, decide, forget, notice): Pinsorry. Pve forgotten your name. > to talk about the last time that something happened: Thaven't eaten meat for two years. (= last ate meat two years ago.) Note that we can use the Present Perfect Simple or the Continuous with work, teach, and live, with no difference in meaning: Thave taught here fortwo years. or Thave been teaching here for two years. ractice A. Write out the sentences in brackets ( ). Use the Present Perfect Simple (eg. Ihave done). 0 He's late again. (How many times/he/arrive/late this month?) _How mary times has he arrived late thie month? 1 Whata good week! (We/sell/much more than we expected.) 2 (How much money/you/spend/this week?) 3. (How many people/Jane/invite/to her party?) PAGE 26‘Now use the Present Perfect Continuous (Ihave been doing). 4. Iesstill raining. (Itrain/for hours.) 5. That noise is awful. (They/drill/holes in the wall all morning.) 6 Areyou still here? (How long/you/sit/here?) Five friends have just finished some jobs. Look at the table. sweep the floors he is sweating Rachel cut the grass sheis tired Paul _dothe washing-up he has soft hands Carol _peeltheonions she has red eyes defrost the fridge he has cold hands Complete the dialogues from this information. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous. Neil, why are you sweating? ~ Because I _have been sweeping the floors. Isthelawn finished? ~ Yes, Rachel hae cut-the grag. Paul, why are your hands so soft? ~ Because T —— ‘Are the onions ready for the pan? ~ Yes, Carol _______ them. Rachel, you look tired. ~ Yes, 1 Tim, your hands are very cold. ~ Yes} ‘Are the floors clean? ~ Yes, Neil them, Why are your eyes red, Carol? ~ Because I — ‘Are the plates clean? ~ Yes, Paul Isthe fridge allright now? ~ Yes, Tim — - Put the verbs n brackets into the gaps in the right form. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous. 0 Ellen: Whereare you and your family going to live? Jan: Well, we've been talking _(talk) about that for weeks, but we haven't decided __ (decide) anything yet. 1 Tina: Excuse me. Have you_____(stand) in this queue fora Jong time? Larry: Yes, Pye —____ (queue) for almost an hour. 2 Sara: Whyare you crying? Joe: Because my brother has — (have) an accident. He's (break) both his legs. 3 Susan: Excuse me. Whose is this bag? Who has___(leave) it here? Wally: Idon’t know. I've __ sit) here all afternoon, but 1 haven't__ (notice) it until now. PAGE 2712 Past Perfect (Ihad eaten) ‘We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle ofa verb (e.g, started, taken): Vyou/he/she/it/we/they had?'d started. Thad taken it. or Td taken it They had not started, or They hadn't started, Study this: ‘Ayear ago: Jenny is fying to Rome. She thinks, ‘Ihave never been on a plane before now! Now: Jenny flew to Rome last year. She had never been on a plane before that. ‘When we talk about an event or situation in past time we use the Past Simple (e.g. flew); if we talk about an event before that time, we use the Past Perfect (e.g, had been). Here is another example: Last Saturday at the cinema: Mary: We don’t need to queue because I've already bought the tickets, Now: Mary: We didn't need to queue because I had already bought the tickets. ‘Note that we can use never and already before the past participle (e.g, been, bought). 3 Ifwe talk about a series of past events in order, we use the Past Simple: A Isaw a beautiful bird in my garden. BI ‘went to get my camera. C The bird flew away. D Ireturned with my camera, past Ase Bis Gis) We need the Past Perfect to make it clear that one of the events is not in order: D [returned with my camera, C The bird had already flown away. (The bird had gone before I returned.) Also, compare these sentences using when: Past Perfect: When I returned with my camera, the bird had flown away. (The bird went before I returned.) Past Simple: When I returned with my camera, the bird flew away. (The bird went after I returned.) ‘4. The Past Perfect is used in reported speech: “Thave suffered from asthma for many years? ‘She told the doctor that she had suffered from ‘asthma for many years. (For more on reported speech, see unit 33.) Practice Write sentences about what these people had already done or had never done before. Use the Past Perfect, and already or never. © Last summer Mary won a gold medal forthe third time. —She had already won two gold medals before that. 0 Last year Ken visited Scotland for the first time, He had never visited Scotland before that, 1 Last weekend Tom rode a horse for the first time. He fore that 2. Last summer Jeffran in a marathon for the sixth time. He — before that. 3. Last week Susan wrote a poem for the first time, She before that. 4 Last week Ann appeared on TV for the first time. She —__________ before that. PAGE 285 Lastsummer Tony played tennis at Wimbledon for the fifth time. He before that. 6 Lastyear Jean wrote her third novel. She before that. B _Imeach case you have two events in the order they took place. Write the information in one sentence using the words in brackets. 0 A The driver started the car. B Lady James appeared. (When Lady James/appear/, the driver/already/start/the car) When Lady James appeared, the driver had already started the car. 1 AWeput the fireout. B The firemen arrived. (When the firemen/artive, we/already/put/the fire out) 2 AJim finished the work. B. The manager came back, (When the manager/come/back, Jim/already/finish/the work) 3 Alwenttobed. B Philip telephoned. (When Philip/telephone/, Valready/go/to bed) 4 A Alice and Jack had lunch, B Their children came home. (When their children/come/home, Alice and Jack/already/have/lunch) 5 Alan prepared the supper. B_ His wife got home from work. (When his wife/get/home from work, lan/already/prepare/the supper) 6 A The thieves spent the money. B The police caught them. (The thieves/already/spend/the money, when the police/catch/them) CC. Usethe Past Perfect to complete the sentences. 0 Last summer Pam said, ‘'ve always wanted to fly in a helicopter? Pam said that she _had always wanted to fy in ahelicopter 1 Fred said, ‘Jack has just gone out? Fred told us that Jack - 2. Robert said to Jill, “Have you been to Cambridge?” Robert asked Jill ifshe 3 When the boys came home, Mrs Brock said, ’'ve made some sandwiches? Mrs Brock told the boys that she 4 ‘Tknow your cousin, said Tom. ‘I met her in Amsterdam? ‘Tom said he knew my cousin because he —__ a 5 Bob was talking to Jean, and he said, ‘Have you ever been to Japan?” Bob asked Jean ifshe — PAGE 29Future: will, be going to, Present Continuous and Simple ‘We can talk about future time with different Now compare: verb forms, for example: Carol: John needs some help. > will: ll come with you. Helen: Iknow. I’m going to help him. > begoingto: He’s going to come with us. (Here Helen had decided before Carol > Present C Lous: We're coming spoke.) tomorrow. 4 Lookat these examples: When we talk about events in the future that | If it rains, they'll stay (or they’re going to ‘we expect to happen but that are not in our stay) at home, control, we can use will or be going to: ‘We'll have (or we're going to have ) lunch Ann will be (or is going to be ) 12 next after the programme finishes. week Whena sentence has two parts that refer to Wewon't see (or aren't going to see ) those the future, we use the Present Simple after if, birds again until next spring. when, before, after, as soonas and until, and Will they finish (or Are they going to in the other part of the sentence we use will finish) the building soon? or be going to: simpLe will When we talk about events inthe future that c. + PEESENT + hegoingto are in our control (i.e. we can decide what will happen), we use will differently from be After it finishes, we'll have lunch, going to. We use will at the time we decide : what to do; we use be going to after we have 5 We use the Present Continuous to talk about decided what to do. Look at these examples: a future arrangement that we have made with. John: Can somebody help me, please? someone else: Helen: Yes, Pl help you. ‘A: Gan you come and see us this evening? (Here Brenda decided after John asked.) B: I can’t. I’m playing squash with Sam. Peter can’t come to the cinema with us tonight because he’s meeting Jane for dinner. Practice Look at this table and then use willand these verbs: beat, draw with, lose t ‘Bob Foster’s forecast for next Saturday's big football matches: Arsenal 1, Liverpool 1 Leeds 2, Everton! Chelsea 1, Luton 2 Ipswich 3, Millwall 3. Brighton 2, Oxford 1 Portsmouth 0, Preston 2 Bob Foster thinks that: — 0 Arsenal _wil draw with _ Liverpool. 3. Ipswich _____ Millwall. 1 Leeds ____ Everton. 4 Brighton Oxford. 2 Chelsea ___ Luton. 5. Portsmouth ____ Preston. Ineach situation, think about when the person decides to do something, Then complete the sentences using will or be going to and one of the phrases from the box. take it to the carwash get you an aspirin seeher | gotothehairdresser’s haveashower -make some tea 0 Mary: Philip, I'm very thirsty. Philip: 1am too. I going to make some tea. I've already put the kettle on to boil. PAGE 30,0 Sally: What's the matter, Paul? Paul: I've gota headache. Sally: Oh, Iiigetyouan aspirin 1 Jack: Isyour toothache better? Jill No, but P've phoned the dentist. 1___ at 10.30. 2. Jane: Doyou think my hair isall right? Sam: No, I'm sorry, I don't. think it needs a cut. Jane: O.K.I____thisafternoon. 3. Ann: Where's Tom? Mike: He's just gone into the bathroom. He 4 John: Where have you been with the car? Its very dirty. Rose: Isit? OkayJ— Use the words in brackets to write sentences using willand the Present Simple. 0 (Tom/help /us/when/he/come/home) om willhelp us when he comes home, 1 (I/buy/the tickets/before/I/go/to work) 2. (As soon as/Henry/arrive/, we/have/something to eat) 3. (The play/start/after/the music/stop) 4. (He/not/stop/until /he/finishithe job) 5. (When John/get/here, we/go/to the beach) Lookat Ann's diary for the evenings of next week. Monday 8 pm. play squash with Mary Tuesday write some letters Wednesday 7 pm. have eupper with Jilland Kate Thursday tidy my room Friday wash my air Saturday G [Link] Tim at the airport If Ann has an arrangement with someone else, use the Present Continuous, but if she does not, use be going to. 0 Ann can’t ee Fred on Monday because she _Is playing squash with Mary. She doesn’t want to go out on Tuesday because she going to write some letters, _ She won't be at home on Wednesday because she On Thursday Ann She can't go out on Friday because she ‘Ann wants Saturday to come quickly because at 6 p.m. she PAGE 3114 second conditional (Ifhe was. 41 Lookat this sentence: If Charlie Chaplin was alive today, he would be over 100 years old. Ofcourse, Chaplin isnt alive today. The sentence imagines something that is not true. The verb after if is Past Simple, but it refers to the present. This structure is called the Second Conditional: T+ Past simPLe + would (ord) Ifhe worked harder, The would do better. ‘Another example is someone who doesn’t have enough money to buy a new car and. Ld buy a new car if Thad enough money. Note that we do not use a comma (,) before if. 2 [Link] the same type of sentence to talk about the future: Ift+past simpie + would (or’d) IfLwona lot of money, Pd buy a big house. This sentence describes an unlikely future is unlikely that Iwill win alot of. ; [wish I was 3 Wecan use wish to say that we want something to be different from how itis now. Note that the verb after wish is past (e.g. could, was, had): Iwish (that) Chaplin was still alive. ‘Mary wishes she had enough money fora new dress. Iwish Iwas very rich. 4 After if and after wish, we sometimes use. Whe/she/it with were: If he were (or was) alive today,... Iwish Charlie Chaplin were (or was) still alive. Notice also the expression if were you, ‘when you give someone advice: If were you, I'd go tothe police. (Not If Fwas yous) A. Complete these sentences. If Sally lived in Brighton, _she would be Fred would read more if he didn't work Susan wouldn't go to work by car if Alan wouldn't be fat if IfPeter didn’t live in a flat, Pam would definitely learn French if. IfMark wanted to be healthy, aAununeos If Elizabeth didn't have to work in the evenings, (shefbe) near her parents. (he/not/work) so hard. (shelgo) to concerts (she/live) near a train station. (he/not/eat) so much. (hefhave) a dog. (she/get) job in France. (he/not/smoke). PAGE 32B_Inthenext few years: Itis unlikely that astronauts will visit Mars. isunli guns. Itis unlikely that doctors will find a cure for cancer. Itis unlikely that they will discover oil in Ireland. Itis unlikely that young people will stop buying pop record Now use the predictions in the box to complete these sentences. 0. If governments stopped buying gus _, the world would be safer. 1 if , the Irish would be very happy. 2 f__ this terrible disease would disappear. 3 f§___ ________, the popular music industry would disappear. 4 f__, we would learn alot about the planet. CC Amanager tells people why they can’t have a job. Write their thoughts with I wish. 0. You don’thave a driving licence, so you can't have the job. Iwish _Ihad a driving licence. — 0. Youcan’thave the job because you can't type. Iwish _l could type. 1 Youcan’thave the job because you don’t have good eyesight. Twish - 2 Youcan’t speak German, so you can't have the job. Twish — 3. Youdon’thave a degree, so you can't have the job. wish 4 You can'thave the job because you are not 18. Iwish D_ Imagine how life nowadays could be better. Complete the sentences using the words in brackets, and any other words you need. 0 People don’t do enough exercise, so there is a lot of heart disease. (more, less) If people —did more exercise __, there _would be less heart disease 1 There are too many cars. The city is very polluted. (fewer) I wish there ___, then the city wouldn't be very polluted. 2. People drive too fast, so there are alot of accidents. (more slowly) Iwish people __, then there would be fewer accidents. 3. People watch too much TV, so they don’t have much time for reading. (more) If people watched less TY, they - - 4 Children have bad teeth because they eat too many sweets. (fewer) Children would have better teeth if they —__ 5. Not enough people travel by bus, so the roads are crowded. (more) Iwish _, then the roads would be less crowded. 6 People haven't got enough time to cook, so they eat alot of ‘fast food” (more, less) Ifpeople _____, they PAGE 33