CHEMISTRY
13.1 What is meant by the rate of a chemical reaction? What are the units of the rate of a reaction?
13.2 Distinguish between average rate and instantaneous rate. Which of the two rates gives us an unambiguous measurement of reaction rate? Why?
13.5 Write the reaction rate expressions for the following reactions in terms of the disappearance of the reactants and the appearance of products:
13.7 Consider the reaction
13.9 Explain what is meant by the rate law of a reaction?
13.10 What are the units for the rate constants of zeroorder, fi rst-order, and second-order reactions?
13.11 Consider the zero-order reaction: A product. (a) Write the rate law for the reaction. (b) What are the units for the rate constant? (c) Plot the rate of the reaction versus [A].
13.15 Consider the reaction
From the following data obtained at a certain temperature, determine the order of the reaction and calculate the rate constant:
13.17 Determine the overall orders of the reactions to which the following rate laws apply: (a) rate
13.66 List four factors that influence the rate of a reaction.?
14.1 Define equilibrium. Give two examples of a dynamic equilibrium.
14.6 What do the symbols Kc and KP represent?
14.8 Write equilibrium constant expressions for Kc, and for KP, if applicable, for the following processes:
14.10 Write the equation relating Kc to Kp, and define all the terms.
14.14 The following diagrams represent the equilibrium state for three different reactions of the type
14.17 What is KP at 1273°C for the reaction?
14.25 Consider the following reaction at 1600°C.
14.28 A 2.50-mole quantity of NOCl was initially in a 1.50-L reaction chamber at 400°C. After equilibrium was established, it was found that 28.0 percent of the NOCl
had dissociated:
14.33 Based on rate constant considerations, explain why the equilibrium constant depends on temperature.
14.49 Explain Le Châtelier’s principle. How can this principle help us maximize the yields of reactions?
15.1 Define Brønsted acids and bases. Give an example of a conjugate pair in an acid-base reaction.
15.3 Classify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid or base, or both:
15.12 Define pH. Why do chemists normally choose to discuss the acidity of a solution in terms of pH rather than hydrogen ion concentration,
15.14 Define pOH. Write the equation relating pH and pOH.
15.16 Calculate the concentration of H1 ions in a 0.62 M NaOH solution.
15.21 Complete the following table for a solution:
15.26 A solution is made by dissolving 18.4 g of HCl in 662 mL of water. Calculate the pH of the solution. (Assume that the volume remains constant.)
15.27 Explain what is meant by the strength of an acid.
15.45 The pH of an acid solution is 6.20. Calculate the Ka for the acid. The initial acid concentration is 0.010 M.
15.98 The pH of a 0.0642 M solution of a monoprotic acid is 3.86. Is this a strong acid?
18.1 Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process. Give two examples each of spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes.
18.2 Which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous? (a) dissolving table salt (NaCl) in hot soup; (b) climbing Mt. Everest; (c)
spreading fragrance in a room by removing the cap from a perfume bottle; (d) separating helium and neon from a mixture of the gases
18.5 How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes?
18.12 Using the data in Appendix 3, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at 25°C:
( Hint: Look up the standard free energies of formation of the reactants and products in Appendix 3.)
18.18 Calculate DG° for the following reactions at 25°C:
19.1 Balance the following redox equations by the ion electron method:
19.3 Define the following terms: anode, cathode, cell voltage, electromotive force, standard reduction potential.