HIGHER SECONDARY EXAMINATION Torque = 𝑚 x 𝐵 ; Magnetic susceptibility→ 𝜒 =

Second Year March-2015 𝐻

Electromagnetic induction and alternating current
Key Notes
Magnetic flux = 𝑛𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑑∅
The Coulomb’s law,𝐹 = . Induced emf→ 𝜀 = − ;Induced e.m.f→ 𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑟2 𝑑𝑡
F 1 𝑞 Magnetic flux→ ∅ = 𝐿𝐼 or 𝑀𝐼
Electric field, E = ;E = . 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
q0 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 Induced 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 = 𝐿. or 𝑀.
Electric dipole moment, 𝑝 = 𝑞 × 2𝑎, where 2a→length of 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
dipole L of solenoid = 𝜇0 𝑛 𝑙𝐴
2
𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
‘E’ at the axial line of an electric dipole,𝐸 =
1 2𝑝
. 3 Induced charge =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑑
1 𝑝 M for co-axial solenoids = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙
‘E’ at the equatorial line of an electric dipole,𝐸 = . E 𝐼 1 1
4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑑 3 Erms = 0 , 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0 ; XL = ωL = 2πfℓ ; XC = =
2 2 ωL 2πf c
Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field,𝜏 =
Impedance of LCR circuits
𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜃 = 𝑝 × 𝐸 1
1 𝑞 𝑊 𝐿𝜔 −
Electric potential due to a point charge,𝑉 = . ,𝑉 = 𝑍= 𝑅2 (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 and phase angle,tan Φ = 𝐶𝜔
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟0 𝑞 𝑅
1
Potential due to an electric dipole,𝑉 =
1 𝑝 cos 𝜃 Series resonance frequency→ fr =
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 −𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 2π LC
𝜔𝑟𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
∗Equipotential surface is that surface when potential at Q-factor = =
𝑅 𝑅
any point of the surface has the same value. Energy stored in an inductor = 𝐿𝐼2
1
Application of Gauss’ Theorem:- 2
1
1 𝑞 Energy stored in a capacitor = 𝐶𝑉 2
Electric field due to a spherical shell,𝐸 = . 2 2
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 𝑅
𝜆 Power factor cos 𝜙 =
Field due to an infinite line of charge,𝐸 = 𝑍
1
2𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟
𝜍 Frequency of LC oscillators→ 𝑓 =
Field due to a plane sheet of charge (infinite),𝐸 = 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
𝑞
2𝜀 0 For any waves 𝑣 = 𝜈𝜆
Capacity of Capacitors,𝐶 = Speed of e.m wave in a medium =
1
𝑉
𝑞 𝜀0 𝐴 𝜇𝜀
Parallel plate capacitor,𝐶 = = 1
𝑉 𝑑 Speed in vaccum =
1 1 1 1 𝜇 0 𝜀0
Capacitors in series, = + + C
C C1 C2 C3 Refractive index = = 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟 ~ 𝜀𝑟
Capacitors in parallel,𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 R
v
𝑞2 1 1 Focal length, 𝑓 = ; where R → Radius of curvature
Energy of a charged capacitor,𝑃𝐸 = = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝑞𝑉 1
2
1 1
2𝐶 2 2 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑞 Mirror Equation→ = + ;Snell’s law,𝑛21 = 𝑛 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
Gauss’s theorem→Total flux 𝜙 = f u v 1
𝜀0 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑞 in coilombs Refractive index of medium,𝑛 =
Electric current→ 𝐼 in amperes = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑡 in seconds 1 1
−eE vd 𝑒𝜏 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑐 = ie. 𝑖𝑐 = sin−1 ( )
Drift velocity vd = τ ; Mobility 𝜇 = = 𝑛 𝑛
m 𝐸 𝑚
Equation of refraction in a spherical surface (When ray
Ι=nAevd→relation b/w Ι and vd n n n −n
𝑉 𝑅𝐴 from n1 to n2) → 2 − 1 = 2 1 ie.
Ohm’s law → 𝐼 ∝ 𝑉 or 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 or = ;Resistivity, 𝜌 = v u R
𝐼 𝑙 R. I of 2nd R. I of 1st R. I of 2nd − R. I of 1st
Effect of temperature on resistance − =
𝑅−𝑅0 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Image distance Object distance R
𝛼= = 1 1 1
𝑅0 x 𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 00 𝐶 x 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 → = 𝑛−1 −
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
Resistance in series, 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 Thin Lens Formula→ = − ;Power of lens→ 𝑃 =
Resistance in parallel = + + f V u 𝑓
R R1 R2 R3 1 1 1
Terminal potential→V=E-Ιr Combination of lens → = + ; P=𝑃1 + 𝑃2 ; m=𝑚1 × 𝑚2
𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓2
E−V R 𝐴 +𝐷
( 2 𝑚)
Internal resistance of cell→𝑟 = Refractive index of material of prism→ 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
sin
V 𝐴
sin ( )
Find unknown resistance using Meter Bridge 2
D D
R R
Wheatstone bridge balancing condition→ 1 = 3 Simple microscope→ 𝑚 = 1 + (Near point);𝑚 = (Infinity)
F F
R2 R4 L D
𝑙.𝑅 Compound microscope→ 𝑚 = 𝑚0 x𝑚𝑒 →𝑚 ≈ × (1 + )
Unknown resistance,𝑋 = fo fe
100−𝑙
𝐸1 𝑙1 Interference⇒Condition for Bright fringe→path diff. =nλ
Comparison of e.m.f using potentiometer→ = λ
𝐸2 𝑙2
𝑅(𝑙 −𝑙)
Condition for Dark fringe→path diff. = (2n+1)
2
Internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer→ 𝑟 = 0𝑙 𝜆𝐷
Fringe with (Band width) → 𝛽 =
Heating effect of electric current→𝐻 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 𝑑
1 2𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Electric power and electric energy Resolving power of microscope = where d is the =
𝜆 𝑑
W
Electric power = = VI watts ; Electric energy 𝐸 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 smallest distance between two points. n→refractive index of
t medium.
𝜇 0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
Magnetic flux density→ 𝑑𝐵 = Brewsters’s Law→tan θp = n ; θp − Polarising angle
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇 0 𝑛𝐼 0.693 1
Flux density in a circular coil→ 𝐵 = 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴1/3 ;𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ;𝑇1 = ;𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2𝑎 2 𝜆 𝜆
𝜇 𝐼
Flux density for infinity long semi conductor→𝐵 = 0 𝛽=
∆𝑖 𝑐
;𝛼=
∆𝑖 𝑐
2𝜋𝑎 ∆𝑖 𝑏 ∆𝑖 𝑒
Flux density in a straight conductor→ 𝜙𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼 Am
Lorentz force equation→ Fm = q(v x B) Modulation index𝜇 = ≪ 1 in prctical condition
Ac
Torque on a magnetic dipole in magnetic field Range of transmission,𝑑 𝑇 = 2Rh :h→hight of antenna

Prepared by [Link],HSST Physics,BHSS,Mavandiyur,Malappuaram