Power System Engineering

Prof. Debapriya Das

Lecture – 19
Transient over voltages and Insulation coordination (Contd.)

So, we will come to you know another example that is your example 7.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:22)

So, it is given that an overhead line is connected in series with the cable, the overhead line
has an inductance of 2 mH/km, and capacitance of 0.01 𝜇F/km. The cable has an
inductance of 0.25 mH/km and capacitance of 0.102 mH/km.

Now if a surge having a maximum value of 100 kV, travels along the overhead line towards
its junction with the cable calculate, a. the surge impedance of the line and cable just hold
on then.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:14)

Then your b the velocities of wave propagation in the line and cable, and C the reflected
and transmitted waves of voltage and current at the junction right, if the 100 kV surge
originate in the cable, calculate the reflected and transmitted waves of voltage and current
at the junction.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:35)

So, solution how will do this first you have to compute the surge impedance of overhead
𝐿
line you know, first say overhead line say it is 𝑍1 . So, 𝑍1 is equal to √𝐶1 , 𝐿1 is given 2
1
mH. So, it is 2 × 10−3 , and 𝐶1 is given 0.01 𝜇F so it is 0.01× 10−6 to the power root over.
So, to the power half,

1
𝐿1 2 × 10−3 2
𝑍1 = √ = ( )
𝐶1 0.01 × 10−6

if you calculate it will be 447Ω.

Similarly, surge impedance of the cable 𝑍2 is equal to

1
𝐿2 0.25 × 10−3 2
𝑍2 = √ = ( ) = 49.5Ω
𝐶2 0.102 × 10−6

So, it is 49.5Ω. So, surge impedance first you have to compute surge impedance of the
cable, as well as surge impedance of the overhead line.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:36)

Next is that velocity of the wave in the overhead line, you know that say it is your this 𝛾1
we know that

1 1
𝛾1 = = 1
√𝐿1 𝐶1 (2 × 10−3 × 0.01 × 10−6 )2

So, it is coming 2.24 × 105 km/sec.

1 1
𝛾2 = = 1
√𝐿2 𝐶2 (0.25 × 10−3 × 0.102 × 10−6 )2

it is coming 1.98 × 105 km/sec.

After making all this, now waves originating in overhead line first, when the waves
originating the overhead line and travels towards the cable we will have 𝑍1 is equal to
447Ω and 𝑍2 is equal to 49.5Ω right. Now it is given the incident voltage in the overhead
line it is given 100 kV, this data is given that it is maximum value of 100 kV travels right.
So, incident voltage of the overhead line that is 𝑣𝑓 is equal to 100 kV.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:03)

Now, therefore, incident current, in the overhead line 𝑖𝑓 is equal to𝑣𝑓 /𝑍1 this all
100×1000
relationship we know. So, it is 100 kV. So, make it Volt, that is 223.7 Ampere.
447

Now, transmitted value. Now line to cable transmission factor that is refraction coefficient
for voltage, we know that

2𝑍2
𝜏𝑉1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2
this we have seen earlier. So, 𝑍1 is the surge impedance of the overhead line, and 𝑍2 is the
surge impedance of the cable. So,

2 × 49.5
𝜏𝑉1 = = 0.1994
447 + 49.5

that is actually 𝜏𝑉1 here also coming 0.1994.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:53)

Similarly, transmitted voltage in the cable therefore, v is equal to 𝜏𝑉1 . 𝑣𝑓 . So, this 𝜏𝑉1 is
0.1994 and 𝑣𝑓 is equal to 100 kV. So, it is 19.4 kV. So, line to cable transmission factor
for current 𝜏𝑖1 we are making it is line to cable transmission factor for current only it will
be 𝜏𝑖1 will be

2𝑍1 2 × 447
𝜏𝑖1 = = = 1.8006
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 447 + 49.5

Actually earlier we have seen that, 𝜏 for your reflection factor for the reflection refraction
coefficient for the voltage and for the current is it is 2, basically 𝜏𝑉1 plus 𝜏𝑖1 is equal to 2.
So, if you add these two, 1.8006 and 0.1994 it will become 2. So, once you calculate this
there is no need to calculate this 1 directly you can find out 𝜏𝑖1 is equal to 2 − 𝜏𝑉1 that will
give you the same value, but for your understanding I have just make it 𝜏𝑖1 is equal to
 2𝑍1
hence, it is 1.8006, but earlier we have proved the 𝜏𝑉1 plus 𝜏𝑖1 it is actually 2. So,
𝑍1 +𝑍2

find out 1 another 1 to get that subtract from 2. So, that is 1.8006.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:28)

Therefore, transmitted current in the cable i is equal to

𝑖 = 𝜏𝑖1 . 𝑖𝑓 = 1.8006 × 223.7 = 402.8 Amp

So, it is actually 402.8 Ampere.

So alternatively, what you can do is look for checking other way you can do, it i is equal
to 𝑣/𝑍2 , 𝑍2 is the surge impedance of the cable and refracted voltage is actually we got
19.94 kV just we have got it. So, make it in volt divided by 49.5 you will get 402.8 Ampere
same, this is the alternate calculation.

The way you want you can do it. So, alternative 𝑣/𝑍2 , but v is the you are your refracted
that your what to call this refracted voltage this one, the transmitted voltage right, or
refracted voltage whatever you call that is 19.4 kV. So, it means same thing you will get
this is and the same thing, you will get either this way you can compute or directly you
can compute this way.

Now, reflected values now reflection factor for voltage, we know the formula for voltage
it will
 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
𝜌𝑉 1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2

this we have seen earlier. So, 𝑍2 is equal to 49.5 and 𝑍1 is equal to 447. So,

49.5 − 447
𝜌𝑉 1 = = −0.8006
447 + 49.5

that comes actually −0.8006 therefore, voltage reflected the overhead line that 𝑣𝑏 is equal
to (𝜌𝑉 1 . 𝑣𝑓 ). So, it is −0.8006 × 100 kV. So,−80.06 kV.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:19)

Now, reflection factor for the current, it will be just your what you call negative of this 1
negative; that means, it will be 0.8006 we have seen earlier. If it this is negative then for
𝑍 −𝑍
current it will be positive. So, it will be𝑍1 +𝑍2 actually it is −𝜌𝑉 1 it is equal to 0.8006.
1 2
(Refer Slide Time: 08:46)

So once you get this, then that current reflected back, in the overhead line that 𝑖𝑏 will be is
−(−80.06)
equal to −𝑣𝑏 /𝑍1 is equal to , so 179.1 Ampere.
447

So, now and the diagram voltage and current distribution it initially the traveling wave 100
kV, but voltage 80.06 is reflecting back right, this one, this one that is your −80.06 kV so
ultimately resultant here, v will be your this is that your what you call that this is side
overhead line this is cable, and this is the junction right. So, I made it like this. So, this is
your 19.94 kV.

Similarly, for the current that 223.7 the reflected current was your this much or here, it is
here it is 179.1 Ampere. So, it is actually 223.7 plus this height is your 402.8 Ampere. So,
this is your current wave, and this is your voltage wave. So, volt this is actually I have
marked as a figure 17. So, this is that current and voltage waveform right, it is a step
function you have considered, once this transient over voltage is over. So, next we will
come to your, what you call that insulation coordination.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:09)

So, first thing is that basic impulse insulation level in short we call BIL. So, reference your
insulation level expressed in impulse crest that is the peak voltage, with a standard wave
not longer than 1.2 × 50 𝜇𝑠 this we have seen earlier right, that is crest value or peak value
reaches in 1.2 𝜇𝑠 and 50 percent of that reaches in 50 𝜇𝑠 right. So, that is we call that is
1.2 × 50 𝜇𝑠 wave.

So; that means, insulation level expressed in impulse crest peak or peak value, which is
standard wave not longer than this one, i mean 1.2 × 50 𝜇𝑠 right wave, it is determined by
test made using impulses of 1.2 × 50 𝜇𝑠 waves. Actually this is very you know this is
recommended, but in reality when you will try it may not be exactly this 1.2 × 50 , but
around that around that value it will be there right.

So, particularly for transformer impulse test if you do so, you may not get that ideal value,
but this is the standard you have to see around that only. So, BIL that is your basic impulse
insulation is usually defined as a per unit of maximum value of the line to neutral voltage
right that is for example, say for 340 kV line, suppose 340 kV say it is 1 pu is equal to first
these 345/√3. So, line to neutral you made then multiplying by√2; that means, the peak
value. So, it will be 282 kV that is 1 per unit for example, if it is a 345 kV, then 345/√3
is the line to neutral voltage that is phase voltage, and multiplied by√2. So, it will be peak
value that is 282 kV.
So, that supposes if you have BIL of 2.7 pu that means, 2.7 × 282, because 1 pu is equal
to 282 kV, that will give you 760 kV right. So, this is your idea of basic your impulse
insulation level.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:31)

Now, next one is withstand voltage right that was the BIL that can be repeatedly applied
to an equipment without any flashover, then disruptive charge, puncture or other electrical
failure under specified test condition. So, whenever they are testing the equipment they
test all sort of things so, this is actually withstand voltage. Now, another thing is chopped
wave insulation level right.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:55)

In this gate is what happened it is determined by the test using waves of the same shape
same shape means, that 1.2 × 50 𝜇𝑠 that the wave shape to determine the BIL right. So,
there is basic impulse insulation level so, with the exception that the way we chopped
after 3𝜇𝑠; that means, it is applied, but after that it is chopped at 3 𝜇𝑠. So, if there is no
information the chopped wave level is assumed to be 1.15 times the BIL for say oilfield
equipment for example, transformer. So, it is assumed to be equal to the BIL for the dry
type insulation.

So, some experimental setup they do and they take 1.15 times for the chopped wave right,
if there is no information you get they will assume that is 1.15 times the BIL for oilfield
equipment for example, transformer. So, now then critical flashover voltage they call CFO.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:59)

The peak voltage for a 50 percent probability of flashover or disruptive discharge, this is
called your critical flashover voltage.

Now, impulse ratio for flashover or puncture of insulation, impulse issue it is the ratio of
impulse peak voltage to the peak value, you look listen it is the ratio of the impulse peak
voltage whatever you have to the peak value of the 50 to 6 either 50 Hertz system or 60
Hertz system. That is why I am making it 50 slash 60 Hertz voltage to cause flashover or
puncture right.

So, in other words it is the ratio of breakdown voltage at surge frequency to breakdown
voltage at normal system frequency, because when you are considering that is the ratio of
impulse peak voltage right. So, basically it is a breakdown voltage at the surge frequency
to the breakdown voltage at normal system frequency, this is that called impulse ratio. So,
this is theory only not numericals, but you have to know all these things right.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:00)

Now, insulation next is insulation coordination this is quite important. So, insulation
coordination is the process of determining the proper insulation level of various
components in a power system, and their arrangement. So, in other words it is the selection
of an insulation structure that will withstand the voltage stresses, to which the system or
equipment will be subjected together with the proper surge arrester, actually in this course
lightning arrester will not cover, but you have the if you go to any power station or
substation you will find lightning arrester is there.

So, that is why in other words it is the selection of an insulation structure that will
withstand the voltage stresses to which the system or equipment will be subjected together
with the proper surge arrester; that means, particularly this maximum switch or impulse or
surge comes due to the lightning stroke. So, that is why the lightning arrester is designed
in such a fashion such that it can protect the equipment, and they when they design all sort
of things they consider all the worst cases accordingly that surge arrester rating will be
determined. Such that it can protect the you know equipment in the; its substation for
example, say right this process is determined from the known characteristic of voltage
surges and the characteristic of surge arresters.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:40)

So, different type of your what you call lightning arrester so, that were that is beyond the
scope for this course. Now there are 3 different voltage stresses to consider when
determining the insulation and electrical clearances requirement first thing is for the design
of high voltage transmission line, one is the 50 or 60 Hertz power voltage, lightning surge
voltage, and switching surge voltage, different type of switching is there in the literature
also, but I have skipped those things then it will consume more time for this what whatever
basic things are there, whatever actually we need to learn those things only we will see
that.

So, lightning surge voltage and switching surge voltage, but these lightning surge voltages
is a very severe one. Therefore insulation for transmission system are with chosen after
careful study of both the transient and power frequency voltage stresses on each insulation
element. So, one has to what insulation is a you know, I mean it is a we power comes, but
there are many technical things are there and this insulation you are not one of the main
thing right. Particularly they protect from the fault from this type of lightning stroke or
switching surges right. So, those kind of thing insulation plays a significant role.

So, in general lightning impulse voltage have the highest values, and the highest rate of
voltage rise. So, lightning stroke is the severe one among all this.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:03)

So, therefore a properly done insulation coordination provides the following. The
assurance that the insulation provided will withstand all normal operating stresses, and the
majority of abnormal ones; that means, whatever insulation you make that it will withstand
the normal operating stresses right. As well as a majority of abnormal ones I told you that
it may be switching surges lightning surges or some fault. So, all abnormal it will sustain.

Then the efficient discharge of over voltages due to the lightning and switching surge as
well as other you are what you call internal causes. So, that also efficient discharge of over
voltages due to the lightning and switching surges as well as other internal causes. So, all
these things insulation has to sustain, it has to withstand all sort of things number 3 is the
breakdown will occur only due to the external flashover, there is a possibility of breakdown
due to the external flashover.

And second thing is that the positions at which breakdown take place will your will be
higher breakdown may cause no or no or comparatively minor damage, if there is a
breakdown also the damage should be minor right, but occasionally it happens your what
is called for example.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:20)

When I was listening some lecture from renowned person say, when it is a very interesting
thing. Suppose when you are testing suppose you have tested say 200 same equipment
says to say 200 numbers.

As soon as when you are testing you find that your testing is ok but after, suppose 200 the
same equipment right and, but after the testing you do not know out of that 200 that 1 or 2
might have got damaged, but you do not know because when you are testing it was ok so,
these are called hidden kind of fault in that equipment. So, there is a possibility of that
thing also right.

So, but anyway when we test at the time we found everything is a clear, but we do not
know maybe out of several same equipment maybe 1 or 2 have become defective after the
test that is not because, we are not testing after that directly we are going for your installing
that right. So, these are called hidden fault what we will not discuss about those things.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:30)

So, does the insulation coordination actually involves the following, first thing is the
determination of line insulation, selection of the BIL value, and insulation levels of other
apparatus, and selection of lightning arrester this lightning arrester will not study in this
course, but the selection of light we have to design that proper rating of the lightning
arrester.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:52)

So, for transmission lines say up to 345 the kV line insulation is determined by lightning
flashover rate only, but if it is at 30, 345 kV the line insulation may be dictated by either
switching surge consideration or by the lightning flashover rate. So, because voltage level
is very high so, insulation level, whatever you see it will determine switching surge
consideration or by the lightning flashover rate so, that actually the testing at that you know
how long that insulation can sustain that you are what you call at that voltage level.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:29)

You I do not know whether you have seen that insulation of transformer winding or not,
how they how they make the insulation for the transformer winding. If you have anything
you can see 1 open transformer winding, and each winding how they insulated right, then
you will be you will have some good ideas about insulation thing insulation plays a very
significant role.

So, above 345 kV switching surges become the major factor of flashover, consideration
and will more likely control the insulation design. So, if voltage level is above 345 kV say
then of course, switching surges become the major factor in flashover consideration. So,
now the probability of flashover due to a switching surge is a function of the line insulation
characteristic and the magnitude of the surges expected right.

So, the number of insulators employed maybe selected to keep the probability of flashover
from switching surges very low. So, all these factors actually you have to consider, now
switching surge impulse insulation strength is based on tests that have been made on
simulated towers.
So, all sort of tests you have to make it right switching surge impulse insulation strength
is based on tests that have been made on simulated tower. So, all sort of before you put it
in you know installation that you have to consider, that all sort of factors all sort of testing,
just directly manufacturing and you are not putting it after that you have to test it whether
it can sustain or not all those high voltage stresses.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:08)

Now, an extra high voltage levels, and increase in insulation length does not provide a
proportional increase in switching surge withstand strength, then we just like increasing
the insulation length does not mean, that proportionality increase the switching surge
strength.

This is due to the electric field distortion caused by the proximity of the tower surfaces,
and is called a proximity effect since the proximity effect is not related to the lightning
impulses. So, switching surge considerations dictate the insulation values at the extra high
voltage levels. So, at the extra high voltage level switching surge thing is the main concern
for the insulation.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:48)

The maximum switching surge level used in the design of a substation, is either the
maximum surge that can take place on the system, or the protective level of the arrester
that is lightning arrester which is the maximum switching surge the arrester will allow into
the station. So, you have to design that lightning arrester in such a fashion that it can
maximum switching surge that arrester can allow some current rating you have to choose
different type of arresters are there.

So, these are the significant thing. But I have seen in substation that lightning arrester also
due to that heavy lightning stroke, I have seen that even arrester also so a lightning arrester
also failed. This I have seen in the past, somewhere in the substation we found due to that
due to that arrester failure some other equipment also got damaged. So, one has to be very
careful for designing all sort of thing particularly to protect all the equipments, that is due
to your lightning stroke switching surges etcetera.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:50)

Therefor the coordination of insulation in a substation means the selection of the minimum
arrester rating applicable to withstand 50 or 60 Hertz voltage, and the choice of equipment
have an insulation level that can be protected by the arrester.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:13)

So, arrester design lightning arrester selection is main important in substation. So, transient
network analyzer can also be used to your study the switching surge level that can take
place at the substation. The result may be used to determine, the determine and coordinate
proper impulse insulation and switching surge strength required in substation apparatus.
If you go to any substation you will find this lightning arresters are there, and you will say
once you visit this apparently from the distance, it will go you go to go and see all these
things like lightning arresters, then CT that is current transformer, then potential
transformers how the current transformers are connected, then the insulators, then the
transformer circuit breakers each and everything and one can learn.

So, distance between the arrester location and the protected insulation affect the voltage
imposed on insulation due to reflections look so many things are there.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:13)

So, the severity of the surge depends on how well the substation is shielded right; that
means, you have to protect the substation insulation level of the substation structure, and
the incoming line insulation. So, all these things one has to consider, one is that insulation
level of the substation structure and the incoming line insulation.

For a traveling wave coming into a dead end station that is coming at the substation end
so, dead end station the discharge current in the arrester is determined by the maximum
voltage that the line insulation can allow, allow you know it. So, whatever is the maximum
voltage or stress that line institution can allow, based on that only arrester your we are
have to called a lightning arrester current is determined right, by the surge impedance of
the line and by the voltage characteristic of the arrester.
So, therefore, the discharge current of an arrester just I am writing can be expressed as it
is generally given as, I arrester,

2𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎𝑟
𝐼𝑎𝑟 =
𝑍𝑐

That is V actual is equal to magnitude of your incoming surge voltage, and 𝑉𝑎𝑟 is arrested
terminal voltage.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:27)

So, this way therefore, this your 𝐼𝑎𝑟 is the arrester current V is the magnitude of incoming
surge voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑟 is arrested terminal voltage, and 𝑍𝑐 is a surge impedance of the line.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:38)

So, figure seventeen shows the insulation coordination figure 17 I will show you, shows
the insulation coordination between an oilfield equipment for example, transformer and
the surge arrester. The arrested impulse spark over voltage is compared to the chopped
wave test level of the transformer a more meaningful comparison is to compare the arrested
spark over with the wave front test.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:04)

That means, this is that your this is actually this is figure, it is figure 18, actually it should
be figure 18, this is figure 18.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:11)

So, in this case if you look into this that your wave front, this is that wave front withstand
voltage. So, next is maybe it is reaching to your what you call at some withstand voltage
time curve of equipment, then this one is the chopped wave withstand, and this is the BIL
the full wave withstand, and this curve is discharge voltage characteristic of the arrester.

This is wave front spark over voltage, this side is voltage in per unit this side is the time in
your microsecond, this is the impulse voltage wave rising it is rising, and this is your
maximum voltage discharge at this point, because if you look in the curve this is the
maximum voltage discharge, and this is the discharge voltage characteristic of the your
arrester.

So, this is the minimum margin of the protection scheme, this gap is the minimum, this is
the withstand voltage time curve of equipment chopped wave withstand right, at this point
some of the wave is chopped, so this is a chopped wave withstand, and this wave front
withstand. So, this is actually figure 18 this is the illustration of the insulation coordination
between oilfield equipment, and surge arrester this is this called the transformer right. So,
all these things one has to your, one has to your, understand here had not much
mathematics here only little bit theory an understanding.

Thank you very much we will be back again.