G-5

11-C
Maria Venice Biay
Chapter III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The literature and studies were carefully selected and deliberated upon on the
basis of relatively and reliability of the information presented. The subjects or
topics were structured for a better presentation of the literature and studies
needed in this study.

Introduction

In this modern age, People use chemical fertilizers to their crops to grow
faster; not knowing what is going to be the side effects are restricted among the
consumer's health. However, in our previous years, our people use organic
fertilizer to let their crops grow. The crops back then are safe and fast in
production, while now it is faster but hazardous because of chemical fertilizers
that are being used. We researchers will use two variables which is the cow
manure and ground coffee in the growth and yield performance of bell pepper.
The result of this study will give impact to the Agriculture sector and Marketing
sector in Balamban, Cebu.

The reason behind our study is to know which organic fertilizer is the best for
the growth and yield performance of bell pepper. This study will also help the
farmers, consumers, the environment, and the market. For the farmers, they
will be given background information about the advantages of using organic
fertilizer and which is the best organic fertilizer for their crops. For the
consumer's it will help them to be safe and secure that their product is purely
organic. For the environment, it will help the ecosystem. For the market this
will help to low the price commodities since there is no application of chemical
products.

Body

Agriculture, also known as farming, is the production of food, fibre,

animal feed, and other goods using growing and harvesting plants and
animals. Agriculture is practised throughout the world. We use many
agricultural products every day, from the clothes we put on in the morning to
the sheets we sleep under at night. When thinking of agriculture, think of the
five F's: food, fabric, forestry, farming, and flowers (Marcin, 1989- 2020 ).
 Man’s dependence upon food resources from cultivated land had its
origin from 10,000 years ago. The potential for food production causes current
rapid growth of population (R S Loomis, W A Williams, A E Hall, 1971).

The main source livelihood of many people is agriculture. Approximately 70 %

of people directly rely on agriculture as a mean of living (Farming Portal, 2019).
Agriculture plays a significant role in the Philippine economy. Involving about
40 percent of Filipino workers, it contributes an average of 20 percent to the
Gross Domestic Product. This output comes mainly from agribusiness, which
in turn accounts for about 70 percent of the total agricultural output (CIDA-
LGSP, 2003).

A fertilizer, often referred to as plant food, is a broad term for either a mixture
of chemicals or naturally occurring matter that is used for enhancing the
growth of plants. Fertilizers work by providing essential nutrients to developing
flowers, trees and vegetations, as a kind of multi-vitamin or meal replacement
for the plant world. Many fertilizers also improve the way the soil works by
helping it to retain water better and allowing air to flow freely, which is good for
roots (Evergreen Garden Care (UK), 2020). Organic fertilizers are an essential
source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. The organic
fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic
chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent
food chain (Anthony A. Adegoke, 2016). But organic fertilizers have advantages.
They don’t make a crust on the soil as inorganic fertilizers sometimes do. They
improve water movement into the soil and, in time, add structure to the soil.
Organics feed beneficial microbes, making the soil easier to work (Oregon State
University Extension, 1995-2020).

Cattle manure is basically made up of digested grass and grain. Cow dung is
high in organic materials and rich in nutrients. It contains about 3 percent
nitrogen, 2 percent phosphorus, and 1 percent potassium (3-2-1 NPK). In
addition, cow manure contains high levels of ammonia and potentially
dangerous pathogens.

For this reason, it’s usually recommended that it be aged or composted prior to
its use as cow manure fertilizer (Rhoades). Cow manure contains the three
primary plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Although some
natural variation occurs among manure from different cows, the amounts in
fresh cow manure with bedding or litter are roughly 11 percent nitrogen, 4
percent phosphorus and 10 percent potassium, and the nutrients become
available to plants at a moderate speed. Fresh cow manure with bedding or
litter also has sizable water content -- 86 percent; therefore, it is beneficial
because it helps to keep soil evenly moist throughout the growing season
(Hearst Communications, Inc., 2020). It is possible to transfer illness to
humans by putting cow manure on vegetable beds. Minimize the risk of
infection by allowing the manure to age in the soil for about six months before
planting anything edible in the soil, and never apply fresh manure after
vegetables have been planted. Fresh manure also should not be applied to
ornamental plants because its high nitrogen content can burn plant tissue,
result in plants that are more attractive than usual to pests and add live weed
seeds to the garden. (Hearst Communications, Inc., 2020)

Used coffee grounds for gardening do not end with compost. Many people
choose to place coffee grounds straight onto the soil and use it as a fertilizer.
The thing to keep in mind is while coffee grounds add nitrogen to the compost;
they will not immediately add nitrogen to the soil. The benefit of using coffee
grounds as a fertilizer is that it adds organic material to the soil, which
improves drainage, water retention and aeration in the soil. The used coffee
grounds will also help microorganisms beneficial to plant growth thrive as well
as attract earthworms. Many people feel that coffee grounds lower the pH (or
raise the acid level) of soil, which is suitable for acid-loving plants. However,
this is only true for unwashed coffee grounds. “Fresh coffee grounds are acidic.
Used coffee grounds are neutral.” If rinsing used coffee grounds, they will have
a near-neutral pH of 6.5 and will not affect the acid levels of the soil. To use
coffee grounds as fertilizer, work the coffee grounds into the soil around the
plants. Leftover diluted coffee works well like this too. (Rhoades, Composting
With Coffee Grounds – Used Coffee Grounds For Gardening, 2020)

Most soil does not contain the essential nutrients needed for optimal plant
growth. Also, as plants grow, they absorb nutrients from the soil, ultimately
leaving it depleted. Thus, most gardens need to be fertilized to ensure that
plants have the nourishment they need to survive. Coffee grounds contain
several essential minerals for plant growth — nitrogen, calcium, potassium,
iron, phosphorus, magnesium and chromium. They may also help absorb
heavy metals that can contaminate somewhat more; coffees grounds help
attract worms, which are great for the garden. To use coffee grounds as
fertilizer, sprinkle them onto the soil surrounding the plants (HealthLine Media,
2005-2020). Certain compounds found in coffee, such caffeine and diterpenes,
can be highly toxic to insects they may help keep other pests away too. To use
coffee grounds as an insect and pest repellent set out bowls of grounds or
sprinkle them around outdoor seating areas. It can also keep pests out of the
garden by scattering coffee grounds around the plants. They help create a
barrier that slugs and snails do not like to crawl over (HealthLine Media, 2005-
2020).

Bibliography
Anthony A. Adegoke, O. O. (2016). Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies.
London: IntechOpen Limited.

Evergreen Garden Care (UK). (2020). Evergreen Garden Care. Retrieved from
love the garden: [Link]
fertiliser-work

Farming Portal. (2019, june 13). The Importance of Agriculture. Retrieved from
FARMINGPORTAL/AGRIPORTAL:
[Link]
tourism/195-the-importance-of-agriculture

HealthLine Media. (2005-2020). 16 Creative Ways to Use Old Coffee Grounds.

Retrieved from HealthLine: [Link]
coffee-grounds#section7

Hearst Communications, Inc. (2020). The Advantages of Cow Manure. Retrieved

from SF GATE: [Link]
[Link]

Heath, J. (2005). DFID’s 2005 Agriculture Policy: An Interim Evaluation.

Evaulation Department.

Marcin, M. (1989- 2020 ). History of Agriculture. Retrieved from CrestCapital:

[Link]

Oregon State University Extension. (1995-2020). Organic Agriculture. Retrieved

from Oregon State University : [Link]
scoop-chemical-organic-fertilizers

R S Loomis, W A Williams, A E Hall. (1971). Agricultural Productivity. Annual

Review of Plant Physiology , 431.

Rhoades, H. (2020). Composting With Coffee Grounds – Used Coffee Grounds For
Gardening. Retrieved from Gardening Know How:
[Link]
[Link]
Rhoades, H. (n.d.). Cow Dung Fertilizer: Learn The Benefits Of Cow Manure
Compost. Retrieved from GardeningKnowHow:
[Link]