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Young's Modulus via Cornu's Method

This document describes an experiment to determine the elastic constants (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and bulk modulus) of a Perspex beam using the Cornus interference method. A Perspex beam is placed on knife edges and a convex lens is placed on top to create an air film. Light is shone through to create interference fringes, which are viewed through a traveling microscope. Masses are added to bend the beam, changing the fringes from circular to elliptical. By measuring the change in fringe diameters both with and without masses, the longitudinal and lateral radii of curvature can be calculated. These values are then used to determine the elastic constants based on equations relating bending stresses to applied forces.

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637 views5 pages

Young's Modulus via Cornu's Method

This document describes an experiment to determine the elastic constants (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and bulk modulus) of a Perspex beam using the Cornus interference method. A Perspex beam is placed on knife edges and a convex lens is placed on top to create an air film. Light is shone through to create interference fringes, which are viewed through a traveling microscope. Masses are added to bend the beam, changing the fringes from circular to elliptical. By measuring the change in fringe diameters both with and without masses, the longitudinal and lateral radii of curvature can be calculated. These values are then used to determine the elastic constants based on equations relating bending stresses to applied forces.

Uploaded by

Physics Ponnani
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Cornus method: Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio

AIM:
 To find the elastic constants of the Perspex beam using Cornus interference method.
1. Young’s modulus(Y)
2. Poisons ratio (σ) 
3. Bulk modulus (b) 
 
 APPARATUS
Sodium vapor lamp, transparent beam, convex lens, travelling microscope, two knife edges, a set
of weights, weight holders and a mirror.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
 Consider a rectangular Perspex beam of length 'L',breadth 'a' and thickness 'b'.A Plano convex
lens is placed over the beam. Weight hanger is placed at both ends in which mass can be added.
Knife edges were placed at a distance ‘l’ from both weight hangers. A light source is used to
illuminate the arrangement.
 
 THEORY
 An air film is obtained between
convex lens and Perspex beam. The
light is made to fall normally on the
air film with the help of a glass
plate on the arrangement.

The interference fringes formed is


viewed by means of travelling
microscope. Without adding any
mass in the weight hanger we get
circular rings. But as we uniformly
add mass on the weight hangers
the beam bends and we get
elliptical fringes.
During bending, an extension is
caused on the upper surface and
compression on the lower surface.
Let R1 be the longitudinal radius of
curvature of the beam. The internal
bending moment caused by
extension of the surface above the
bar and compression below the bar is given by

where ,
Y is the young’s modulus
A=ab, is the cross sectional area of bar
,the radius of gyration for rectangular cross section.
In equilibrium condition the internal bending moment must be balanced by the moment due to
weight m1g attached to its ends

On rearranging we get, young’s modulus,

 
Also when the bar undergoes longitudinal bending, it also undergoes a lateral bending, resulting
in lateral strain R2.
The ratio between these two quantities is the Poisson’s ratio and is given by

The longitudinal bending R1 can be found out using the equation,

  
 where dn’ and dn are the diameters of nth ring with mass and without mass in longitudinal
direction. Similarly 

where dn” and dn are the diameters of nth ring with mass and without mass in transverse
direction.
 
So from the values of diameter of rings with mass and without mass, we calculate R1 and R2.
From those values of R1 and R2 we calculate young’s modulus 

Poisson’s ratio,  and bulk modulus, 

Procedure
 
To find the diametre of rings without mass
  
1. Place the given Perspex beam symmetrically over the two knife edges.
2. A convex lens is placed over beam.
3. As shown in figure light is allowed to fall normally on the air film with the help of glass
plate.
4. On focusing, interference fringes formed are viewed by means of travelling microscope.
5. Fix the cross wire on any of the nth ring on one side (left or right) using the knob.
6. Corresponding value of MSR and VSR is noted.
7. Move the cross wire to the (n-1)th or (n-2)nd ring on the same side.
8. Take the readings of the rings on either side of the centre position.
9. Now repeat the same procedure by moving the cross wire up and down on either side of
centre position.
 

Diametre of rings with mass


 
1. Adjust the distance between the weight
hanger and the knife edges.
2. Add mass on the weight hanger.
3. Repeat steps 4-9 to measure the horizontal
and vertical position of rings.
 
 
 
  
Observations
 
To find the thickness of Perspex beam using screw gauge
 Thickness of Perspex beam, b=………..mm
 
 To find the breadth of Perspex beam using Vernier calipers
  Breadth of plate, a=…………cm
 
To find the diameter of rings in horizontal direction
                                            λ=………..nm, l=………cm

                                  Longitudinal bending R1 = 


 
To find the diameter of rings in vertical direction
 

 
                           Lateral strain, R2  = 
 

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