MODAL PERFECT: Modal Verb + have + P2
Should/ Ought to + have + past participle: Lẽ ra phải, lẽ ra nên làm trong quá khứ nhưng đã không làm
Maria should have called John last night.
John should have gone to the post office this morning.
Shouldn’t have + past participle: Lẽ ra không nên làm gì trong quá khứ nhưng đã làm điều đó
You shouldn’t have done that.
Could/ May/ Might + have + past participle: Có lẽ đã
Diễn đạt một điều gì đó có thể đã xảy ra hoặc có thể đúng ở quá khứ nhưng người nói không dám chắc
He could have forgotten the ticket for the concert last night.
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
Diễn đạt điều gì đó có thể xảy ra nhưng đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ
Why did you leave him come home alone? He might/could have got lost.
Must have + past participle: to say that you're sure something was true or happened
eg. It's 10.30 and Mike still isn't at the office. I think he must have overslept.
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
Can't/Couldn't have + past participle: to say that you're sure something wasn't true or didn't happen
eg. Theresa walked past me without saying a word. She can't have seen me.
Last night, Mary can’t have gone out with John because she had to be at home to do her homework.
Needn't have + past participle: to talk about an action which was done but which was unnecessary.
eg. You needn't have gone to the supermarket. We've still got plenty of food.
I needn’t have brought the umbrella because it didn’t rain.
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with must have, can't have, or needn't have + past participle.
1. Jamie passed his exam with a distinction. He __________ (study) very hard.
2. We found the exam extremely easy. We __________ (study) so hard.
3. Janet failed her exam. She __________ (study) much.
4. We __________ (hurry). We got there far too early.
5. Neil's looking very happy. He __________ (get) the payrise he wanted.
6. Neil's looking very annoyed. He __________ (get) the payrise he wanted.
7. I can't find my book anywhere. I __________ (leave) it on the train.
8. You __________ (make) lunch. We've already eaten.
Answer
1. must have studied
2. needn't have studied
3. can't/couldn't have studied
4. needn't have hurried
5. must have got
6. can't/couldn't have got
7. must have left
8. needn't have made
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with must have, can't have, or needn't have + past participle.
1. I think the match __________ (start). Everybody's gone into the stadium and you can hear them cheering.
2. Have you seen the Prime Minister's new house? It __________ (cost) a fortune!
3. Karen __________ (take) the car. The keys are still here.
4. You __________ (water) the garden. It's just started raining!
5. In the end Gary's injury wasn't very serious and the doctor said he could keep on playing football. We
__________ (worry) so much.
6. Tina's cake was a disaster. She __________ (follow) the recipe very well.
7. In the end it didn't rain, so I __________ (bring) my umbrella.
8. "I saw Grace this morning at the bank".
- "You __________ (do)! She's away on her honeymoon. You __________ (see) someone else."
Answer
1. must have started
2. must have cost
3. can't/couldn't have taken
4. needn't have watered
5. needn't have worried
6. can't/couldn't have followed
7. needn't have taken
8. can't have done; must have seen
Exercise 3. Choose the correct answer.
1. We found the exam extremely easy. We ______ so hard.
A. needn't study B. needn't be studying
C. needn't have studied D. needn't have been studied
2. I think the match ______. Everybody's gone into the stadium and you can hear them cheering.
A. was started B. will be started C. must started D. must have
started
3. Theresa walked past me without saying a word. She ______ me.
A. can't have seen B. can't see C. can't have been seen D. can be seen
4. The train ______ by bad weather. I am not sure.
A. might delay B. might be delaying C. might have delayed D. might have
been delayed
5. The fire ______ by lightning.
A. must cause B. must be causing
C. must have caused D. must have been caused
6. The car ______ by Karen. The keys are still on the table.
A. must have taken B. must have been taken
C. can't have been taken D. can't have taken
7. A: I saw Grace this morning at the bank. – B: It ______ Grace. She has been to Paris on her honeymoon.
A. can't be B. must be C. can't have been D. must have been
8. It was a mistake of you to lose your passport.
A. You shouldn't have lost your passport. B. There must be a mistake in your passport.
C. You needn't have brought your passport. D. Your passport must be lost.
