674 PrincipleB ol Electrical Machines

,'. Leakagc reactance drop/phase = I 150/ Ji vols

15,000 x 103= 5ooG6
Full-load current, .In
f,5,.ll"ooo- ll
,, Leakagc rcactar:cc/phasc,
.. = lso/JJ _
= !1l%6 = o.843o
^', 5o0ni5 l. /l I
(rii) As scen in Fig. 12,63 (i), thc valuc ofE is given by;
E = J(z cos O)2 + (Z sin Q + I 150)2
l-.............:_-

-@=ll726volts
From the O.C.C. in Fig. 12.62, the field,4 f rcquired to produce induced e.m.f. of I 1726 arc cqual to
3I500. The field I f rcquired to balance aftnature reaction are cqual to I 5500 (calculated above),
Therefore, total ,4Ircquired are equal to thc phasor sum ofthe lwo. As seen in Fig, 12.63 (ir,

Total l2"requircd = (31500)2 + (15500)2 - 2x 3l5oox 15500 cos (90'+ 36,8')

= 42600 AT
From the O.C.C., thc induoed e.m. f. corresponding to 42600 AT is Eo = l3 I 50 volts,
E^_/ _ 13150_l1000xlO0
. . o/o Voltage rcgulation - r, ,tOO
I IOOO
= l9.5S7o

TUTORIAL PROBLEMS
l. ll
An kY 1000 kVA,3-phasc, star-connected altemator hss a rcsistanc€ of2CVphasc, The open circuit
and full.lo6d zcro powcr factor characterisitcs arc Eiv€n below, Find th€ voltagc rcSulstion ofthc Eltemator
for full-load currcnt at 0.8 p,l lagging by Poticr method,
Field current (A) : 40 50 0 t40 tto
O C.C. line voltagc Saoo Tooo r25oo 13750 t5ooo
l-inc volts, zero p.f. o t500 8500 10500 12.200

. l2t.2s%l
2, Thc [Link] ch8ractcristic of a 6-pole, 440 V, 50 Hz, 3-ph8se, star-conncctod lltcmltor ir ac undcr :

Field cu cnt (AJ" : 2 4 6 7 I lo 12 14

o,c. Linc voltt r t56 2E8 396 440 414 530 56t 592
A ficld cunent of 7 A is needcd to circulsts the full-load armrturc cunent of40 A undff shon citcuit
conditions, The ficld cunent for rated terminal voltage undcr full-loed zero power [Link] condition! it l5
-'A,Thcsrmaturcrcsirtanccis0,[Link]-loadcurentof40Aat0,S
p,f. latginS by Potier method. l32.26Vol
hao powER ourpur rN cyLINDRTcAL RoroR
tonsider a star-connectcd cylindrical rotor altcmator opcralinS on infinite busbars,
Let r - busbars voltagc/phasc
.Eo - gcncrated c.m.f.,/phasc
.I, = armatur€ curcnt/phasc delivercd by thc altemator
Z, = synchronous impcdance/phase - Ra+jx,
cos O E lagging p,f. ofthc altcrnator
0- intcrnal angla - tan-t Xr/Ro
 675
Alternatota

Flg.l2.64 "E','111
whersas Fi8' t 2'65 shows
Fig. t 2.54 ,h"*. ;:t;"i;cntcircuit for onc [Link] thc altemator
z has becn takcn as thc rcfcrcncc
thc ohasor diegram. No,. ,n",'irii*rlg
trr" prr"ro, diagram,
-aeti"ered bv the altcrnator' Rcfcring to
phaior. we shall now derivc *:-;;J;';;;'ttro
poo'cr

Fig, 12.65,
,,=
2-
W=\rru-q-tz-o
Porrcr oulput/phlrG," Iu x Rcalpanofl'
-l*'<-et)
- ,,[r!'cosc--s)
- |a, 1fo cos (6 - 0) - Izcos0l

- *l? *" 'u- el - cos e]

e - ff"o"<e't)- lcose "'(0
I/' Z" 0 and load englc 6'
the altcmaor-in terms of E6'
Eq, (0 givos tho olccrrical output of

H
M*rr,,u,npororouquj..**;::f:t,f;lHHi:&f,i1i:.[Link],f
output can bo obuincd bY difrcrt
l#i,I:***
,: dZ 'o
7o

t S!"in(o-5)
zr. ' o
t, or sin(0-6) - 0
II or o'6
rl *Jfixcd sxcitation (i''" fo)' the Powcr output of the sltcmstor
For conitltlt busb""
"otu3oi
rill bc mrximurn *hm 0 ' 6'
Pn*/eh."tc - '2! *'o'' f"o"e
"'
- ry- fioo"e .,.0i)

thlt
Appro mrtG GrPrctdon' Wc hlvc tocn lbovc
P- oo, e]
Powcr outPuy'Pharo' ll|'"^<e-o>-
 Prlnclples ol El€ctrlcal Machln€s
t70

- r*W*,o-o- f] [ "*'= *)
Iflta << Zr, then g - 90" and Z' ' xr.
,
v'lb cos (eo" - 6) - o]
P3 x,lY
r - Tsina ...(iii)

whcn 5 - 90''
Powcr output of thc altcmator will bc maximum
En V . ...(iv)
, P^*/lhaeo' t
(ar is usually th'
armarurc resiglancc fo is vcry amall
CommGntl. Wc hcvc ceon abovc thatif
**;,h;;-;.ipower ror three ph**
Total powcr
ttn iff:,:'^'
-il o ''.,,(v)

whcnthealtematoroporste"t"on"*ttptsdwilhlonatBntficldcurront'X'andEsarcboth
Thereforc, power output of
ia ucuatty tloH
oonltant, Also thc appticd v"r,.i.i;r|aiJil, "' n
o-r"ff;ilffi:i; iffi;ffii;;iigi' uor*.'n Y and Eo .nd i3 csltcd
"onr,ont,
tho rhcmator is diroctlv jowor-an3lc rcl6li6n This rclaiion is shown in thc powct
Dowcr .nglc. Eq, (v) is .lt" k";; tt'th; cvlindrical rotor' For a
inslo curve ofFi3. 12.66' x'iiiti-ii it"i'ini oq]t'l' ws- havc assumcddevcloP rGlstion bctwcen
[Link] Dblc rotor, rhe curue ;;&i:,;;ii,!a.-i"'err. 12,24, wc shau
ffi;;.;';;;i;;nd,h. " output ror tllicnt-Pole rotort' .
pot"t
-"
";;;;";.* ;.;clopid bv a cvlindtlcll rotot machino ir Sivcn bv i
-
Ta'
. OutPutpowor . L$f ,in5
o, @rX,
-
(,)r ' anSular velocity of th€ rotor
whgrc
LliT,or.u. [Link] r atll airel't'iv-propoiion't ro-'in o't*::.'l'-:,i::T:fi:Si*:#J:;

Powir outPut/Phlsc' P ' {; 5 P.", '

"^
Total powor outPut ' ff "ia
a

output varice sinuroidally with

Note that Dowcr
iig, rz'es ehows thc powor angle
""*.t-".iiJ'01- -"I,."''"to" rho altemator dclivcrs
:;;;;;;;,i; Jf ,h"
go'' If 5 bccomes grcatcr than
lti*#ri- p"*i ;r,on s gynchtuilm'
' Thc doncd Ponion
6il. ti'.-i.l"rtit. *ill losc
li ffi;;:-;;r;ii-ui'.t"ur" opcration d e'' machinc
-- synctuonism.
loses
is dctormincd by
Flg. 12'65
Notc th8t stability of thc altcmator
position of thc alternator is rcprcscntcd
the Dowerlpower thcn load
a"" tJ" trcns-i;t 'pik" of mcchanical input'
"ogt" "tt'"""t'iti;:'s';;;;:;;;p€;ling
by point P on the cuwc' rrunst;ii;l*-JJJ*t bv an increase in 6
anglc 5 increascs by a small Jil;:"
il;;;itio"at ctcctric"ilutpul causcd
tl.ta8 Alta tatoru
677
&\
zr)
produccs Itorquc wh,ich is not baranocd by thc driving torquc oncc the spike
causes rctardation ofthc roror and the [Link] r€tu;s ro ihe
has [Link], This torque
opcraring'poi.r ,,. T;; ;rqr"*"iir.,ng
the r€tum of the ahemaror ro thc stoady-surc position i. l"rlio tr,. ryn"r,roni*,ng
power associatcd with it iB knonm as cynchronisfrg power, torfi iii'tt,
Exrmplc- 1.2'42. pores oran 6'pore alrernator shifi by l0 mechunicur degr"",
, .The rcror b"r*,""n
no-load and full-load.
...(rr,) (i) Calculate the lot?ue engle between E,, and V at /ull-load.
(ii) Which wltage is ieadtng ?
Solutlon.
...(rv) (d) Thcre is a dircct rclstion bctwocn thJ mechanical anglc cr and torqu. angle 6 (or power
.n8lc), givcn by i
ty thc 6- P aJ2
whcrs 5 - Torquc anglo bctween Eo and Z(olcctrical dcgrccs)
.. . (v) P- Numbcr of polor on tho rltemsto,
cr - Mochrnical angle botwcon thc cenlrE! ofstEtor and rolor polcs (mechanical
degees)
r borh
of
6- tx IOl2 - aoc (ctcct.)
Frt gttcmaror delivcr. activc powcr, go
;rllcd U;LttfWhen rlwryt leadr %
pnr.r A 3,-phasc, ll ky S Myt sta?connected atternator has a tynchrcnctus impedance
For r 'l4:i:".p1",:?,:3,
o,l (t +J lo)nPcrPhat?. l,s axcllatlon ls such that the gcncrated ltne
e.m.l is l4 kV The aiternaor
l*tc1l is connccred to ln/lnllc busbars, Dctermlne the maxlian outpur dl the grven erci,a,ion
when (t)
armalure ,Eslstance ls ncgloctad (ll) [Link] ,rslstencc ls considercd.
Solutlon,
Bucbrrr volta3o/Dh..o, - Y I|OOO/J1 - 6352 votu
CGnonrod o.m.f,/pharo,Eo - l41g6i/Ji - 80t3 voltr
Syrchronour imp odurco/ghato, Z, - -
r&. 10.05 n
EVB
Synchronourrorobnac/phuc,X, - l0O I aoae - fi -
(l) Whta R. ls [Link].d
P*,,/phasc - Y - !r%t!? - 5135x lorw = il35kw
Total P,or - 3x5135 - l!40!kW
(li) WhGn R. ls consldertC
p,,,-/ph*c - t rrr- zcoc0)
- ffi (8083 _ 6352 x l,zro.o5)
.+
-4?nxt0!w-47ukw
a Totsl P;., - 3x47ll - l4133kw
tl
QJZ Exrmple i 2,44, A I o,o0o kYA, slngle phasc alternator has an impedance of l0 () and a rcsistance ,
of I {) and operares tn parallcl r./ith constant wltage 10,000 y bisbars. ialculate the maximum
Entcd qternal load that the machine can supply be/orc dropplng out o/srep when the nachine is excired ro
a load give an e.m./. o/ 11000 Y Also lind the armaturc curtenr and [Link]. corresponding ,o this maximum
:in5 load.
If wc neglect armatwc rcEbtancc & (and hence Cu loss),
ihen power devclopcd (P;) by an altcmator is equal to
the powcr output (Po,,,). Fig, 12,70 shows the phasor
diagram ofthe salient-polc synchronous generator. The
per phase power ouput of the alternator is
Po,,, = Pa= Vlncos$ ...(,
Now /rcos{ = /, cos6 + IrsinD
Also Eo = Vcos6+ IoXo
- = *--vl-
to E^ - I/cos6

And l/sinD : I"X, :'Iq= I/ sin 6

X,
Po: Y lI" cos 6 + Ia sin El (.'.Iocos$=I,cos6+/a sin 5)
of{
.,{;T,:;:rffi;#'r
Putting the valucs and /d, wc havc,

E^v v2 (xd- x") sin26

-i;"'no- - xrx, '--r-
eo =
ff,ina - (*#"in26 perphase ... (rr)

The total powcr developed would be three times the above po*er. The following points may be
noted :
(d) If there is no saliency, Xa = Xq.
.'. Pd =
\!"i"a perphase

This is the power developed by cylindrical rotor machiue (See Art. 12.20).
(r0 The second term in eq. (i) above introduces the effect of salient poles. lt represents the
reluctance power 1.e., power due to saliency.
(r'ii) If E.o : 0, then,
y2(x,-x
'i q') .
e = ,. sin26 per phase

The power obtaincd with zero excitation is

r-\. Excitation pow6r
,r sin 6
calld rcluclance power. It should be noted
that reluctance power is independent ofthe
excitation.
Power angle characteristic. Fig. 12.71 shows
thc power-arigle characteristic of a salient-Polc
machine. It is clear that reluctance power varies with
6 at twice the rate ofthe excitation power. The peak
 683
E{n.3 AltGrnatort
* dcp€nds upon the cxcitatior'
IOUS p6wcr is scon io bc displaced towards 6 0, thc amount ofdisplacemcnl
excitation tcrm has a peak value about 2.5 times thst of ihc
In Fig, 12.? I , thc cxcitation ls suct, ihat the positivc becausc x, > xr'
[Link]-siate condition", lhc reluctance tcrm is
l.\ ':K^;:;;ir'oi. undcr) t-o,"*
rcluctanar-term.
has a direct'axis svnchronous reactance ol0 E5
p'u' and
quadralure-axis syncnronous nir,;tance o7 O SS p u Draw [Link] (i)
"tternator dngram lor the alternator
tlireftom the load ungle (ii)
I u"" whcn operating on full'load at ;i;ii';g;"g ''nd
determine
'he
|oltage (iii) pu' un"t'ui ofJ Neglect arlnalun hsistance'
no-loadp.u 'elulation'
Solutton. Fig. 12.72 shows thc phasor diagram
,/ = I p.u. i ,o = I P.u.
-,,-\toxq
xa = 0.85 p.u. ixc = 0 55 p u. )'l'o
(0 cosO=O8; sin0 =.O6 -/
Zsin6 = lnXr(cos 6cosQ-sin6sin0)
or l'xsin6 = t xO.S5(cos6xO8-sin6x06)
or 044cos6 =133sin5
Irrn 5) rans=t#=033r
Flc.
,'. Power angle, 6 = tan-l o'331 - l8'3'
(rD Eo ) v"o"6+/nxd(sinDcosO+cos6sinO)
ei = r ^cosO+ I " 9t.t(:-lx0E+cosD x06)
or Eo = 6 + 0 85 (0 E sin 6 + 0 6 cos 5)
"ot l8'3" = 095 : sin 6 = sin 18 3' = 0314
Nbw d = "ot
...
"ot
Eo = 095+085 (0 8 x'O'314 + O 6 x 0 95) = l'65p'u'
, ::] (rrr) -..vottaeeresulation
= + = fj= - 0'65 p'u'
supPlies a cunznt of l0 A
W,(6 [Link]. A 3-phase' Y-connected synchronous-generator
Find'(i) theloadungle (ii) components
frr 5. having phase angte of 20" tagg";g at ioo v Tpnoti uut'age)' {2
Nestect
';:;';:; Giuen xo = t0 Q and xq = 6 5
i,";;;;;,,,1 ,,*"ii' <'i'i'uor'oz{l"sut""1n-
annalure res$,ance. O ; /' = l0A
Solution. Z= volts ; X'= lOC2 ; Xc-
4OO 6'5
cos 0' : cos 20" = O94 ; sin 0
: O'342
(r) I/ sin 6 - /n X, (cos 6 cos q - sin 6 sin^Q)
^
E& ;; 4oosln6 : ib J o s (to' 6 x 0 94 - sin 6 x 0 342)
or 4OOsin6 = 6l lcos6-2223sin6
or 422.23 sin 6 = 61. I cos 6
- or . tan6=#, =ol'14?
tr Po'E .'. Load angle,6 : tan-r 0 1447
: E'23"
:
(rr) lo = Insin(6 O) = lO sin (E 23'+ 2O") 4'73 A
+
cos (6 * O) = I0 cos (8 23" t 29"; -- t'81
A
''/ : -l-i;;r;.
/,sin (6 -Q\.Xa:4oocos E23"+473 xlo = 443
,Er rrc. volts
I (irr) E, -- |
F. -v lo0 = 443 - 40Ox ,^, l0o = 10'75 o/o
6
--tr .. voltage regulation : + "
6
=;oyY