Information

Processing Using
Computers

Module I
 Topics Covered

Introduction to Computers 
Overview of Computer Architecture 
Input and Output Devices 
Storage devices 
Data Storage and Retrieval 
Operating Systems : MS-WINDOWS 

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 2

 Computer- Definition

 Computer is an automatic electronic

apparatus for making calculations or
controlling operations that are
expressible in numerical or logical
terms.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 3

 Functioning of a Computer

Data Processing Information

Input And Output
Information
Controlling

Main Storage

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 4

 Computer System Consists of both
Hardware and Software.

 Hardware is the physical/touchable parts, i.e.,

the computer itself and the peripherals
connected to it. Peripherals are the devices
attached to the computer for purposes of input,
output, and storage of data.
Eg: keyboard, monitor, or external hard disk
 Software is the programs and associated data
stored on it. A program is a set of instructions.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 5

 Firmware & Live ware

 Firmware is the combination of hardware and

software. It is a prewritten program that is
permanently stored in read-only memory. It
configures the computer and is not easily
modifiable by the user. Eg: ROMs and PROMs.
 Live ware is a term generally used for the
people associated with and benefited from the
computer system.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 6

 Characteristics of Computers

 Speed  Automation
 Word Length  Accuracy
 Versatility  Storage
 Diligence

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 7

 Presentations

I. History and Evolution of Computers

 Mechanical Calculating Devices
 Manual Calculating Devices
 Semi-Automatic Calculating Devices
 Electromechanical Calculating Devices
 Electronic Computers

II. Generations of Computers

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 8

 Presentation III

I. Classification of Computers
 By Working Principle
 Analog, Digital & Hybrid Computers
 By Size and Speed
 Super, Mainframe, Mini, Personal/Micro
 By Purpose
 General Purpose & Special Purpose

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 9

 Classification of Computers

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 10

 Classification by Working
Principle

 Analog Computers
 Digital Computers
 Hybrid Computers

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 11

 Analog Computers
 Represents data as physical
quantities
 Uses continuous signals as input
 Examples - Thermometer and the
processor attached to the petrol
pump.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 12

 Digital Computers
 Operates both on digits and alphabets
 Very high Accuracy
 Operates on discrete signals
 Examples: Computers used for
business and scientific applications,
and pulse/heart-beat counters

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 13

 Hybrid Computers
 Operates on both analog and digital
signals
 Areas of application are nuclear power
plants, mines, intensive care units (ICUs)
of hospitals, and chemical process plants.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 14

 Classification by Size & Speed

 Super Computers
 Mainframe computers
 Mini Computers
 Micro computers

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 15

 Super Computers
 Introduced in 1960s by Seymour Cray at
Control Data Corporation (CDC)
 Optimized for speed and processing power.
 Biggest in size & Most expensive in price.
 Can process trillions of instructions in seconds.
 Used for extremely calculation-intensive tasks
 Usage: Animation, forecasting weather reports,
nuclear bomb explosions etc.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 16

 Mainframe Computers
 Typically cost several hundred
thousand dollars
 Can process millions of
instruction/second and capable of
accessing billions of data.
 Commonly used in big hospitals, air
line reservations companies etc.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 17

 Mainframe Computers
 They are used in situations where a
company wants the processing power
and information storage in a
centralized location.
 The processing power of the
mainframe is time-shared between all
of the users.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 18

 Mini Computers
 A minicomputer is a multi-user computer
that is less powerful than a mainframe.
 Uses large scale integrated circuits
 Cheaper than its predecessors
 Mostly preferred by the small type of
business personals, colleges, etc.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 19

 Micro/Personal Computers
 Uses a microprocessor chip as its CPU.
 Often called personal computers
because they are designed to be used by
one person at a time.
 Less Expensive & small in size

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 20

 Personal / Micro computers
can be:

 Desktop computers
 Work Stations
 Laptop / Notebook Computers
 Tablet Computers
 Palmtop/Handheld Computers
 Smart phones

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 21

 Desktop Computers

 A PC that is designed for use in a single

location
 Most Popular because of lower price and
greater availability.
 It is customizable, and can be upgraded easily.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 22

 Desktop computers

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 23

 Work Stations

 Has powerful microprocessor, large graphics

display, and more memory and disk space
than other desktop computers,
 Used mainly for scientific research, CAD, real-
time simulations, animation, and
 Costs more than most high-end desktop
computers.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 24

 Workstations

GIS Work Stations

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 25

 Laptops / Notebook computers
 A PC designed for mobile use and small enough to sit
on one's lap.
 It integrates most of the typical components of a desktop
computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing
device (a touchpad/ track pad), speakers, and often
including a battery, into a single small and light unit.
 More expensive than desktop computers
 Among the best-known makers of laptop computers are
IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, and Toshiba.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 26

 Tablet computers

 A slate shaped mobile computer equipped with

a touch screen which operate with a stylus or
digital pen, or a fingertip, instead of a keyboard
or mouse.
 Can record non-character based information
such as diagrams and mathematical notation
and symbols.
 Higher cost and risk of screen damage

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 27

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 28
 Palmtop/ Handheld computers

 A pocket-sized computing device, typically

having a display screen with touch input or a
miniature keyboard
 Example: a model designed to provide PIM
(personal information manager) functions, such
as a calendar and address book.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 29

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 30
 Smart Phones

A smart phone is a mobile phone offering

advanced capabilities of a PC with a built-
in full keyboard or external USB keyboard
Offers advanced features like e-mail,
Internet and e-book reader capabilities

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 31

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 32
 Classification based on Purpose

 General Purpose Computers

 Designed to solve large variety of problems.
 Special Purpose Computers
 Designed to solve a specific problem.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 33

 Overview of Computer
Architecture

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 34

 Central Processing Unit
Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic & Logic

Unit (ALU)

CPU Registers

Input Unit Output Unit

Data and
Primary Memory
Information-
Instructions Results

Auxiliary (Secondary Storage)

To supplement bulk storage
Dec 8, 2021 35
Basic Structure of a Computer
 Input Unit

 The input unit is formed by the input

devices attached to the computer.
(e.g. keyboard, mouse, MICR, OMR, OCR,
and joystick )
 The input unit takes the input and
converts it into binary form so that it can
be understood by the computer.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 36

 Presentation 4

 Input Devices
 Keyboard devices
 Point-and-Draw Devices (Mouse, Joystick,
Trackball, Light Pen, Touch Screen)
 Scanning Devices (OMR, MICR, OCR)

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 37

 Output Unit

 The output unit is formed by the output

devices attached to the computer.
(e.g. VDU (Visual Display Unit), printer, and plotter )
 The output unit takes the output from CPU
(electronic binary signals) and converts it
into a form which can be easily understood
by human beings

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 38

 Presentation 5

 Output Devices
 Display devices
- Technology (CRT, LCD, & Projection Display)
- Devices (Monitors, Multimedia Projectors)
 Printers (Dot matrix, Inkjet, Laser)
 Plotters

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 39

 Central Processing Unit
Register Set

Control Unit

Arithmetic and
Logic Unit

Figure: Major components of CPU

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 40

 Control Unit (CU)

 The CU controls and guides the flow and

manipulation of data and information.
 This process is done through a set of special
purpose registers (like Instruction register &
Program control register).

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 41

 Arithmetic & Logic Unit

 The ALU provides arithmetic & logic

operations.
 When an instruction that includes arithmetic or
logic operation is encountered, the numbers
are sent from memory to ALU where the
operation takes place and the result is put back
in the memory.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 42

 Register set

 Memory locations used to store instructions

as well as intermediate results.
 Examples include Memory Address
Registers (MAR), Memory Buffer Register
(MBR), Instruction Register etc.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 43

 Presentation 6

 CPU & its Working

 Structure
 Components
 Working principles

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 44

 Computer Storage

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 45

 Memory Hierarchy
Decreasing
CPU Registers Cost
Decreasing
Speed
Increasing Cache Memory
Cost Increasing
Size
Increasing
Speed
Main/Primary Memory
Decreasing
Size

Secondary/Auxiliary Memory

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 46

 Presentation 7

 Computer Storage
 CPU Registers
 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 47

 CPU Registers

 Very Fast, Very expensive

 Only hundreds of bytes in size
 Volatile in nature

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 48

 Cache Memory

 Larger than processor registers, but slower.

 Faster & expensive than main memory
 Reduces the average access time and thus
increases the operating speed

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 49

 Main/Primary/Internal Memory

 Used to store data and programs during

the computer operations.
 Size is much smaller than secondary
memory, but faster.
 Different kinds - RAM, ROM, PROM,
EPROM, & EEPROM
Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 50
 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Volatile memory
 Two types – Static RAM & Dynamic RAM
 They differ in the technology to hold data
 Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed
thousands of time per second
 Static RAM needs to be refreshed less often
which makes it faster

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 51

 Read Only Memory (ROM)

 Memory which can be prerecorded.

 Data once recorded cannot be removed
and can only be read.
 Used store critical programs such as the
program that boots the computer.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 52

 PROM

 Programmable Read Only Memory

 Memory which can be programmed once.
 Data once recorded cannot be removed and can
only be read.
 Programs are written using a special device
called PROM burner / PROM programmer

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 53

 EPROM

 Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory
 A special type of memory whose
contents can be cleared using ultraviolet
light.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 54

 EEPROM

 Electrically Erasable Programmable

Read Only Memory
 Can be erased by exposing it to an
electrical charge.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 55

 Flash Memory
 Special type of EEPROM.
 Also called Flash EEPROM
 The difference is that EEPROM can be
written or erased one byte at a time
whereas flash memory can be written or
erased in blocks, hence it is more faster.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 56

 Secondary Storage

 Used for bulk storage

 Slow compared to main memory
 Non-Volatile in nature
 Examples:
 Magnetic disks & tapes
 Floppy disks

 CD ROM & DVD

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 57

 Software
 A general term used to describe the
programs, procedures and
documentation stored in the computer.
 Program is set of instructions

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 58

 Software

System Software Application Software

Programming Software

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 59

 Operating Systems

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 60

 Operating System

An operating system is a set of

large and complex programs that
act as an interface between
computer hardware and its users.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 61

 Functions of OS

 Processor Management
 Memory Management
 Job Scheduling
 File Management
 Device Management
 Input/Output Management
Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 62
 Types of Operating Systems
Operating Systems can be divided into:
 Single-User OS
 Multi-User OS
 Multitasking OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Network OS
Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 63
 Single-User Operating Systems

 One user can work at a time.

 Example MS-DOS

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 64

 Multi-User Operating Systems

 A number of users can use the system at

a time as it allows simultaneous access
to a computer through two or more
terminals
 Examples are UNIX, MVS, XENIX and
Windows NT

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 65

 Multitasking OS
 Multitasking is the ability to execute more
than one task/program at the same time.
A multitasking OS allows more than one
program to run concurrently.
 OS/2, Windows NT, UNIX, and Amiga
OS are examples

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 66

 Multiprocessing OS
 It is similar to Multitasking OS. The difference
is that in multitasking OS, only one CPU is
involved, whereas in multiprocessing OS, more
than one CPU is involved.

 MVS and UNIX are two most widely used

multiprocessing operating systems

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 67

 Network Operating Systems
 Network Operating System (NOS) is an
operating system that includes special
functions for connecting computers and
devices into a network.
 Examples are Novell NetWare, Windows
NT and 2000, Sun Solaris and IBM OS/2.
 The Cisco IOS (Internet Operating System)
is also a network operating system.
Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 68
MS-WINDOWS
 Graphical User Interface

The DOS and UNIX used the character-

user interface. With the invention of
multiprogramming, the need of more user
friendly interface aroused. The new
working environment Windows supported
Graphical User Interface.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 70

 Features of GUI
 Secondary user-input devices, usually a pointing
device like a mouse.
 Point and shoot functionality with screen menus
 Windows that graphically display what the
computer is doing
 Icons that represent files, directories, and other
application and system entities.
 Other graphical facilities like dialog boxes, button,
check boxes, sliders etc. to support the users.

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 71

 MS-Windows is the most popular GUI. The
major benefits of Windows are:
 Common Look and feel
 Device independence
 Multitasking
 Memory Management
 Support for existing DOS applications
 Data Sharing

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 72

 Assignment:

“Although Computers provide

numerous benefits to man, it can’t
replace human beings at all”.
Comment

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 73

  End of Module I 

Dec 8, 2021 Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 74