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Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams

This document discusses bending of beams and the analysis of shear and moment diagrams. It begins by defining beams and explaining that applied loads cause internal shear forces and bending moments that vary along the beam. To design beams, it is necessary to determine the maximum shear and moment. Shear and moment diagrams can be plotted to show these variations. The document then provides the process for analyzing beams to determine the shear and moment diagrams, including establishing sign conventions, drawing free body diagrams, selecting coordinate positions, and using equilibrium equations. Several examples of determining shear and moment diagrams are provided. The document also discusses bending deformation of beams, flexure formulas relating stress to moment, and the design of prismatic beams for bending.

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Dexterneohhongwei
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20 views14 pages

Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams

This document discusses bending of beams and the analysis of shear and moment diagrams. It begins by defining beams and explaining that applied loads cause internal shear forces and bending moments that vary along the beam. To design beams, it is necessary to determine the maximum shear and moment. Shear and moment diagrams can be plotted to show these variations. The document then provides the process for analyzing beams to determine the shear and moment diagrams, including establishing sign conventions, drawing free body diagrams, selecting coordinate positions, and using equilibrium equations. Several examples of determining shear and moment diagrams are provided. The document also discusses bending deformation of beams, flexure formulas relating stress to moment, and the design of prismatic beams for bending.

Uploaded by

Dexterneohhongwei
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter Five

Bending

Shear and moment diagram


Beams

Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

Often these beams categorised as how they are supported.

Because of applied loads, beams develop an internal shear force and


bending moment that vary from point to point along the axis.

In order to design the beam for specific application, it is necessary to


determine the maximum shear and moment in the beam.

The shear and moment diagram can be plotted on the graphs called
shear and moment diagrams.

Shear and moment can also be used to determine the deflection of a


beam and to calculate the amount of energy stored in the beam.

Beam sign convention

Before presenting a method for determining the shear and moment as a


function of arbitrary distance from the end of the beam, it is important to
establish ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ internal shear force and bending
moment.
Procedure for analysis

Draw free body diagram and determine all support reactions. Resolve
the forces into components acting perpendicular/parallel to the beam’s
axis.

Select position coordinate, x such that each coordinate extends into a


region of beam located between concentrated forces, couples,
discontinuous/distributed loading.

Make sure M and V are acting in their positive sense.

Use eqbm. eqns to determine V and M as function of x.

Plot V against x and M against x.

Arrange with free body diagram, followed by V-x and M-x.


Example 5.1
Draw shear and moment diagram for the beam shown in figure below.

Example 5.2
Draw shear and moment diagram for the beam shown in figure below.

Example 5.3
Draw shear and moment diagram for the beams shown in figures below.
Graphical method to construct shear and moment diagram

In case where several loads are applied, the following two eqns provide
a convenient means for quickly plotting the shear and moment diagrams

dV dM
=−w (x ) =V
dx dx
Eqn 1 Eqn 2

For eqn 1:

Slope of shear diagram = - Distributed load intensity at


at each point each point

Change in shear = - Area under the distributed loading

For eqn 2:

Slope of moment diagram at each point = Shear at each point

Change in moment = Area under the shear diagram

ΔM =∫ V ( x)dx
The table shows some common loading cases. Please do not memorize,
study carefully how it is constructed.

Bending deformation of a straight member

When a bending moment is applied, it tends to distort the member into


the pattern shown.

The longitudinal lines become curve and the vertical transverse lines
remain straight yet undergo a rotation.

The neutral surface is the surface that will not undergo changes

Assumptions

Neutral surface doesn’t change. Rather, the moment will change the line
into a curve

Cross section of the beam remains plane and perpendicular to the


longitudinal axis during deformation

Any deformation of the cross section within its own plane is neglected

In order to show how the distortion is, we isolate a segment of the


material, x

This segment is shown in figure below.


Any line segment x located on the neutral surface will not change in
length, where as s, located distance y above neutral surface will
contract and become s’.

The normal strain is then found to be

y
ε=−
ρ
This result indicates that the longitudinal strain depends on the location y
on the cross section and radius of curvature of the beam’s longitudinal
axis at the point.

In other words, the longitudinal strain varies linearly with y from neutral
axis.
Contraction occurs above neutral axis while elongation occurs below
neutral axis.

The maximum strain occurs at he outermost, located a distance c from


the neutral axis, so we have

y
()
ε=− ε max
c

This normal strain is dependent upon on the assumptions made with


regards to the deformation.

If only a moment is applied, then we can assume that this moment


causes a normal stress only in the longitudinal axis. All other
components of normal and shear stress are zero.

By Poisson ratio’s definition, cross sectional dimensions above the


neutral axis becomes smaller while the lower becomes larger.
Flexure formula

This section develops a relationship that relates the longitudinal stress


distribution in a beam to the internal resultant loading moment acting on
the beam cross section.

Assume that the material behaves elastically, Hooke’s law is applicable.

Using Hooke’s law, a linear variation of normal strain must be the


consequence of a linear variation in normal stress. So we can write

y
σ =− () σ
c max
From this equation, we can derive the general form of equation of max
and  in terms of resultant internal moment, M, moment of inertia of the
cross sectional area, I, perpendicular distance from/about the neutral
axis, c or y.

Mc My
σ max = σ=
I I
Either of the formula above is referred as flexure formula

It is used to determine the normal stress in a straight member having a


cross section that is symmetrical with respect to an axis and the moment
is applied perpendicular to the axis.

Example 5.4

The simply supported beam has a cross-sectional area as shown.


Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross section at this location.
Example 5.5

The beam shown in figure has a cross sectional area in the shape of a
channel. Determine the maximum bending stress that occurs in the
beam at section a-a.

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending


The design of beams is usually controlled by the maximum absolute values of
bending moment, Mmax that will occur in the beam. The largest nominal bending
stress max is found at the surface of the beam in critical section where Mmax occurs.
Rewriting the equation,

|M|max c |M|max
σm= =
I S
A safe design would require m  all , thus Smin = Mmax/all., where S is known as the
allowable section modulus.

Example 5.6

A 5-m long simply supported steel beam AD is to carry the distributed and
concentrated loading
s as shown in figure below. Knowing that the allowable normal stress to be used is
160MPa, determine the minimum allowable section modulus

Common questions

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Identifying 'positive' and 'negative' bending moments is essential for understanding how different beam sections contribute to overall stress and deformation. A positive bending moment causes the beam to bend in a concave upwards manner, while a negative moment results in concave downwards bending. This distinction helps in visualizing the deflected shape of the beam under various loading conditions and impacts how shear and moment diagrams are constructed, affecting decisions in design and analysis .

The allowable section modulus directly influences the design of prismatic beams by dictating the beam's size and shape to safely endure applied stresses. It is calculated as S_min = |M|_max/σ_all, where |M|_max is the maximum absolute bending moment and σ_all is the allowable stress. This parameter ensures that the beam's cross-section provides sufficient strength without exceeding the material's strength limit, thereby ensuring safety and efficiency in structural applications .

The cross-sectional design significantly affects the maximum bending stress a beam can endure due to its influence on the moment of inertia, I, which is a critical variable in the flexure formula (σ_max = Mc/I). A larger moment of inertia reduces the stress experienced for a given bending moment, allowing the beam to withstand higher loads without exceeding material stress limits. Thus, optimizing cross-sectional shape and size enhances the beam's capacity to resist bending moments, ensuring structural efficiency and safety .

The neutral surface in a beam is the layer that experiences no change in length during bending. Understanding this helps determine how other layers above and below will deform: layers above the neutral surface contract, while those below elongate. The normal strain, which is the change in length per unit length, varies linearly with the distance from the neutral axis, emphasizing the significance of the beam's geometry during bending deformation. This strain variance is formulated as ε = -y/ρ, indicating its dependence on the distance y from the neutral axis and the radius of curvature ρ .

The slope of the shear diagram at any given point is equal to the negative distributed load intensity at that point (-w(x)). This reflects how variations in distributed loads directly affect the shear forces along the beam. Similarly, the slope of the moment diagram at each point is equal to the shear force at that point, indicating how shear influences the rate of change in moments. These relationships enable engineers to quickly visualize and determine how load distributions impact internal forces within beams .

When applying the flexure formula, several key assumptions are made: the beam's material is elastic and follows Hooke's law, the cross-section remains planar and perpendicular to the neutral axis during deformation, and any deformation within the cross-section's own plane is neglected. It is also assumed that the beam has a symmetrical cross-section, and that the applied moment is strictly perpendicular to the axis. These assumptions ensure that the flexure formula yields accurate stress distributions under typical loading conditions .

Poisson's ratio is considered in bending deformation by recognizing its effect on lateral contractions and elongations. Specifically, when a beam undergoes bending, regions above the neutral axis experience lateral contraction, making them smaller. Conversely, regions below the neutral axis experience lateral expansion, making them larger. This transverse deformation, though often minimal, affects overall beam stress distribution and needs consideration when extreme precision is required in design .

Hooke's law is applied in the context of bending stress by establishing a proportional relationship between stress and strain under elastic conditions. This principle means that as a beam bends, the strain experienced at any point within its material is proportional to the corresponding stress. Consequently, longitudinal stress follows a linear distribution from the neutral axis outward, allowing the use of the flexure formula to calculate stress using bending moment and beam dimensions .

The longitudinal stress distribution in a beam is directly related to the internal resultant loading moment acting on the beam's cross-section. Assuming elastic behavior and adherence to Hooke's law, the normal stress varies linearly along the beam's cross-section. The flexure formula, σ = -(y/c)σ_max, derives that the maximum stress, σ_max, occurs at the outermost fibers from the neutral axis with the internal moment, M, influencing the stress magnitude. This formula ties σ = My/I, with I being the moment of inertia, and confirms that stress distribution is contingent upon both the moment and beam geometry .

Determining the maximum shear and moment in the design of beams is essential as it directly impacts the structural integrity and safety of the beam. Shear and moment diagrams provide a graphical representation of these forces along the beam's axis, allowing engineers to identify critical points for maximum stress. This information is crucial when calculating the beam's deflection and the energy stored within, ensuring the beam is designed to withstand applied loads and prevent failure .

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