Outline

Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

- Energy Management • Energy Management Issue in ad hoc
networks

• Main Reasons for Energy Management

in ad hoc networks
• Classification of Energy Management
S h
Schemes
WS 2010/2011
• Summary

Prof. Dr. Dieter Hogrefe

Dr. Omar Alfandi

Energy Management Issue in Ad Hoc Networks Outline

• In ad hoc networks the devices are battery powered • Energy Management Issue in ad hoc
• So the computation and communication capacity of each networks
device is constrained • Main Reasons for Energy Management
• Devices that expend their whole energy can be in ad hoc networks
recharged when they leave the network
• Energy resources and computation workloads have • Classification of Energy Management
diff
different
t distributions
di t ib ti within
ithi th
the network
t k S h
Schemes
• Therefore it is beneficial to redistribute spare energy • Summary
resources to satisfy varying workloads in the network

3 4
Main Reasons for Energy Management in Ad Hoc Main Reasons for Energy Management in Ad Hoc
Networks (1/2) Networks (2/2)

• Limited Energy Reserve: The improvement in battery • Constraints on the battery source: The batteries should
technologies is very slow be small and not heavy; So low power is available at
• Difficulties in replacing the batteries: E.g. in battlefields or each node
emergency applications • Selection of optimal transmission power: Higher
• Lack of central coordination: In ad hoc networks as distributed transmission power results in higher energy consumption
networks
et o s some
so e nodes
odes may
ay work
o as relay
e ay nodes;
odes; when
e relay
e ay ttraffic
a c iss and higher interference between nodes
heavy the power consumption is high

5 6

In General Outline

• Energy management deals with the process of managing • Energy Management Issue in Ad Hoc
energy resources by means of : Networks
• Main Reasons for Energy Management
– Controlling the battery discharge in ad hoc networks
– Adjusting
Adj ti th the ttransmission
i i power • Classification of Energy Management
– Scheduling of power sources Schemes

To increase the lifetime of the nodes of an ad hoc wireless network

• Summary

7 8
Classification of Energy Management Schemes (1/2) Classification of Energy Management Schemes (2/2)
Energy
E Management
M t
Schemes • Battery management :
– Concerned with problems that lie in the selection of battery
Battery Transmission power System power t h l i
technologies, fi
finding
di the
th optimal
ti l capacity
it off th
the b
battery
tt
management management management
schemes schemes schemes

• Transmission power management:

Device dependent Data link layer: e.g. Processor power
schemes: e.g. Dynamic power management schemes: e.g. – Attempt to find an optimum power level for the nodes in the ad
battery scheduling adjustment Power saving modes
hoc wireless network
Device management
schems:
Data link layer: e.g.
Lazy packet Network layer: Power e.g. Low power design of
schedulingg aware routings hardware • System power management:
– Deals mainly with minimizing the power required by hardware
Network layer: e.g. Higher layers: peripherals of a node (such as CPU, DRAM and LCD display)
Routing based on Congestion control,
b tt
battery status
t t Transmission policies at
TCP/IP

9 10

Classification of Energy Management Schemes 1. Battery Management Schemes

Energy
E Management
M t
Schemes • The lifetime of a node is determined by the capacity of its
energy source and the energy required by the node.
Battery Transmission power System power • There
Th are some device
d i d dependent
d t approaches h ththatt iincrease
management management management
schemes schemes schemes the battery lifetime by exploiting its internal characteristics.
• Key Fact: Batteries recover their charge when idle
Device dependent Data link layer: e.g. Processor power
schemes: e.g. Dynamic power management schemes: e.g. ⇒ Use some batteries and leave others to idle/recover
battery scheduling adjustment Power saving modes
A) Device depending schemes:
Device management I. Battery scheduling techniques:
schems:
Data link layer: e.g.
Lazy packet Network layer: Power e.g. Low power design of • In a battery package of L cells, a subset of batteries can be
schedulingg aware routings hardware
scheduled for transmitting a given packet leaving other cells
to recover their charge. There are some approaches to select
Network layer: e.g. Higher layers: the subset of cells, e.g.:
Routing based on Congestion control,
b tt
battery status
t t Transmission policies at
TCP/IP

11 12
Battery Management Schemes Battery Management Schemes
1. Joint technique: The same amount of current is drawn equally II. Battery-Aware MAC Protocol:
from all the cells which are connected in parallel. – to provide uniform discharge of the batteries of the nodes that
2. Round robin technique: The current is drawn from the batteries in contend for the common channel
turn by switching from one to the next one. – Lower back off interval for nodes with higher charge
3. Random technique: any one of the cells is chosen at random with C) Network Layer Battery Management
a uniform probability
probability. – Goal: Increase the lifetime of the network
I. Shaping algorithm:
B) Data link Layer Battery Management • introducing g delay
y slots in the battery
y discharge
g pprocess
I. Lazy Packet Scheduling: • If battery charge becomes below threshold, stop next transmission
– Reduce the power ⇒ Increase the transmission time (lower bit rate) allowing battery to recover through idling
– But this may not suit practical wireless environment packets • The remaining requests arriving at the system are queued up at a
⇒ a transmission schedule is designed taking into account the delay buffer
constraints of the packets • As soon as the battery recovers its charge and enters state higher
than the threshold,
threshold it starts servicing the queued-up requests

13 14

Classification of Energy Management Schemes 2. Transmission Power Management Schemes

Energy
E Management
M t
Schemes A) Link layer solutions:
I. Power Save in IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Mode
Battery Transmission power System power – Time is divided into beacon intervals
management management management
schemes schemes schemes – Each beacon interval begins with an ATIM (ad hoc traffic
indication message) window
Device dependent Data link layer: e.g. Processor power
schemes: e.g. Dynamic power management schemes: e.g.
battery scheduling adjustment Power saving modes

Device management
schems:
Data link layer: e.g.
Lazy packet Network layer: Power e.g. Low power design of
schedulingg aware routings hardware

Network layer: e.g. Higher layers:

Routing based on Congestion control,
b tt
battery status
t t Transmission policies at
TCP/IP

15 16
Transmission Power Management Schemes Transmission Power Management Schemes

• If host A has a packet to transmit to B, A must send an ATIM • E.g. A has some data packets to send to B; C is idle
Request to B during an ATIM Window
• On
O receipti t off ATIM Request
R t from
f A,
A B will
ill send
d an ATIM Ack,
A k
and stay up during the rest of the beacon interval
• If a host does not receive an ATIM Request during an ATIM
window, and has no pending packets to transmit, it may sleep
during rest of the beacon interval
• Size of ATIM window and beacon interval affects
performance:
– If ATIM windowi d is
i too
t large,
l energy saving
i iis reduced
d d and
d
may not have enough time to transmit buffered data
– If ATIM window is too small,
small not enough time to send ATIM
request
17 18

Transmission Power Management Schemes Transmission Power Management Schemes

II. Power Control in IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Mode • But difference in transmit power can lead to increased
• A power control MAC protocol allows nodes to vary transmit power collisions
level on a per
per-packet
packet basis
• In following example suppose nodes A and B use lower
• When C transmits to D at a high power level, B cannot receive A’s
transmission due to interference from C power level than nodes C and D
• When A is transmitting to B, C and D may not sense the
transmission
• When
Wh C and d D ttransmit
it tto each
h other
th using
i hihigher
h
power, their transmission may collide with the on-going
• If C reduces transmit power, it can still communicate to D transmission from A to B
– Reduces energy consumption at node C
– Allows B to receive A’s transmission (spatial reuse)

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Transmission Power Management Schemes Transmission Power Management Schemes

• As a solution to this problem, RTS-CTS are transmitted • In the previous scheme, RTS-CTS handshake is used to
at the highest possible power level but DATA and ACK decide the transmission power for subsequent DATA
att the
th minimum
i i power llevell necessary tto communicate
i t andd ACK which
hi h can b
be achieved
hi d iin ttwo diff
differentt ways
• In figure nodes A and B send RTS and CTS respectively
with highest power level such that node C receives the 1 Suppose node A wants to send a packet to node B
1. B. Node
CTS and defers its transmission A transmit RTS at power level pmax (maximum possible).
When B receives the RTS from A with signal level pr, B
• By using a lower power level for DATA and ACK
calculates the minimum necessary transmission power
packets, nodes can save energy level, pdesired. For the DATA packet based on received
power level,
level pr, transmitted power level,
level pmax, and noise
level at the receiver B. Node B specifies pdesired in its CTS
to node A. After receiving CTS, node A sends DATA
using power level pdesired.
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Transmission Power Management Schemes Transmission Power Management Schemes

2. When a destination node receives an RTS, it responds B) Network layer solutions:

by sending a CTS (at power level pmax). When source I. Common Power Control:
node receives CTS
CTS, it calculates pdesired based on – Given reachability of each node as a function of powerpower, find the
received power level, pr, and transmitted power level min power level that provides network connectivity
(pmax
a ) as – If the common power level is selected too high, this may lead to
Pdesired = (pmax / pr) x Rxthresh x c interference (fig. a); if too low, the reachability of nodes may
become weak (fig. b)
where Rxthresh is minimum necessaryy received signal
g ⇒ choosing an optimum value is a difficult tasktask.
strength and c is a constant
III. Centralized Topology Control:
The power of each node is reduced until it has single
connectivity, i.e. there is one path between each pair of nodes
or bi-connectivity
bi ti it
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Transmission Power Management Schemes Transmission Power Management Schemes

II. Min Variance in Node Power Levels: IV. Conditional Min-Max Battery Cost Routing:
– The motivation is to ensure that all the nodes are given equal – Using only nodes that have battery charge over a threshold, Find the
importance and no node is drained at a faster rate compared to other min total power path
path.
nodes in the network V. Minimum Energy Disjoint Path Routing:
– For transmitting a packet, a node selects the next-hop node so that it – The important need for having disjoint paths in ad hoc networks is
has the least amount of traffic among all neighbours of the node b
because off the
th need d ffor reliable
li bl packet k t ttransmission
i i and d energy
efficiency.
III. Min Battery Cost Routing: – Ad hoc networks are highly unreliable due to the mobility of nodes and
– Minimize sum of battery cost along a path h
hence the
h probability
b bili off lilink
k ffailure
il iis quite
i hi
high
h iin such
h networks.
k
⇒ Does not ensure that lower charge nodes are not used – This problem can be overcome by means of link disjoint routing.
– Also, since the ad hoc nodes have stringent g batteryy constraints, node
disjoint routing considerably increases the lifetime of the network by
» ⇒ The lower path is used choosing different routes for transmitting packets at different points of
time.

25 26

Classification of Energy Management Schemes 3. System Power Management Schemes

Energy
E Management
M t
Schemes • Efficient design of the hardware brings about significant reduction in
the power consumed.
Battery Transmission power System power • This can be effected by operating some of the peripheral devices in
management management management power-saving mode by turning them off under idle conditions.
schemes schemes schemes
• System power consists of the power used by all hardware units of
Device dependent Data link layer: e.g. Processor power the node. This power can be conserved significantly by applying the
schemes: e.g. Dynamic power management schemes: e.g. following schemes:
battery scheduling adjustment Power saving modes

Device management
schems: – Processor power management schemes
Data link layer: e.g.
Network layer: Power e.g. Low power design of
Lazy packet
aware routings
– Device power management schemes
schedulingg hardware

Network layer: e.g. Higher layers:

Routing based on Congestion control,
b tt
battery status
t t Transmission policies at
TCP/IP

27 28
System Power Management Schemes System Power Management Schemes

A) Processor Power Management Schemes: • As soon as the node enters the idle state, it is switched off by the
– Deals with techniques that try to reduce the power consumed by the processor, remote activated switch RAS. The receiver of the RAS switch still listens
g reducing
e.g. g the number of calculations pperformed. to the channel. The remote neighbours send the wake-up signal and a
I. Power-Saving Modes: sequence. The receiver, on receiving the wake-up signal, detects the
sequence (the waking-up signal). The logic circuit compares it with the
– The nodes consume a substantial amount of power even when they are standard sequence for the node. It switches on the node only if both the
in an idle state since they keep listening to the channel
channel, awaiting sequences match.
request packets from the neighbours.
– As a solution, the nodes are switched off during idle conditions and
switched on only when there is an arrival of a request packet
packet.
– Since the arrival of request packets is not known a priori, it becomes
difficult to calculate the time duration for which the node has to be
switched offoff.
– One solution to this problem calculates the node's switch-off time based
on the quality of service (QoS) requirements. Hard QoS requirements
makek the
th node d stay
t active
ti mostt off the
th time.
ti

29 30

System Power Management Schemes System Power Management Schemes

II. Power-Aware Multi-Access Signaling (PAMAS): B) Device Power Management Schemes:

• Power-Aware Multi-Access Signaling is another approach for • Some of the major consumers of power in ad hoc wireless networks
determining the time duration for which the node should be turned are the
th hhardware
d d
devices
i presentt iin th
the nodes.
d D i power
Device
off. management schemes minimize the power consumption.
– Conditions under which the node enters the power-off mode:
• Condition 1: The node has no packets for transmission.
• Condition 2: A neighbour node is transmitting or receiving packets,
that is,, the channel is busy.
y

31 32
System Power Management Schemes Outline

I. Low-Power Design of Hardware: varying clock speed CPUs, disk • Energy Management Issue in Ad Hoc
spin down, and flash memory Networks
II CPU Power Consumption: by changing the clock frequency,
II. frequency etc.
etc
• Main Reasons for Energy Management
III. Power-Aware CPU Scheduling: a small reduction in the value of
the voltage produces a quadratic in the power consumed, so clock in ad hoc networks
rate has to be also reduced. • Classification of Energy Management
IV. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Power Consumption: by bring down the Schemes
speed of spinning on the disc drives
• Summary
S

33 34

Summary
• Three major divisions in energy management

• Battery Management:
When idling increases the capacity of the battery
• Transmission Power Management:
Distance vs. Power tradeoff
• System Power Management:
Put system/components
y p to sleep
p whenever p possible

35