The Impact of Part Time Work towards Academic Performance to the students in

Lapasan National High School and Senior High School

Chapter 1

Introduction

The researchers would like to investigate if working while studying really

affects a student's academic performance. If work is related to their studies this

would definitely be beneficial to students, however how will work affect working

students if it is not study-related?

“Most of the studies have been pretty clear and consistent in saying that

working full-time is not good at all. Working part-time can be beneficial,

particularly if it’s on campus,” (Dr. Gary Pike, 2017)

Just as what (Caldwell, 2019) stated, “When a student gets a job, they will

have less time to devote to their academic studies. Less study time usually means

a decrease in test scores and overall grades. Students get jobs for many reasons,

including wanting to buy what they want or to earn money for their school

needs.”

For some students, especially those in traditionally underserved

populations, taking a job is not a matter of choice, but a necessity. They need to

work to save for their financial needs in school or even to supplement family

income. Counselors should help students who have a real need to work improve

time-management skills and seek employment that helps their educational

goals.
 According to (Brody, 2018), “As a working student, work-life balance is

also important, while there are amazing things to be said about working while

studying, student work must be managed well.” Additionally, we should only

take on work that we know we can handle. What it meant by that is that we need

to be realistic about working hours: we cannot work 30 hours as a full-time

student. Experts agree that students who work more than 15 to 20 hours per

week often experience decreased school success, which can lead to dropping out

entirely. Working long hours can also limit opportunities to build friendships

and explore interests that enhance intellectual and emotional development, we

need to be able to balance our work, home, social, and most importantly, student

life.

Poverty is the #1 enemy of education on every level. Poor students not only

receive the worst education, but they fall victim to lifestyle and health issues that

hinder their ability to learn. (Gunnane, 2019)

Here's a review at how poverty impacts education and, why do students

are craving to find part-time jobs.

With little financial education and low-earnings, poor families might have

to send their kids to school without breakfast or lunch and perhaps not eating

enough can reduce the brain's capacity to learn, and poor students quickly end

up falling behind their classmates.

“Poor parents are unable to give their kids the same level of attention and

thus their children learn a much more limited vocabulary.” (Dixon,2017)

Moreover, poor children have often not been asked to find solutions to problems
or received advice on how to handle difficult situations before entering school.

As a result, poor children had heard 32 million fewer words than other students

starting school.

Poverty can create a series of emergencies that trigger stress hormones.

These hormones have a dampening effect on brain development, which can

result in an inability to pay attention, regulate emotions, or develop proper

memory function.

Many poor children are not taught about the variety of career opportunities

within and outside of their communities. Growing up poor, they leave school with

a general focus on “making money” instead of trying to excel at a career. It's not

a matter of lack of motivation; it's a question of lack of information. “Schools can

educate children about careers and what it takes to succeed on the job, helping

poor students aim higher.” (Davis, 2016)

The bottom line here is, Poverty not only affects education at the

institutional level, but it also affects learners on a personal level. Opportunities

can seem limited for poor students, and the children’s ability and willingness to

take advantage of existing opportunities may be limited.

Theoretical Framework
 In this section, we briefly introduce the main theories found in multiple

disciplines, providing support for a relationship between working students and

their academic performances. These theories helps explain on how do working

while studying really affects the academic performance of the students. In the

following paragraphs, we consecutively present the leading theories that

advocate both of these views.

This study is anchored by Human Capital Theory , According to

(Becker,2014) “Student employment can be a complement to education due to

the additional skills and knowledge obtained while working.” There are several

reasons why student work may lead to such an increase in human capital. First,

student employment enables the recovery of new general and transferable skills

such as work values, communication skills, and a sense of time management.

Second, combining study and work may offer students the opportunity to apply

in practice what they have learned in school. (Joe Bandy, 2018) Third, student

employment may increase future-orientedness and thereby motivate students to

work harder in school in order to achieve a certain career goal.

On the other hand, building on the Theory of the Allocation of Time, the

Zero-Sum Theory suggests that student employment and education are

substitutes. It is argued that student employment strongly hold down students’

use of time: time spent working out ton activities that enhance academic

performance, for example: studying, doing homework and attending classes. As

the reduced time spent on the latter activities subsequently worsens academic

performance.
 However, spending one hour more on student work does not necessarily

translate into spending one hour less on study activities. This theory suggests

that the worse academic performance of working students is related to their

primary orientation being toward work rather than toward school.

Another theory that supports a negative association between student work

and educational success is the Primary Orientation Theory. In other words, it

reflects a separation from school that existed before the decision to work was

made, rather than a negative effect due to student employment itself. Therefore,

instead of providing an explanation for a casual, negative effect of student work,

this theory reveals a potential selection problem that one wants to control for in

empirical analysis. Indeed, hypothesize that when pre-existing differences

between working and non-working students, such as their primary orientation,

are properly controlled for, the difference in academic performance between

these two groups disappears.

Based on the aforementioned theories, there are several reasons why

student employment is expected to be less of a substitute for education for

students in tertiary education. First, as students in tertiary education have more

flexibility in their schedules, the assumption that working crowds out time spent

on activities that nurture academic performance the “Zero-Sum Theory” may be

less valid for them. Indeed, their classes are usually not required, and they often

have flexibility in planning their academic workload by choosing between

different courses. Second, a selection effect with respect to students’ primary

orientation may be less of an issue for students in tertiary education, since only
more school-oriented students will choose to begin this form of alternative

education. More work-oriented students will not enter this type of education, but

rather pursue labour market opportunities. Third, most students in tertiary

education have already combined study and work in secondary education, so

they should be more skilled at mixing these two activities.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers has conceptual framework to guide them in their study.

The conceptual framework helps the researcher to develop awareness about the

situation review of the topic. Conceptual framework also helps the readers to

directly understand the relationship of the dependent and independent variable.

 The independent variable contains the profile of the respondents in terms

of age which represent the age of the part-time worker students, sex which

represents wether the part-time worker student is a male or female, and lastly is

family income which is very important to our research, so that we would know

the reason on why the student take part-time jobs. The dependent variable

contains the Academic Performance which represents the grade and the

performance of the students Interest of the working students in their studying,

Tardiness which represents the behavior of the student in the school. and lastly

is Time Management which represents on how the part-time worker students

manage their time in studying, doing assignments, projects, and working.

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Profile of the respondents in Factors that affects the

terms of: working students in terms of:

Age Academic
Performance
Sex
Tardiness
Family Income
Interest in Studying

Time Management

Figure 1: Schematic Model of the Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to determine how working students affects

their academic performance. This study is seeking an investigation, whether

working while studying has a relationship with the student's academic

performance among senior high school students in Lapasan National High

School. Specifically, it seeks the following questions to be answered:

1. What is the profile of the working students in terms of?

1.1. Age

1.2. Sex

1.3. Family Income

2. What are the factors that affects working students in terms of?

2.1. Academic Performance

2.2. Tardiness

2.3. Interest in Studying

2.4. Time Balancing

Significance of the Study

The researchers believe that this study is very useful and crucial to the

students, teachers, parents and future researchers. This study will determine
the affection of working students in the school performance. Especially, this

study is significant to:

● Students. This study will help the students to know the effects of having

a part-time job in their academic performance.

● Teachers. This study helps the teachers to know or to learn the triggering

the part-time working students are facing.

● Parents. This study helps the parents to know how to manage the time in

working and studying of their child.

● Future Researchers. This study helps the future researchers to have an

idea or to have advance knowledge about the topic.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research aimed to find out the impact of working while studying

among the selected students of Lapasan Senior High School which is located in

the municipality of Cagayan De Oro City. In region X of Northern Mindanao for

the SY: 2019-2020. This research is further bounded to the survey if there is a

positive or negative impact of working while studying to their academic

performance.

This research has 60 respondents from the students of Senior High School

which are the Grades 11 and 12, with the age of 16 and up. The respondents

can help the researcher to find out the impact of working while studying to their

academic performance, if whether having a part-time job while studying have a

negative or positive effect in the students.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of this study, some technical terms used are operationally

defined for clarity and better understanding. The terms are the following:

● Part-Time. This term refers to the student’s that works for only part of

each day.
● Academic Performance. This terms refers to the behavior of the student

in school.

● Poverty. This term refers to the situation of the student that makes them

crave to find a job.

● Time Balancing. This term refers to the part-time students that balances

their time in studying and working.

● Age. This term refers to the age of the respondents.

● Sex. This term refers to the biological sex of the respondents.

● Family Income. This term refers to what the family of the student get

while working.