CALCULATION OF THE PRESSURE CHANGE CAUSED BY
SATURATED STEAM ENTERING A VESSEL
A. K. Zvonarev, V . N. M a i d a n i k , UDC [Link]
A. P. Proshutinskii, A . G. T o l m a o h e v ,
and V. K. Shania
Our previous r e s u l t s [1] w e r e concerned with the nonstationary flow of water f r o m a p r e s s u r i z e d v e s s e l
into a sealed v e s s e l of volume 3;4 m 3 containing c e r a m i c rings.
Calculations have been p e r f o r m e d [2-6] on the p a r a m e t e r s in the passage of saturated steam into a sealed
vessel; however, the method used t h e r e is not applicable to the p r e s s u r e variation o c c u r r i n g in a v e s s e l with
packing that causes additional condensation.
H e r e we present a method of calculating the p r e s s u r e in such a d r u m on the basis of the uneven heating
of the packing; the c u r v e s for the ring t e m p e r a t u r e s (Fig. 1) imply that the layers in the packing a r e heated
sequentially, i.e., the a i r is displaced by the s t e a m - a i r mixture. It ks also found that the t e m p e r a t u r e d i s -
tribution is a l m o s t uniform over the c r o s s section of the packing.
The experiments indicate that the following p r o c e s s occurs: the s t e a m entering the lower part of the
v e s s e l V0 is instantly and uniformly mixed with the a i r (Fig. 2). Then the s t e a m - a i r m i x t u r e p a s s e s into the
ring packing, where the s t e a m condenses.
The following assumptions w e r e made in the mathematical description:
1) The p a r a m e t e r s o f the s t e a m in the d r u m c o r r e s p o n d to the state of saturation at the appropriate p a r -
tial p r e s s u r e ;
2) the heating of the packing is r e g u l a r (this is adequately confirmed by t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s ) ;
3) the p r e s s u r e and density of the s t e a m - a i r mixture a r e to be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the tetat of the partial
p r e s s u r e s of the steam and air;
4) the t e m p e r a t u r e of the a i r in the s t e a m - a i r m i x t u r e is e q u a l t o the t e m p e r a t u r e of the s t e a m at the
c o r r e s p o n d i n g partial p r e s s u r e .
Then the balance equations for the vapor and a i r take the following form:
d M v __ G V - dM1T__ dM~v . (1)
d'~ dx d~ '
My =~vVsm; (2)
Ma _--~aVsm; (3)
Mla---- Pa (V -- Vsm), (4)
w h e r e Gv is the flow of the saturated vapor into the drum; d M l v / d r and dM2v/dT, r a t e s of condensation of the
s t e a m on the walls of the d r u m and in the packing; My, a m o u n t o f vapor in the d r u m at time T; Vsm, volume of
the s t e a m - a i r m i x t u r e at t i m e ~'; V, d r u m volume; Ma, m a s s of a i r in volume V0; Mla m a s s of a i r in the r e s t
of the drum; Pa, density of the a i r in that volume; and pv a n d ~ a , partial densities of the vapor and a i r in the
steam- air mixture.
T h e condensation r a t e dMlv/d~- f o r the walls of the d r u m is given by
T r a n s l a t e d from Atomnaya ]~nergiya, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 91-94, August, 1979. Original a r t i c l e submitted
June 5, 1978.
614 0038-531X/79/4702-0614 $07.50 9 1980 Plenum Publishing Corporation
~,~
100
80
S
60
40 vo
Gv
ZO I ~ I I - -
20 40 60 80 ~sec
F i g . 1. T e m p e r a t u r e s of l a y e r s of c e - F i g . 2. W o r k i n g
r a m i c r i n g s a s functions of t i m e : 1-4 scheme for p r e s ,
a r e t h e n u m b e r s of the l a y e r s r e c k o n e d s u r e change in
from the bottom. drum.
MP
o,z \',~
qI'4[~/
o,~o.
0 70 20 J0 40 ~,see
F i g . 3. P r e s s u r e v a r i a t i o n in d r u m f o r Dy = 15 m m ,
P0 = 12 MPa, and T o = 300~ Upper p o s i t i o n of pipe:
s o l i d line) f r o m e x p e r i m e n t , b r o k e n line) c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r k 2 = 400 W / m 2 9 d e g C , d o t - d a s h l i n e ) c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
k 2 = 200 W / m 2 9d e g C , a n d - . o - l i n e ) c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
k 2 = 100 W / m 2 - deg C.
dM1v = klFt (T.~--T1)
d% r ' (5)
w h e r e k I is the h e a t - t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the w a l l s ; F1, a r e a of the w a l l in v o l u m e Vo; ~ s , s a t u r a t i o n t e m -
p e r a t u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e of the v a p o r ; r , latent heat of e v a p o r a t i o n ; and TI, t e m p e r a t u r e
of the inner s u r f a c e of the d r u m w a l l .
T h i s s y s t e m of equations does not i n c o r p o r a t e the change in p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e of the s t e a m p r e c i s e l y ; the
h e a t - t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e a l s o t a k e n as c o n s t a n t , i.e., independent of the p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e of s t e a m , which
is not c o r r e c t . However, the e x p e r i m e n t a l data a r e s c a n t y , so t h e s e f e a t u r e s w e r e n e g l e c t e d .
T h e r e a r e a l s e o t h e r f a c t o r s such a s poor contact between the insulation and the w a l l s of the d r u m and
s w e l l i n g in the i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l that influence ks, so the v a l u e was d e t e r m i r t e d by c o m p a r i n g the o b s e r v e d
and c a l c u l a t e d p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s . T h e b e s t a g r e e m e n t w a s obtained with k I = 200 W / m 2. d e g C , but inexact
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of k 1 has only s l i g h t effects on the r e s u l t s .
615
MPa
J/ _~---f I
Ii.,",,Y 1 .
/ 1-'r 1
0 10 ?0 30 40 % ~c 10 Z0 30 40 g sec
Fig. 4 Fig. 5
Fig. 4. P r e s s u r e change in a v e s s e l : Dy = 10 m m , P0 = 12 MPa, T o = 300~ Upper
position of pipe: solid line) f r o m e x p e r i m e n t , b r o k e n line)calculation f o r k 2 = 400 W / m 2 9
d e g C , d o t - d a s h line)calculation for k 2 = 200 W / m 2 9degC, a n d - . . - l i n e ) calculation for
k 2 = 100 W / m 2 . deg C.
Fig.5. P r e s s u r e change in v e s s e l : Dy = 6 m m , P0 = 12 MPa, T o = 300~ Upper posi-.
tion of pipe: solid line) fro m e x p e r i m e n t , b r o k e n line) calculation f o r k 2 = 400 W / m 2- deg C,
d o t - d a s h line) calculation f o r k 2 = 200 W / m z "deg C, and . . . . line) c a l c u l a t i o n f o r k2 = 100
W / I n 2 9deg C.
The t e m p e r a t u r e T 1 was d e t e r m i n e d by solving the o n e - d i m e n s ional n o n s t a t i o a a r y t h e r m a l conduction
equation subject to the boundary conditions ~st(STst/Sx) = k t ( T s - - T 1) at the inner boundary and k s t ( S T s t / S x ) =
0 at the outer one. H e r e we neglect the heat accumulated in the insulation, b e c a u s e the thickness of the l a t t e r
was s m a l l b y c o m p a r i s o n with the t h i c k n e s s of the d r m n wall.
T h e r a t e of condensation ou the rings dM2v/d~ m a y be defined f r o m the d i s p l a c e m e n t of the m i x t u r e
through the packing (Fig. 2). At a t i m e ~, a volume e l e m e n t A V(~ ) begins to be heated, and at the t i m e 9 the
t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e is T2(~, T ) - T0, where T2(~, v) is the t e m p e r a t u r e of the l a y e r m a t e r i a l at t i m e T for which
heating s t a r t e d at t i m e ~, and T o is the initial t e m p e r a t u r e .
The m a s s of s t e a m condensed on the packing up to t i m e T is
M2V = S --F-r (T~ (~, "~)-- To) dV (~) (6)
0
o r on the b a s i s that dV(~) = (dVsm(~)/dT)d~,
M 2 v = - - ~ - I ~dVsm
, (~) (T2 (~, ~) -- To) d~, (7)
0
w h e r e c 2 is the specific heat of the packing m a t e r i a l and m 2 is the m a s s of packing p e r unit f r e e volume.
Differentiation of (7) gives
dM2v c~m~ i dVsm dT~(~, "c) d~. (s)
=--7- ~ - W - (D, dr
O
T h e r a t e of t e m p e r a t u r e change in a l a y e r of packing in the r e g u l a r s t a t e is given b y
~r~ (~, ~___A)= k~F~ ( ~ _ I"3(~, T)), (9)
d~ c~m~
616
w h e r e F2 is the s u r f a c e a r e a of the packing p e r unit volume [7] and ke is the h e a t - t r a n s f e r coefficient f o r the
rings.
We substitute (9) into (8) to get
~ i ~ . = c~m~k~.(A,T,-- A2), (10)
d~ r
w h e r e A 1 and A 2 a r e i n t e r m e d i a t e integrals dependent on the u p p e r limit ~-.
T h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equations for A 1 and A 2 a r e
dA1 -~- d V s m .
d'~ dT; ' (11)
d.4~ _ 1r ('TsA i - - A2) + To d A , (12)
d~r ~ ""~ d'r "
We differentiate (2)-(4) on the b a s i s that Ma and Mla do not v a r y to get
dMv diem
dPv d ~ vsm- My d~
(13)
d~ ~ a _~ d~a des ~ v
dV,m = d--V~ d--T-"~ a,, d~-
dT M l a~W~ra ,
(14)
dVsm Ma dp~. [ d'Py _~ d'P$. '~
(15)
T h e following a r e e x p r e s s i o n s for the d e r i v a t i v e s a p p e a r i n g in 03)-(15):
dT ~ -Ts dPa l
~v 4v d, RTo
w h e r e d~ v / d P v = 0 . 5 4 . 1 0 -5 s e c 2 / m 2 i s v i r t u a l l y constant o v e r the p r e s s u r e range involved,
S y s t e m (1), (5), (10)-(15) in the unknowns Pv, Pa, Vsm, A1, A2, Mvl, My2 and Mv was solved by a fourth-
o r d e r B u n g e - K u t t a technique with a u t o m a t i c step s i z e choice subject to the following initial conditions at T =
0: PV = M y = MVl = My2 = At = A2 = 0; P a = 0.1 MPa; V s m = V 0.
Calculations w e r e p e r f o r m e d f o r an initial w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e of 300~ in the s o u r c e and pipe d i a m e t e r s
of 6, 10, and 15 m m ; F i g s . 3-5 give the values f o r Pff) and the m e a s u r e d v a l u e s . To get the b e s t a g r e e m e n t
between t h e o r y and e x p e r i m e n t r e q u i r e s s o m e a d j u s t m e n t of the h e a t - t r a n s f e r coefficients i n e a c h c a s e , p a r t i c -
u l a r l y when allowance is m a d e f o r t h e delay, which is not r e f l e c t e d in the calculations, which w e r e b a s e d c a
the a s s u m p t i o n of r e g u l a r heating and s t e a m entering the d r u m and mixing instantly with the a i r . F o r e x -
a m p l e , for Dy = 6 (Fig. 5)we g e t a g r e e m e n t for k 2 = 100 W / m 2 9d e g C , while f o r Dy = 15 the s a m e applies for
k 2 = 400 W / m 2 - d e g C, the r e a s o n being that the s t e a m flow r a t e and p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e with the d i a m e t e r
of the pipe, and t h e r e f o r e so does the h e a t - t r a n s f e r coefficient. T h e s e values of k 2 a g r e e with the o b s e r v e d
T2(T ) c u r v e s (Fig. 1), w h i l e s p e c i a l e x p e r i m e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d to d e t e r m i n e k 2 m o r e p r e c i s e l y .
LITERATURE CITED
1. V . N . Maidanik et al., At. E n e r g . , 4._~7,No. 2, 117 (1979).
2. D. B r o s o h e , A t o m k e r n e n e r g i e , 1_.99,No. 1, 41 (1972).
3. D. B r o s c h e , Ein Rechenmodell z u r Berechnung yon zeitlichen and 6rtlichen Druckverteilungen in R e a k t o r -
S i c h e r h e i t s b e h a l t e r a . L a b o r a t o r i u m fiir R e a k t o r r e g l u n g und Anlagensicherung, T e c h n i s c h e Universitiit
Miiuehen. I n t e r n e r Bericht, O c t o b e r 1970 (to be published).
4. D. Aisohe, A t o m k e r n e n e r g i e , 1._66,No. 2, 6 (1970).
5. M. M a s a r o v i e and B. G a b e r s c e k , Nucl. Eng. Design, 17, No. 3, 428 (1971),
6. N . G . Rassokhin and V. S. Kuzevanov, Mosk. Eng. Inst., I s s u e 200, 87 (1974).
7o S . G . G e r a s i m o v (editor), Heat Engineering Handbook, P a r t 2 [in Russian], M o s c o w - L e n i n g r a d (1957).
617