Weights of construction materials and concrete floor slabs 2.1 Weights of roofs and walls 2.

2
Weight Material Weight per unit area
Tvoe Material 3
Lightweight (density ,,; 2000 kglm ) kN/m' Steel roof trusses in spans up to 25 m 1.0-2.0
Normal weight kN/m'
low strength (insulating) 4-8 Corrugated asbestos-cement or steel sheeting, steel purl ins etc. 0.4-0.5
~
""
~
(2000 kg/m3 < density"; 2800 kg/m3)
24 medium strength (blockwork) 8-16 Patent glazing (with lead-covered astragals), steel purlins etc. 0.4
u plain or lightly reinforced
16-20 Slates or tiles, battens, steel pur lins etc. 0.7-0.9
"
U
0 reinforced: 2% reinforcement 25 high strength (structural)
3 30-50 ditto with felt etc. 0.8- I.l
4% reinforcement 26 Heavyweight (density> 2800 kglm )
Iron: wrought 76 per per unit area
Aluminium 27
~
Lead 112-114 Blockwork: 200 mm thick Brickwork: 125 mm thick
"@ Brass, bronze 83-85
t: Steel 77-79 clay: common 3.8 ca1cium-silicate 2.3
Copper 87-89
:;s 71 73 Zinc 71-72 : hollow 2.3 clay: engineering 2.6
Iron: cast concrete (autoclaved aerated) 1.2-1.5 concrete 2.7
27-31 All-in aggregate 20
Basalt ditto (light-weight aggregate): solid 2.6 refractory 1.3
27-30 Hardcore (consolidated) 19
Granite : hollow 2.2 Gypsum panels, 75 mm thick 4.4
"" 20--29 Quarry waste 14
0 Limestone: dense ditto (normal-weight aggregate): solid 4.3 Plaster: 2 coats gypsum, 13 mm thick 2.2
~
f/l 21-27 Stone rubble (packed) 22
Sandstone : hollow 2.9 Plasterboard: 13 mm thick I.l
28 Soils and similar fill materials Table 2.10
Slate area
Baltic pine, spruce 5-6 Particleboard:
7-8 Corrugated asbestos-cement or steel sheeting (including bolts, sheeting rails etc.) 4.3
Douglas fir, hemlock 6-7 chipboard
cement-bonded particle board 12 Steel wall framing (for sheeting or brick panels) 2.4-3.4
Larch, oak (imported), pitch pine, teak 7-8
S flake board, strand board, wafer board 7 ditto with brick panels and windows 24
Oak (English) 8-9
ditto with asbestos-cement or steel sheeting 7.2
:§ Fibre building board: Plywood:
Doors (ordinary industrial type: wooden) 3.8
E-< 10 birch plywood 7
hardboard (standard and tempered) Windows metal or wooden 2.4
8 b10ckboard, laminboard, softwood 5
medium density fibreboard
4 Wood-wool 6
softboard
18-22 per unit area kN/m 2 The following symbols are used in the expressions given below:
Asphalt: mastic
23 Asphalt, 20 mm thick 0.4
~ hot-rolled e effective width of strip supporting partition in m
[5 24-25 Brickwork and blockwork Table 2.2
Asphaltic concrete' h distance from face of partition to free edge of slab in m
1.2
.§" Ballast (normal, e.g. granite) 20 Concrete paving, 50 mm thick
Granolithic screed, 40 mm thick 1.0 h,.thickness of partition in m
'i3 Cork (compressed) 4
u Lead sheet, 2.5 mm thick 0.3 / effective span of slab in m
~
Glass (in sheets) 25
w, equivalent uniformly distributed load in kN/m'
~ Plastics: acrylic sheet 12 Roof cladding and wall sheeting Table 2.2
Terrazzo flooring, 25 mm thick 0.6 wp weight of partition in kN/m
Terra cotta (solid) 21
per unit bed length kN/m
Tracks with ballasted bed:
~ 2 rails mc 60 with prestressed concrete sleepers and track fastenings 6.0
~ 3.1 Position of partition unknown - consider as imposed load with w, = w/3
oj 2 rails UIC 60 with timber sleepers and track fastenings
b
Tracks without ballasted bed: Minimum allowance for demountable partitions (offices): w, = 1.0 kN/m 2
'8 2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings
1.7
~ Typical allowance for 150 mm solid blockwork with 13 mm gypsum plaster both sides: w, = 2.5 kN/m'
2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings, bridge beam and guard rails 4.9

WEIGHTS OF IN-SITU AND PRECAST CONCRETE FLOORS

Position of partition known - consider as dead load as follows:

Solid slabs
200 250 300
Partition parallel to span: w, = w"le Free
DeDthmm I 100 I 125 150
h :1>0.31
I 6.0 7.2
Weight kN/m' I 2.4 I 3.0 3.6 4.8
e = h,. + h + 0.3/ :0; h,. + 0.61
Ribbed slabs (rib spacing 600 mm, rib width 125 mm minimum, rib draw each side 10', flange thickness 75 mrn)
2 __--+_"v ,
Note. For thicker{or thinner) flanges, add (or deduct) 0.6 kN/m ner 25 mm concrete ..
Denth mm 250 325 400 475' 0.31
Note. For ribbed slabs, smaller values of e may
3.0 3.6 4.3 5.0
Weight kN/m': 100% ribbed be appropriate but not less than h,. + 1.0 m
3.8 4.7 5.6 6.6
75% ribbed, 25% solid
~
WaIDe slabs (rib spacing 900 mm, rib width 125 mm minimum, rib draw each side 1/5, flange thickness 75 mm) Partition normal to span: treat as concentrated load
.g
Vi Note. For thicker flanges, add 0.6 kN/m2 Der 25 mm concrete .....
300 400 500 -
~
" DeDthmm
"u
~
Weight kN/m": 100% waffle 3.6 4.8 6.0 Lintels supporting brickwork
u "
0 75% waffle, 25% solid 4.5 6.0 7.5
..... (or similarly bonded walls) Area=O.433Z 2
Precast hollow-core units (nominal width 1200 mm)
Note. For slabs with structural topping, add 0.6 kN/m 2 per 25 mm concrete (minimum thickness 50 mm)
......
300 400 .... ·.il
Depthmm I 110 I 150 200 I 250
":;) ;;
I 4.1 4.7
Weight kN/m' I 2.2 I 2.4 2.9 3.7
.:C:!. ,
Shading denotes area
Precast double-tee units (nominal width 2400 mm) of wall considered to
2 be supported by lintel
Note. For slabs with structural topping, add 0.6 kN/m per 25 mm concrete (minimum thickness 50 mm)
625 725 825 ". A'
DeDthmm I 325 I 425 525
4.5 .: .. L
I I 2.9 I 3.3 3.7 4.1 I
Weight kN/m' 2.6 c<
78

C Areas where people may congregate highway bridges, reference should be made to BD 37/01 and
Loads
Imposed loads on floors of buildings 2.3
BD 60/94. For information on loads to be considered for the Type of use/occupancy for Examples of specific use Uniformly distributed Concentrated
D Shopping areas
assessment of existing highway bridges, reference should be part ofbuildinglstructure load kN/m 2 load kN
B Areas susceptible to the accumulation of goods
FIG Vehicle and traffic areas made to BD 21/01. All usages within self-contained dwelling units. 1.5 1.4
A Domestic and residential
Communal areas (including kitchens) in blocks
Details of the imposed loads for categories A and B are given use (also see category C)
of flats with limited use (see note I); for such
in Table 2.3. Values are given for uniformly distributed and 8.2.3 Imposed loads on footbridges areas in other blocks of flats, see cate a C3
concentrated loads. These are not to be taken together, but Bedrooms and dormitories except for those in
The data given in Table 2.6 for the imposed load on bridges due 1.5 1.8
considered as two separate load cases. The concentrated loads hotels and motels
normally do not need to be considered for solid or other slabs to pedestrian traffic have been taken from the Highways Agency
document BD 37/01. For further information on the pedestrian Bedrooms in hotels and motels. Hospital wards. 2.0 1.8
that are capable of effective lateral distribution. When used for Toilet areas
calculating local effects, such as bearing or the punching of thin loading to be considered on elements of highway or railway
Billiard rooms 2.0 2.7
flanges, a square contact area of 50 mm side should be assumed bridges that also support footways or cycle tracks, and the ser-
viceability vibration requirements of footbridges, reference Communal kitchens (except in blocks of flats as 3.0 4.5
in the absence of any other specific infonnation. covered b note I
With certain exceptions, the imposed loads on beams may be should be made to BD 37/01.
Balconies Single dwelling units and communal 1.5 1.4
reduced according to the area of floor supported. Loads on areas in blocks of flats with limited
columns and foundations may be reduced according to either use see note 1
the area of floor or the number of storeys supported. Details of 8.2.4 Imposed loads on railway bridges
Guest houses, residential clubs and Same as rooms to which 1.5/m run
the reductions and the exceptions are given in Table 2.3. The data given in Table 2.6 for the imposed load on railway communal areas in blocks of flats they give access but not concentrated
Data given in Table 2.4 for the load on flat or mono-pitch bridges has been taken from the Highways Agency document exce t as covered b less than 3.0 at outer ed e
roofs has been taken from BS 6399: Part 3. The loads, which BD 37/01. Types RU and SW/o apply to main line railways, Hotels and motels Same as rooms to which 1.5/m run
are additional to all snrfacing materials, include for snow and type SW/O being considered as an additional and separate load they give access but not concentrated
other incidental loads but exclude wind pressure. For other roof case for continuous bridges. For bridges with one or two tracks, less than 4.0 at outer ed e
shapes and the effects of local drifting of snow behind parapets, loads are to be applied to each track. In other cases, loads are 2.0 4.5
B Offices and work areas
reference should be made to BS 6399: Part 3. to be applied as specified by the relevant authority. without stora e 2.5 1.8
not covered elsewhere
For building structures designed to meet the requirements Type RL applies to passenger rapid transit railway systems, 2.5 2.7
of BC 2: Part 1, details of imposed and snow loads are given in where main line locomotives and rolling stock do not operate. 3.0 2.7
BC 1: Parts 1.1 and 1.3 respectively. The loading consists of a uniform load (or loads, dependent on Kitchens, laundries, laboratories 3.0 4.5
loaded length), combined with a single concentrated load posi- Rooms with mainframe com uters or similar 3.5 4.5
tioned so as to have the most severe effect. The loading is to be Machine halls, circulation s aces therein 4.0 4.5
8,2.2 Imposed loads on highway bridges
applied to each and every track. An arrangement of two con- Projection rooms 5.0 Determine for
The data given in Table 2.5 for the imposed load on highway centrated loads is also to be considered for deck elements, s ecific use
bridges have been taken from the Highways Agency document where this would have a more severe effect. Factories, workshops and similar buildings 5.0 4.5
BD 37/01. Type HA loading consists of two parts: a uniform For information on other loads to be considered on railway eneral industrial
load whose value varies with the 'loaded length', and a single bridges, reference should be made BD 37/01. Foundries 20.0 Determine for
KEL that is positioned so as to have the most severe effect. s ecific use
The loaded length is the length over which the application of the Catwalks 1.0 at 1m ctrs.
load increases the effect to be determined. Influence lines may 8.3 WIND LOADS Balconies Same as rooms to which 1.5/m run
be needed to determine critical loaded lengths for continuous they give access but not concentrated
spans and arches. Loading is applied to one or more notional The data given in Tables 2.7-2.9 for the wind loading on less than 4.0 at outer ed e
lanes and multiplied by appropriate lane factors. The alternative buildings has been taken from the information given for the Fly galleries 4.5 kN/m run uniformly
of a single wheel load also needs to be considered in certain standard method of design in BS 6399: Part 2. The effective distributed over width
circumstances. wind speed is determined from Table 2.7. Wind pressures and N ' Ladders - I .runoa
5 I d
Type HE is a unit loading represented by a 16-wheel vehicle forces on rectangular buildings, as defined in Table 2.8, are an~e I. Communal areas m blocks of flats with li~ited use refers to blocks of flats not more than three storeys in height,
of variable bogie spacing, where one unit of loading is equivalent determined by using standard pressure coefficients given in im Wlth not more than four self-contamed dwelhng umts per floor accessible from one staircase. For further details of
to 40 kN. The number of units considered for a public highway Table 2.9. For data on other building shapes and different roof b posed floor loads apphcable to act1V1ty/occupancy categories C to G, and details of horizontal imposed loads on parapets
is normally between 30 and 45, according to the appropriate forms, and details of the directional method of design, reference amers and balustrades, reference should be made to BS 6399: Part I. '
authority. The vehicle can be placed in any transverse position should be made to BS 6399: Part 2. Note 2. For det'l
aI s 0 f'Imposed fl oar loads to be used when deslgnmg
. . to Eurocode 2, see BS BN 1991-1-1.
on the carriageway, displacing HA loading over a specified area Details of the method used to assess wind loads on
surrounding the vehicle. structures, and the data to be used for effective wind speeds
For further information on the application of combined HA drag coefficients, are given in BD 37/01. For designs to BC
Reduction in total distributed imposed floor load according to area of floor or number of floors supported
and HE loading, and details of other loads to be considered on wind loads are given in EC I: Part 1.2.

do not apply to loads due to plant or machinery, ?r to storage. Otherwise, reductions apply to all imposed
any add,tIOnal umformly dlstnbuted Imposed partItIOn load) for activities described in categories A to D.
Imposed loads on roofs of buildings 2.4 Imposed loads on bridges - 1
Type HA consists and a or
2.5
Type of roof Twe of access Unifonnly distributed load Concentrated load
kN/m2 kN single wheel . The carriageway is divided into notional lanes and the and KEL values given for
one notional lane are multiplied by appropriate lane factors. Loadings are interchangeable between lanes and a
Flat or monopitch No access (except for cleaning and maintenance) f.L'So <: q, 0.9
lane or lanes may be left unloaded if this causes a more severe effect. The UDL varies with the loaded length and
Note. Above loads assume that spreader boards will be used while any cleaning or maintenance work the KEL extends over a length equal to the width ofthe notional lane. The alternative single wheel load is placed
is in progress on fragile roofs at any point on the carriageway and applied over a circular (340 mm diameter) or square (300 mm side) contact
area (1.1 N/mm2 pressure). Dispersal may be taken at spread-tn-depth ratios of I horizontally to 2 vertically
Note. Where access is required for specific usage, above loads should be replaced by the appropriate through asphalt or similar, and I horizontally to I vertically down to the neutral axis of structural concrete slabs.
values for floors, including any appropriate reductions, as given in Tab/es 2.5 -2. 7.

Site snow load Snow load shape coefficient and minimum load
Site altitude So Angle of pitch of roof a as 30° 30° < a < 60° 60° s a
A kN/m2 (measured from horizontal)
< 100m Sb (see isopleths on map) Sha coefficient 0.8 0.8(2 - al30) 0
> 100m Sb + (0. 15b+ 0.09)(Afl 00 -1) Minimum load kN/m q, 0.6 0.6(2 - al30) 0
Note. For A > 500 m, seek specialist advice. Note. Where parapets occur, local snow drifting should be considered.
20 <L ,;;40 a, 0.6a,
40 < L s50 1.0 0.6
50<Ls 112 andN<6 [Link]../L 0.6
50<L,;; 112 andN,,6 1.0 0.6
oeL , eM 2HW 3HO 4e' 'IT. "L OJM

" L> 112 and N < 6 0.67 0.6

eQ HS HT
H~J~) JQ
"" OJ)
c L> 112 and N" 6 .0 0.6
:0

NW ex
tjf
ez
,
\ I, /
JV JW " <
'"
.2
on
roads), except for bridges carrying one-way traffic only, where N is taken as twice the number of notional lanes.
::J: Note 2. al = 0.274 bL and a2 = 0.0137[bL (40 - L) + 3.65(L - 20)].
Note 3. Where there is only one notional lane, the loading on the rest of the carriageway is taken as 5 kN/m'.

"'"'"
."
.;:
.c
»
~ Loaded length m LoadkN/m Loaded length m LoadkN/m Loaded length m LoadkNim
-"
.;c'" 2 211.2 25 38.9 100 22.7
4 132.7 30 34.4 200 21.2
6 1OI.2 35 31.0 300 20.4
8 83.4 40 28.4 400 19.8
10 71.8 45 26.2 500 19.3
12 63.6 50 24.4 600 19.0
14 57.3 60 23.9 700 18.7
ow 16 52.4 70 23.5 800 18.5
4 18 48.5 80 23.2 900 18.2
" 20 45.1 90 23.0 1000 18.1
25 38.9 100 22.7 1600 17.2
HA uniformly distributed load
A single is taken to occupy any transverse position on one
notional lane or straddling two or more notional lanes. No other live loading is taken fur a length extending from
25 m in front ofthe leading axle to 25 m behind the rear axle and a width extending each side ofthe vehicle to
the edge of the notional lane occupied wholly or partially by the vehicle (but not more than 2.5 m either side).
Outside this area, HA loading is applied. For further details of the loading arrangements, refer to B037/0 1.
~ 1------------------------------------------------rNO~.(On~e~uwn~ittOfkm~~G<~j,ffiJ.;~tooi

]
.:

(Q
!i!
.• _
rLimitoh,hid,
!
_
11
+.
I;fm
_
025m 10 kN per axle (Le. 2.5 kN per wheel). A
circular Or square contact area, assuming
1.1 N/mm 2 pressure, and load dispersal at
::c I unit Innit 1 unit 1 unit 1m spread-to-depth ratios of] horizontally to

J~ ~I
,~
o.2m+Um+ ! !
~6,1l, 16, 21 or 26m-------" +L8m+ _o.2~0.25m
(whichever has most critical effect)
m
2 vertically through asphalt or similar, and
1 horizontally to 1 vertically down to the
neutral axis of structural concrete slabs
may be considered. For public roads in the
National god ,dentificaMn Guernsey 0.31 HB vehicle - plan and axle arrangement for one unit of loading UK, between 30 and 45 units of loading
are to use.
Basic snow load on the ground Sb kN/m2
Imposed loads on bridges - 2 2.6 Wind speeds (standard method of design) 2.7
Loaded length L (m) Uniformly distributed load (kN/m") Horizontal load on pedestrian parapets Symbols: Relationship between
L:;; 36 5.0 effective wind speed
36<L:;;50 50WI(L + 270) where W~ 336 (IlLr' 1.4 kN/m length applied at top of parapet and dynamic pressure
50 < L < 1600 50WI(L + 270) where W~ 36 (l/I)olO Vb is basic wind speed in mls
(see adjoining map) V,mls q, N/m'
~
Note 1. Where exceptional crowds are expected and I> 36 m, loading is to be agreed with appropriate authority.
~5t 20 245
0-0 Note 2. Consideration to be given to both vertical and horizontal vibration, that could be induced by resonance
o:>. .-
~
V, is site wind speed 22 297
~.c with the movement of users or by deliberate excitation
0-" Note 3. For elements of highway or railway bridges supporting footwayslcycle tracks, the uniformly distributed ~ V"s,SdS,Sp m/s 24 353
o "
u..~ loads shown above apply for loaded widths not exceeding 2 m. Where the width of the footway/cycle track 26 414
exceeds 2 m, or the element supports a traffic lane or railway track, the pedestrian load intensity may be reduced. V, is effective wind speed 28 481
Where a footway/cycle track on a highway bridge is not protected from vehicular traffic by an effective barner, ~ V,Sb mls 30 552
the effect of an accidental wheel loading should also be considered. 32 628
where
34 709
Type RU loading applies to all main line railways of Dynamic factors for bending moment and shear 36 794
1.4 m gauge and above. The loading shown below is I(m) 3.6 zi 3.6 < L :;; 67 L >67 S, is altitude factor
38 885
to be multiplied by the dynamic filctors given in the 40 981
table, where I is the length of the influence line for Moment 2.00 0.73 + 2.16/(VL - 0.2) 1.00 Sd is direction factor
Shear 1.67 0.82 + 1.44/(..JL - 0.2) 1.00 42 1080
deflection of the element under consideration. For
further information, refer to B037/0l. Ss is seasonal factor 44 1190
46 1300
CI) Sp is probability factor 48 1410
250 250 250 KN
" 250 50 1530
] 80kNIm 52 1660

t
80kNim
Dynamic pressure
1 1 1I
:J 54 1790

T
ex::
I 1 q, ~ 0.613V,2 N/m' 56
58
1920
2060
60 2210
NO LIMITATION 10.8m 11.6ffi 1.6m 1.6m a.8m NO LIMITATION
Values of wind speed factors
S, In terrain with upwind slopes exceeding 0.05, the effects of topography can be significant in the detennination of S,
for sites located within certain zones (see BS 6399: Part 2). For sites where the topography is not considered to be
Type SWIO loading applies to continuous bridges on main line railways, as an additional and separate load case significant, S, ~ 1 + 0.001 Ll, where Ll, is the site altitude in metres above sea level.
to type RU. The loading shown below, which is to be applied without curtailment or repetition along the length Sb Values of Sb are given in the table below according to the effective height, the site terrain and proximity of the site
of the track, is to be multiplied by the dynamic factors given above for type RU loading. to the sea. For buildings with height H greater than the crosswind breadth B for the wind direction considered, a
~
reduction in the lateral load can be obtained by dividing the building into a number of parts (see BS 6399: Part 2).
"
OIl Oll
Sd When the orientation of the building is known, the basic wind speed can be adjusted in accordance with the wind
-0
·c
.c
"
:0 133kN/m
133kNlm
direction (see BS 6399: Part 2). If the orientation is unknown or ignored, Sd should be taken as 1.0 in all directions .
:>. .s" S, For specific sub-annual periods, e.g. for temporary works and buildings during construction, the basic wind speed
1'" I I I I
'a
ex::
~
(J]
may be reduced (see BS 6399: Part 2, Annex D). For permanent buildings and buildings exposed to the wind for a
continuous period of more than 6 months, S, should be taken as 1.0 .
\. [Link] .\. 5.3m \. [Link] .\ Sp The risk of the basic wind speed being exceeded from the standard value of Q ~ 0.02 annually can be changed (see
BS 6399: Part 2, Annex 0). For all nonnal design situations, So should be taken as 1.0.

Type RL loading applies only to passenger rapid transit railway systems on lines where main line locomotives
and rolling stock do not operate. The loading shown below is to be multiplied by a dynamic factor of 1.2, except
for tracks without ballast where, for rail bearers and single-track cross girders, the factor is 104. The distributed Effective
load may be applied in any number oflengths, but the total length of 50 kN/m intensity should not exceed 100 m height H, Closest distance to sea (km) Closest distance to sea (km)
height H,
on anyone track. The concentrated load may be applied at any but only one position. Alternatively for deck m m
elements, two concentrated loads of 300 kN and 150 kN respectively, spaced 2.4 m apart, should be used where 1.48 lAO 1.35 1.26 :;;2 1.18 1.15 1.07
this gives a more severe condition. 1.65 1.62 1.57 1.45 5 1.50 1045 1.36
OIl
1.78 1.78 1.73 1.62 10 1.73 1.69 1.58
"
:0 1.85 1.85 1.82 1.71 15 1.85 1.82 1.71
.s'" 200kN
1.90 1.90
-l
ex::
! 15 kN/m 1.96 1.96
1.89
1.96
1.77
1.85
20
30
1.90
1.96
1.89
1.96
1.77
1.85

+
25 kN/m 25 kNlm
2.D4 2.04 2.D4 1.95 2.04 2.04 1.95
t
50
I I 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.07 100 2.12 2.12 2.07
. For in country conservatively in town the effective He is taken as
• I
No limitation
.1. 100m
.I. No limitation
••
I'
maximum height of the building, or particular part of the huilding, above ground level. Alternatively, for buildings in
terrain, the effective height can be reduced as a result of the shelter afforded by structures located upwind of the site
BS 6399: Part 2). Interpolation may be used within each table.
the directional method of should be used BS 6399: Part
Wind pressures and forces (standard method of design) 2.8 Pressure coefficients and size effect factors for
rectangular buildings 2.9
-
The following symbols are used to define the dimensions Overall horizontal force on enclosed building Values of external pressure coefficient C , for vertical walls
of the building and specific surface zones: Wind normal to face Building span ratio DIH Wind parallel to face Exposure case
Plot,! ~ 0.85(L:Pfto ", - L:P",,)(1 + C,) (front and rear walls) " I <: 4 (side wall) Isolated Funnelling
Fixed dims. H is height, L is length, W is width L:Pftoo, is horizontal component of surface load summed Windward face (front) + 0.8 + 0.6 Zone (see A - 1.3 - 1.6
over windward-facing walls and roofs Leeward face (rear) - 0.3 - 0.1 key below) B - 0.8 - 0.9
Variable dims. B is crosswind breadth, D is inwind depth I,P"" is horizontal component of surface load summed Note 1. Interpolation may be used in the range I < DIH < 4. C - 0.4 - 0.9
b ~ B, or b ~ 2H, whichever is the smaller over leeward-facing walls and roofs Note 2. The loaded zones on the side faces are divided into vertical strips from the upwind edge of the face in terms of the
C, is dynamic augmentation factor (see below) scaling length b ~ B or 2H, whichever is the smaller. Where the walls of two buildings face each other and the gap between
External surface pressure
them is less than bl4 or greater than b, the isolated coefficient should be used. When the gap is bl2, the funnelling coefficient
As the effect of the internal pressure on the front and rear
should be used. For ga s between bl4 and b12, and between bl2 and b, linear interpolation may be used.
Internal pressure faces is equal and opposite when they are of equal size, p,
can be ignored in calculating P IO",! for enclosed buildings
Plan W=D D
q, is dynamic pressure (see Table 2.7) on level ground. Frictional drag forces on walls parallel to

~ ~~
Cp, is external pressure coefficient (see Table 2.9) the wind direction where D > b, and roofs where D > b12,
Elevation of side face
Cp, is internal pressure coefficient (see Table 2.9) should be combined with the normal forces in p lo"!'
C, is a size effect factor (see Table 2.9)
Wind
Frictional drag force on each surface Pf~ q,CfA,C, D
Net surface pressure for enclosed building p~p,-p,

A, is area of surface swept by wind as follows:

Net surface load (normal to surface) P~pA Wind on long face
A, ~ (D - b)H for wall A, ~ (D - b12)B for roof
A is loaded area (see figure below for diagonal dimension) Cf is frictional drag coefficient (see below)
L-D

The dynamic augmentation factor depends on the bnilding

I' 'I
type factor Kb and the building height H, as follows: Building with D > b Building with D"5,b
a
Type Description Kb
Wind on short face Key to pressure coefficient zones on side face
I Welded steel unclad frames 8
a Bolted steel and reinforced concrete unclad 4
2
frames
3 Portal sheds and similar light structures 2 Values of internal pressure coefficient Cp, for vertical walls
(a) Diagonals for load on (b) Diagonal for total load OIL
4 Framed buildings with structural walls around 1 Enclosed buildings (containing external doors and windows that may be kept closed and where any internal
individual faces combined faces
lifts and stairs (e.g. partitioned office building) doors are generally open, or are at least three times more permeable than the external doors and windows).
5 Framed buildings with structural walls around 0.5 Two opposite walls equally permeable with other faces impermeable: wind normal to permeable face +0.2
lifts and stairs and masonry subdivision walls wind normal to impermeable face -0.3
For shear at base of shaded part
Four walls equally permeable with roof impermeable: - 0.3
Buildings with dominant opening (area of opening <: twice sum of openings in other faces).
Ratio of area of dominant opening to sum of areas of remaining openings ~ 2 0.75Cp ,
For cladding panel 0.90Cp,
Ratio of area of dominant opening to sum of areas of remaining openings ~ 3

(c) Diagonal for load on elements offaces

Values of C, are given by the approximate equation:

K (I0H)O.75
C, ~ 32~ log (I OH) for 0 " C, " 0.25 and H" 300 m
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Note. In BS 6399: Part 2 (Annex C), equation (C2) has in 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.95
Cd) Diagonal for total load on gable (e) Diagonal for total load on pitch roof the denominator, 800 rather than 320. This seems to be an 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.90 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.85 0.88
Definition of diagonal of loaded area error, and the equation shown above gives good agreement 0.86 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.86 0.79 0.83 0.86 0.79 0.83
with the values obtain from Figure 3 ofBS 6399: Part2. 0.81 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.73 0.81 0.73 0.78 0.81 0.73 0.78
Note. For external pressures, the diagonal dimension a is 0.75 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.64 0.75 0.64 0.70 0.75 0.64 0.70
taken as the largest diagonal of the area over which load 0.71 0.65 0.71 0.65 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.71 0.58 0.65 0.71 0.58 0.65
sharing takes place. For internal pressures in enclosed The frictional drag coefficient depends on the type of 0.67 0.60 0.67 0.60 0.67 0.60 0.52 0.67 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.52 0.60
buildings, a ~ lOx ~internal volume of storey is taken. For surface, as follows: For external pressures, the diagonal dimension a is the largest diagonal of the area over which load sharing takes place
individual structural components, cladding units and their in the figure in Table 2.8. For internal pressures in enclosed buildings, a ~ 10 x ~internal volume of storey; for
fixings, a ~ 5 m should be taken, unless there is adequate
no across with dominant openings, a = 0.2 x ~ internal volume of storey or room containing dominant opening or diagonal
load sharing capacity to justify the use of a diagonal length
Surfaces with corrugations across wind direction
longer than 5 m. dominant whichever is for a~ dimension of the face.
Surfaces with ribs wind .