EC Formula Page 1 of 3

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Eddy Current Inspection Formula
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Magnetic
Ohm's Law Impedance Phase Angle
Permeabilit

Where: Where: Where: Where:

I = Current (amp) Z = Impedance (ohm) φ = Phase Angle (deg) µ =

Magnetic Perme
V = Voltage (volt) R = Resistance (ohm) Inductance (Henries/meter)
XL = Magnetic Flux D
Reactance(ohm) B =
Z = Impedance (ohm) XL = Inductance (Tesla)
Reactance(ohm) R = Resistance (ohm)
H = Magnetizing Fo
(Am/meter)
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Ohm's Law Calculator More Information Phase Angle Calculator
Relative Electrical Electrical
Conductivity &
Magnetic Conductivity Conductivit
Resistivity
Permeability (%IACS) (%IACS)
When resistivity is known When conductivit
S/m or µS/cm is kn

Where: Where:
Where:
Relative Magnetic Electrical Where:
µr = Permeability σ = Conductivity Electrical
σ%IACS = Conductivity
(dimensionless) Siemens/m
(% IACS) Electrical
µ =
Any Given Magnetic
Permeability (H/m)
ρ = Electrical
Resistivity Electrical σ%IACS = Conductiv
(ohm-m) ρ = Resistivity (% IACS)
Magnetic (µohm-cm) Electrical
µo =
Permeability in Free
Electrical
σS/m = Conductiv
Space (H/m), which
is 1.257 x 10-6 H/m
σµS/cm = Conductivity
(Siemens/m
Electrical
(µSiemens/cm)
σµS/cm = Conductiv
(µSiemens

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[Link] 12/21/2010
EC Formula Page 2 of 3

Standard Depth Standard Depth Standard De

Current Density
of Penetration of Penetration of Penetrati
When electrical conductivity When electrical conductivity When electrical resis
(S/m) is known. (%IACS) is known. (µohm-cm) is kno

In In
mm mm

In In
Where: Where: inches inches

Current Density Standard Depth of

Jx = δ =
(amps/m2) Penetration (m) Where: Where:
Jo = Current Density at π = 3.14
Surface (amps/m2) f = Test Frequency (Hz) Standard Depth of Standard Depth
Base Natural Log = Magnetic δ = Penetration (mm or δ =
e = Penetration (mm
2.71828 Permeability (H/m) in)
Electrical Resis
x = Distance Below Surface µ = (1.257 x 10-6 H/m f = Test Frequency (Hz) ρ =
(µohm-cm)
for nonmagnetic Relative Magnetic
δ = Standard Depth of f = Test Frequency
Penetration mat'ls) µr = Permeability
Electrical (dimensionless) Relative Magne
µr = Permeability
σ = Conductivity Electrical
(dimensionless)
(Siemens/m) σ = Conductivity (%
IACS)
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Depth of Pen Calculator More Information

Standard Depth of Penetration

Versus Frequency Chart

Eddy Current Eddy Current Eddy Current Eddy Curre

Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag Field Phase L
When electrical conductivity When electrical conductivity When electrical resis
In (S/m) is known. (%IACS) is known. (µohm-cm) is kno
Radians

In In
In mm mm
Degrees
In
inches In
inches

Where:
Where: Where: Where:
Phase Lag (Rad or
θ = θ = Phase Lag (degrees) θ = Phase Lag (degrees)
Degrees) θ = Phase Lag (de
Distance Below Surface x = Distance Below Distance Below
x = Surface (m) x = Distance Belo
(in or mm) Surface (mm) x =
Surface (inch)
δ = Standard Depth of π = 3.14 f = Test Frequency (Hz)
Electrical Resi

[Link] 12/21/2010
EC Formula Page 3 of 3

Penetration (in or mm) f = Test Frequency (Hz) Relative Magnetic ρ = (µohm-cm)

Relative Magnetic µr = Permeability
µr = f = Test Frequenc
Permeability (dimensionless)
Relative Magn
σ= Electrical Electrical µr = Permeability
Conductivity σ = Conductivity (%
(dimensionles
(Siemens/m) IACS)

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Material Frequency Frequency

Thickness Selection Selection
Standard Depth of
Requirement for for Thickness for Flaw Detec
Penetration and
Resistivity or Measurement of and Noncondu
Phase Angle
Conductivity Thin Materials Coating Thickn
Measurement Measurements
Relative When measuring resistivity or Selecting a frequency that Defect Detection
Std. conductivity, the thickness of produces a standard depth of
Strength Phase Lag A test frequency that put
Depth the material should be at least penetration that exceeds the
of EC standard depth of penetr
3 times the depth of material thickness by 25% will about the expected depth
0 e0=100% 0 rad = 0o penetration to minimize produce a phase angle of defect will provide good
d e-1=37% 1 rad = 57.3o material thickness effects approximately 90obetween the separation between the d
2 rad = 114.6 liftoff signal and the material and liftoff signals.
2d e-2=14% o thickness change signal.
3 rad = 171.9
3d e-3=5% o
Where:
4 rad = 229.2 Nonconductive Coa
4d e-4=2% o
t = Material Thickness Thickness Measure
5 rad = 286.5 To minimize effects
5d e-5=0.7% Standard Depth of
o δ = Penetration the base metal the hi
practical frequency s
More Information be used.
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[Link] 12/21/2010