VJTI

VEERMATA JIJABAI TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

[Central Technological Institute, Maharashtra State, India]
[Link] Marg. Matunga, Mumbai - 400 019

[Link]. +91 22 24198 101-02 Fax: +91 22 24102874

[Link]

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Programme Name:-First Year Bachelor of Technology

Course Code:-

Course Title: Engineering Graphics

Course Outcome:-

The student should be able to –

1. Represent projections of lines, planes and solids.

2. Draw projections of solids cut by section planes and develop the lateral surfaces.

3. Convert the pictorial view into orthographic projections.

4. Convert the orthographic projections into isometric view.

NOTE: ONLY FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS MUST BE USED

THROUGHOUT THE COURSE.

Course Contents:-

CHAPTER NO.1
 INTRODUCTION TO DRAWING & GEOMETRICAL CONTRACTION

Introduction: Introduction and importance of engineering drawing, Drawing Instruments and

their use, Drawing layout, types of lines, lettering and dimensioning

Geometrical Constructions: Dividing a straight line into number of equal parts, tangents to
lines and arcs, construction of polygons.

Engineering Curves: Conic section – ellipse, parabola and hyperbola & Rectangular hyperbola
(General method only); Cycloidal curves – Cycloid, Epicycloid, and Hypocycloid; Involutes.

PROBLEM ON ENGINEERING CURVES:

Engineering Curves: Conic section – ellipse, parabola and hyperbola & Rectangular hyperbola
(General method only); Cycloidal curves – Cycloid, Epicycloid, and Hypocycloid; Involutes.

Q.1 To construct an ellipse when the distance of the focus from the directrix is equal to 50mm and 20
the eccentricity e=2/3.
Q.2 Construct a hyperbola passing through a given point P and having two asymptotes inclined at
70 0 and 90 0 to each other. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on path.
Q.3 Draw the cycloid generated by any point P on the circumference of a circle with diameter
56mm, when the circle roll through one complete revolution along a straight line. Draw a
tangent and normal at any point on path.

CHAPTER NO.2

PROJECTION OF POINTS. LINES AND PLANES

1. Introduction: Method of projections, Orthographic projection, Reference planes,

Quadrants, Reference line etc. Projection of Points.

2. Projections of lines: Line inclined to both the reference planes (excluding the traces),
True/Apparent lengths & inclinations.
 3. Projection of Planes: Triangular, Square, Rectangular, Pentagonal, Hexagonal and
Circular planes inclined to either HP or VP only (excluding composite planes).

PROBLEM ON PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

Draw the projections for the following points.

Q.1 Point A, 10 mm in-front of VP 45 mm above HP.

Q.2 Point B, on HP and 50 mm in-front of VP.

Q.3 Point C, 10 mm above HP and 25 mm behind VP.

Q .4 Point D, in VP and 35 mm below HP.

Q .4 Point E, 35 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP.

Q .5 Point F, 45 mm away from the reference planes and is in the third quadrant.

Q.6 Point G, 50 mm below HP and 25 mm in-front of VP.

Q.7 Point H, 20 mm in below HP and in VP.

PROBLEM ON PROJECTIONS OF LINES:

Q.1 The front view of line AB, 90mm long, measures 70mm end T is 20mm above H.P. and
40mm infront of V.P. Draw its three views, if it is parallel to H.P. Find its inclination with
V.P.
Q.2 The front view of line PQ, 100mm long, measures 85mm end P is 20mm above H.P. and
40mm infront of V.P. Draw its three views, if it is parallel to H.P. Find its inclination with
V.P.
Q.3 One end P of a line PQ, 55 mm long is 35 mm in-front of VP and 25 mm above the HP. The
line is inclined at 40º to HP and 30º to VP. Draw the projections of PQ.

Q .4 One end S of a line SR, 70 mm long is in both the HP and the VP. The line is inclined at 40º to
the HP and at 35º to the VP. Draw its projections.

Q .4 A line NS, 80 mm long has its end N, 10 mm above the HP and 15 mm in-front of the VP. The
other end S is 65 mm above the HP and 50 mm in-front of the VP. Draw the projections of the
line and find its true inclinations with the HP and VP.

Q .5 A line PF, 65 mm long has its end P, 15 mm above the HP and 15 mm in-front of the VP. It is
 inclined at 55° to the HP and 35° to the VP. Draw its projections.

Q .6 The end P of a line PQ, 70 mm long is 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in-front of the VP. Q
is 40 mm above the HP. The top view of the line is inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw the
projections of the line and its true inclination with the VP and the HP.

Q .7 A line EF, 85 mm long has its end E, 25 mm above the HP and 20 mm in-front of the VP. The
top and front views of the line have lengths of 55 mm and 70 mm respectively. Draw the
projections of the line and find its true inclinations with the VP and HP.

Q .8 A line PQ has its end P, 10 mm above the HP and 20 mm in-front of the VP. The end Q is 35
mm in-front of the VP. The front view of the lines measures 75 mm. The distance between the
end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and its
inclinations with the VP and the HP.

Q .9 A line AB 100 mm long has its front view inclined at an angle of 45° to the reference line
separating the views. The end A is in VP and 25 mm above HP. The length of the front view is
60 mm. Draw the top view of the line and find the true inclinations of the line with HP and
VP.

Q .10 The top view of a line is 65 mm long and is inclined at 30° to the reference line. One end is 20
mm above HP and 10 mm in-front of VP. The other end is 60 mm above HP and is in-front of
VP. Draw the projections and find the true length of the line and its true inclination to HP and
VP.

Q .11 A line LM 70 mm long has its end L 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in-front of VP. Its top and
front views measure 60 mm and 40 mm respectively. Draw projections of the line. Find its
inclinations with HP and VP.

4. Projection of Planes: Triangular, Square, Rectangular, Pentagonal, Hexagonal and

Circular planes inclined to either HP or VP only (excluding composite planes).

PROBLEM ON PROJECTION OF PLANES:

Q.1 A circular plate of diameter 50 mm is resting on HP on a point on the circumference with its
 surface inclined at 45° to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.

Q.2 A hexagonal plate of side 30mm has square central hole of 24mm side. It is resting on one of
its corners in H.P. with its surface perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45° to H.P. Draw its
projections.
Q.3 A pentagonal plate of side 30mm has central hole of 24mm diameter. It is resting on one of its
corners in H.P. with its surface perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45° to H.P. Draw its
projections.
Q .4 A hexagonal plate of side 30mm has square central hole of 24mm side. It is resting on one of
its corners in H.P. with its surface perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45° to H.P. Draw its
projections.
Q .4 A rectangular plate of side 50 × 25 mm is resting on its shorter side on HP and inclined at 30°
to VP. Its surfaces is inclined at 60° to HP. Draw its projections.

Q .4 A hexagonal plate of side 30 mm is resting on one of its sides on VP and inclined at 40° to HP.
Its surface is inclined at 35° to VP. Draw its projections.

Q .4 A pentagonal plate 30 mm is resting on HP on one its corners with its surface inclined at 45° to
HP. The side opposite to the resting corner is parallel to VP and farther away from it. Draw its
projections.

Q .4 A square plate ABCD of side 30 mm is resting on HP on one of its corners and the diagonal
AC inclined at 30° to HP. The diagonal BD of the plate is inclined at 45° to the VP and
parallel to the HP. Draw its projections

Q .4 A circular plate of diameter 50 mm is resting on the HP on a point on the circumference. Its

surface is kept inclined at 45° to HP. Draw its projections when the line representing its
diameter and passing through the resting point is inclined at 30° to the VP.

Q .4 Draw the projections of a circle of 70 mm diameter resting on the HP on a point A of the

circumference. The plane is inclined to the HP such that the top view of it is an ellipse of
minor axis 40 mm. The top view of the diameter, through the point A is making an angle of
45° with the VP. Determine the inclination of the plane with the HP.

Q .4 A rectangular lamina of size 60 mm × 30 mm is seen as a square in the top view, when it rests
on one of its edges on HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina. Find
true inclination of its surface with HP. Draw the front view of the lamina when the edge about
which it is tilted, is inclined at 45° to VP.

Q .4 A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm × 30 mm has its shorter side in VP and inclined at 30°
to HP. Project its top view, if its front view is square of 30 mm long sides.
Q .4 Draw the projections of a pentagonal sheet of 26 mm side having its surface inclined at 30° to
VP. Its one side is parallel to VP and inclined at 45° to HP.

Q .4 A regular pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides has one edge in HP and inclined at an angle of
30° to VP. Draw its projections when its surface is inclined at 45° to HP.

Q .4 A hexagonal lamina of 20 mm side rest on one of its corners on the HP. The diagonal passing
through this corner is inclined at 45° to the HP. The lamina is then rotated through 90° such
that the top view of this diagonal is perpendicular to the VP and the surface is still inclined at
45° to the HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.

Q .4 A hexagonal plate of 25 mm side is resting on HP such that one of its corners touches both HP
and VP. It makes 30° with HP and 60° with VP. Draw the projections by change of position
method.

Q .4 A semi-circular lamina of 64 mm diameter has its straight edge in VP and inclined at an angle
of 45° to HP. The surface of the lamina makes an angle of 30° with VP. Draw the projections.

CHAPTER NO.3

PROJECTION SOLIDS, SECTIONS OF SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SURFACES

I Projections of Solids: Solids (Prism, Pyramid, Cylinder, Tetrahedron, Hexahedron and

cone only with their axis inclined to HP or VP only (Excluding Spheres, Composite and
Hollow solids) Use change of position or Auxiliary Plane method.

PROBLEM ON PROJECTIO OF SOLDS

Q.1 A pentagonal prism of base 20 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on rests on the ground on one
of its base edges such that its axis is inclined at 30º to the ground and 45ᵒ to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

Q.2 A square pyramid, base 50mm side and axis120mm long has a corner base in H.P. Draw its
three views when its axis makes 30° with H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Q.3 A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 20 mm and height 80 mm rests on HP. With one of its
triangular faces such that the plan of axis is inclined at 30º to XY line and the base being
drawn nearer to the V.P. Draw the projections of the solid in this position.
Q.1 A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with one of its edges on
HP such that the base containing that edge makes an angle of 30˚ to HP and its axis is parallel
to VP. Draw its projections

Q.1 A hexagonal pyramid, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with one of the edges of
its base on HP and its axis is inclined at 30˚ to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

Q.1 Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base 25 mm side and axis 60 mm long when
it is lying on HP on one of its base edges, such that the axis is parallel to VP and inclined at
30˚ to HP.

Q .4 A square pyramid, base 50mm side and axis120mm long has a corner base in H.P. Draw its
three views when its axis makes 30° with H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Q .4 A tetrahedron of 40 mm side rests with one of its edges on HP and perpendicular to VP. The
triangular face containing that edge is inclined at 30˚ to HP. Draw its projection.

Q .4 A right pentagonal pyramid of base side 20 mm and altitude 60 mm rests on one of its edges of
the base in HP, the base being lifted up until the highest corner in it is 20 mm above HP. Draw
the projections of the pyramid when the edge on which it rests is made perpendicular to VP.

Q .4 A hexagonal pyramid of 26 mm side of base and 70 mm height rests on HP on one of its base
edges such that the triangular face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to both HP and
VP. Draw its projections.

Q .4 A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 25 mm and axis 55 mm long, lies with one of its slant
edges on HP such that its axis is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

Q .4 A hexagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long rests with one of its base corners
on HP such that its base makes an angle of 60˚ to HP and its axis is parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.

Q .4 A pentagonal pyramid side of base 20 mm and axis 45 mm long rests with one of its corners
on HP such that the base is inclined at an angle of 60˚ to HP and one side of base is
perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.

Q .4 Draw the projections of cone, base 30 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long, resting on HP on a
point of its base circle with the axis making an angle of 45˚ with HP and parallel to VP.

Q .4 Draw the top and front views of a cone of base diameter 46 mm and height 65 mm lying with
one of its generators on HP. The axis is parallel to VP.

Q .4 A square pyramid, base 32 mm side and axis 60 mm long, is freely suspended from one of the
corners of its base with the axis parallel to VP.

Q .4 Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism of 30 mm side of base and 65 mm long. It is lying
 on one of its longer edges on HP with one rectangular face perpendicular to HP such that the
axis makes 60˚ with VP.

Q .4 A square pyramid of base end 40 mm and axis 60 mm is lying on VP on one of its triangular
faces with the plane containing the axis parallel to HP and 30 mm above it. Draw the
projections of the pyramid.

Ii Section of Solids: Section of Prism, Pyramid, Cylinder, Tetrahedron, Hexahedron & cone
cut by plane. Use change of Position or Auxiliary plane method.

PROBLEM ON SECTION OF SOLDS

Q.1 A hexagonal pyramid, base 50mm and axis 75mm long stands on its base on the H.P. with an
edge of base perpendicular to V.P. A section plane, perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45°
to H.P. bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape
of section.
Q .4 A square pyramid, side of base 30 mm, axis, length 50 mm has its base in the H.P. and two of
its side of base perpendicular to the V.P.A section plane cuts the pyramid such that it is
perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined at 60 0C to the [Link] passes through the point on the
axis 15mm above the base of a pyramid. Draw its [Link] T.V and S.V. and the true
shape of the section.
Q .4 A cube of 40 mm sideis cut by a horizontal section plane, parallel to H.P at a distance of 15
mm from the top end. Draw the sectional top view and front view
Q .4 A cone of diameter 60 mm and height 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its generators. A
section plane whose VT is parallel to HP and 15 mm above HP, cuts the solid removing the
top portion. Draw the front view and sectional top view of the solid.
Q .4 A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis is standing on Hp on it’s base whose one
side is perpendicular to Vp. It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, through mid point
of axis. Draw Fv, [Link] & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section
Q .4 A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a
point 35 mm from the apex. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and
true shape of the section.
Q .4 A hexagonal pyramid of base 30 mm and axis 70 mm lies on its triangular face on H.P. It is
 cut by AVP which makes an angle 30 degree to V.P. and passing through the point on axis 25
mm from base. Draw S.F.V., T.V., and true shape of section.

III DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF SECTIONED SOLIDS:

PROBLEM ON DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACE SOLDS

Development of Lateral Surfaces of sectioned solids: Lateral surface development of Prism,

Pyramid, Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Cylinder, and Cone with Section Plane inclined to HP or VP
only (Excluding Reverse Development).

PROBLEM ON DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACE SOLDS

Q .4 A hexagonal prism, edge of base 20mm and axis 50mm long, rests with its base on HP such
that one of its rectangular faces is parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP,
inclined at 45º to HP and passing through the right corner of the top face of the prism. Draw
the sectional top view and develop the lateral surfaces of the truncated prism.

Q .4 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the lower portion of the lower portion of a
cylinder of diameter 50mm and axis 70mm when sectioned by a plane inclined at 40º to HP
and perpendicular to VP and bisecting the axis.

Q .4 A cylinder of diameter 40mm, height 75mm is cut by a plane inclined at 55º to HP and
perpendicular to VP is meeting the axis at top face. Draw the lateral development of the solid.

Q .4 A regular hexagonal pyramid of side of base 30mm and height 60mm is resting vertically on
its base on HP such that two of the sides of the base are perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane
bisects the axis of the pyramid. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated
pyramid.

Q .4 A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30mm and height 52mm, stands with its base on HP and
an edge of the base is parallel to VP and nearer to it. It is cut by a plane perpendicular in VP,
inclined at 40º to HP and passing through a point on the axis, 32mm above the base. Draw the
sectional top view, develop the lateral surface of truncated pyramid.

Q .4 A square pyramid, base 35mm side, axis 70mm long, rests on its base on HP such that two
adjacent sides of the base are equally inclined to VP. It is sectioned by a plane perpendicular to
 VP, inclined at 30º to HP and passing through the midpoint of the axis.

Q .4 A square pyramid of base side 30mm and altitude 65mm is resting on HP on its base with a
side of base inclined at 25º to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 35º to VP and bisecting the
axis. Develop the lower portion of the pyramid.

Q .4 Determine the shortest length measured along the surface of frustum of a cone, between two
points A and B. Point A is on the base of the frustum which is 60mm in diameter. Point B is a
diametrically opposite point on the top surface which is 30mm in diameter. Height of the
frustum is 40mm.

Q .4 A cone of diameter of base 50mm and altitude 65mm is lying on its base on HP. It is sectioned
by a plane normal to both HP and VP at a distance of 10mm to the right of the axis of the cone.
Develop the lateral surface of the left side remaining portion.

Q .4 A cone, base 54mm diameter and height 72mm, rests with its base on HP. A section plane
perpendicular to HP and inclined at 25º to VP cuts the cone at a distance of 13.5mm from the
axis. Draw the sectional front view and develop the lateral surface of the remaining portion of
the cone.

CHAPTER NO.4

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
 I. Multi View Orthographic projections of simple machine parts by first angle method,
Sectional views of simple machine parts (Full & Half Section only)

PROBLEM ON ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Q.1 Draw front, top and side views of the casting body shown in figure 1.

Figure 1
Q.2 Draw front, top and side views of the casting body shown in figure 2 and figure 3.

Figure 2 Figure 3

Q .3 A pictorial view of an object is shown in figure 4. Draw front view, sectional S.V. from
section A-A and top view.

Figure 4
Q.4 A pictorial view of an object is shown in figure 5. Draw front view, sectional S.V. from
section C-D and sectional T.V. From section A-A.

Figure 5
Q.5 Figure 6 shows an object. Draw the following view by according to first angle convection
1. Front view. 2. Left hand side view. 3. Top view.

Figure 6
Q.6 Draw 1. Front view, 2. Sectional left-hand side view from section A-B and 3. Sectional top
view on section C-D.

Figure 7
Q.7 Figure 8 shows an object. Draw the following view by according to first angle convection
1. Front view.
2. Left hand side view.
3. Top view.

Figure 8
Q.8 Figure 9 shows a pictorial view of an object.
Draw to the scale the following views by using first angle method of projection.
Front view from ‘X’.
Sectional left-hand side view from section R-S.
Sectional front view on section P-Q.

Figure 9
Q.9 Draw front, top and side views of the bearing body shown in figure 10.

Figure 10
Q.10 A pictorial view of an object is shown in figure 11. Draw sectional front view from section A-
A, top view and L.H side view.

Figure 11

Q.11 Draw three views of the following component in figure 12, in first angle projection. Show
hidden detail where necessary and fully dimensions drawing.

Figure 12
Q.12 Draw the following view by according to first angle convection for drawings shown in figures
13 to 36.
1. Front view. 2. Side view. 3. Top view

Figure 13 Figure 14

Figure 15 Figure 16
Figure 17 Figure 18

Figure 19 Figure 20
Figure 21 Figure 22

Figure 23 Figure 24
Figure 25 Figure 26

Figure 27 Figure 28
Figure 29 Figure 30

Figure 31 Figure 32
Figure 33 Figure 34

Figure 35 Figure 36
 CHAPTER NO.5

ISOMERIC PROJECTION

Isomeric Projection: Isomeric scale, isometric view/Drawing of simple blocks with plain
and cylindrical surfaces. (excluding spherical surface)

PROBLEM ON ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Q.1 Two views of orthographic views of an object are shown in figure 1. Draw an isometric view
of the object.

Figure 1

Q.2 The figure 2 shows Front views and Top view of casting. Draw an isometric view with origin
 ‘O’.

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

Figure 2

Q .3 Draw an isometric view of the object as shown in figure 3.

 FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

Figure 3

Q.4

Figure 4
Two views of orthographic views of an object are shown in figure 4. Draw an isometric view
of the object.

Q.5 Two views of orthographic views of an object are shown in figure 5. Draw an isometric view
of the object.
 Figure 5

Q.6 Draw an isometric view of the object as shown in figure 6.

Figure 6
Q.7 The following figure 7 shows the Orthographic front and top view of an object. Draw its
isometric view.

Q.8 The following figure 8 shows the side view and front view of a machine Block. Draw the
isometric view of the block.
 Front view Side view

Figure 7 Figure 8

Q. 9 The following figure 9 shows the side view and front view of a machine Block. Draw the
isometric view of the block.

Side view Front view

Figure 9
Q.10 The following figure 10 shows the side view and front view of a machine Block. Draw the
isometric view of the block

Front view Side view

Figure 10

Q.11 Draw the isometric view of the object in figure 11.

Q.12 The following figure 12 shows the top view and front view of a cube over a circular disc. Draw
the isometric view of the object

Figure 11 Figure 12

Q.13 The following figure 13 shows the side view and front view of an object. Draw the isometric
 view of the object

Figure 13 Figure 14

Q.14 Draw the isometric view of the object from figure 14.

Q.15 Draw the isometric view of the object from figures 15 to 19.

Figure 15 Figure 16
 Figure 17 Figure 18

Figure 19

Text books
1. N. D. Bhatt, Engineering Drawing, Charotar publishing house, 53 rd Edition, 2014
2. N. H. Dubey, Engineering Drawing Nandu Publishers & printers, 15 th Edition, 2015