Solidity Quick Reference }

Version 0.4.25 f u n c t i o n f u n c t i o n 1 ( a d d r e s s p1 , u i n t p2 ) 4. Enums

{ Enums are one way to create a user-defined type in Solidity where
1. Introduction / / body o f f u n c t i o n h e r e } a keyword can be mapped to an integer value.
Solidity is a high-level programming language, to implement // default function Example
smart contracts. function ( ) {
throw ; c o n t r a c t Enums {
It has Python, C++ and JavaScript influences and is used for } } enum Ac { G o L e f t , G o R i g h t , G o S t r a i g h t , S i t S t i l l
Ethereum Virtual Machine ( EVM ). }
Ac c h o i c e ;
For the purposes of learning, Remix is currently the most optimal A _ c o n s t a n t = Ac . G o S t r a i g h t ;
3. Datatypes
way of trying out Solidity. function s e t S i t S t i l l () {
Link: [Link] c h o i c e = Ac . S i t S t i l l ;
Booleans
}
The possible values are constants true and false.
}
Example
2. Layout of a Solidity- Smart Contract
bool foo = true;
Integers 5. Operators
pragma s o l i d i t y 0 . 4 . 8 ;
/ / import s e c t i o n • int - signed integer Booleans
import " filename " ;
/ / begin the c o n t r a c t • uint256 - unsigned integer
• ! -> (logical negation)
c o n t r a c t ContractName {
• ufixed - unsigned fixed-point number
/ / T h i s i s a s i n g l e − l i n e comment . • -> (logical conjunction, âĂIJandâĂİ)
/* Note - floating-point numbers are not supported by Solidity yet. • || -> (logical disjunction, âĂIJorâĂİ)
This is a Bytes
m u l t i − l i n e comment . Bytes is essentially a dynamic array of bytes. The maximum bytes • == -> (equality)
*/ array is ‘bytes32‘.
// State Variables • != - > (inequality)
bytes32 foo =
address public stateVariable1 ; 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
uint public stateVariable2 ; FFFFFFFFF;
uint private stateVariable3 ; 6. Arrays
Strings
s t r i n g p u b l i c c o n s t a n t ID = 0 x 1 2 3 4 ;
String literals are written with either double or single-quotes (foo Operators
/ / Events
or bar). Index access: x[k] for 0 <= k < len(x) returns the k-th element.
event _Event1 ( address par1 , u i n t par2 ) ;
Example: Members
e v e n t _ E v e n t 2 ( a d d r e s s pa ram1 ) ;
string text = "Hello World"; .length returns size of the array.
event _Event3 ( ) ;
/ / Function Modifiers Address .push works only for dynamic storage arrays and bytes (not string).
modifier onlyIfOwnerModifier ( ) { Special data type that holds a 20 byte value . It appends an element at the end of the array. The function
i f ( msg . s e n d e r ! = owner ) t h r o w ; Address also comes with data types members which are ‘balance‘ returns the new length.
_; and ‘transfer‘. Example
} Example How t o d e c l a r e a r r a y :
/ / S t r u c t , a r r a y s o r Enum i f any h e r e pragma s o l i d i t y ^ 0 . 4 . 1 1 ; Patient [] patients ;
enum enum1 { v a l 1 , v a l 2 , v a l 3 } c o n t r a c t Address { How t o push d a t a i n t o t h e a r r a y :
mapping ( a d d r e s s = > u i n t ) b a l a n c e s ; function getBalance ( address_address ) function addPatient ( uint_id , string_name ) {
/ / Define c o n s u t r u c t here public constant returns ( uint256 ) { p a t i e n t s . push ( new P a t i e n t ( _ i d , _name ) ) ; }
function ContractN ( uint i n i t i a l C o i n s ) return_address . balance ; How t o a c c e s s i n d e x v a l u e :
{ } for ( uint i =0; i < patients . length ; i ++){
/ / I n i t i a l i z e s t a t e v a r i a b l e s here } i f ( patients [ i ] . getId ()== id )
Loops pure r e t u r n s ( u i n t ) {
for (uint i = 0; i < [Link]; i ++) a[i] = i; 9. Exception Handling in Solidity return a * (b + 42);
Since version 0.4.13 we have a new Exception handling in Solidity. }
Instead of a simple throw we have now revert(), require() and }
7. Different Types
assert()
Mapping This line: 12. Fallback Function
contract MappingExample { i f ( msg . s e n d e r ! = owner ) { t h r o w ; } A contract can have exactly one unnamed function. This function
mapping ( address => u i n t ) p u b l i c balances ; cannot have arguments and cannot return anything. It is executed
function update ( u i n t newBalance ) p u b l i c { currently behaves exactly the same as all of the following: on a call to the contract if none of the other functions matches the
balances [ msg . s e n d e r ] = n e w B a l a n c e ; } } i f ( msg . s e n d e r ! = owner ) { r e v e r t ( ) ; } given function identifier (or if no data was supplied at all).
a s s e r t ( msg . s e n d e r == owner ) ; Example
Structure
r e q u i r e ( msg . s e n d e r == owner ) ; contract Sink {
contract Voting {
function ( ) public payable { }
mapping ( b y t e s 3 2 = > u i n t 8 ) p u b l i c vR ;
}
s t r u c t cL { uint id ; 10. Events
contract Caller {
b y t e s 3 2 name ; } Events are convenience interfaces with the EVM logging facilities. function c a l l T e s t ( Test test ) public {
uint length ; Example t e s t . c a l l (0 x a b c d e f 0 1 ) ; / / hash doe
c L i s t [ ] public candidates ;
pragma s o l i d i t y ^ 0 . 4 . 2 1 ; } }
F u n c t i o n V o t i n g ( b y t e s 3 2 [ ] cn )
contract SimpleAuction {
p u b l i c { l e n g t h = cn . l e n g t h ;
event HighestBidIncreased (
for ( uint i =0; i < length ; i ++) 13. How Structure, Loop and Self Destruction Works
a d d r e s s b i d d e r , u i n t amount ) ; / / E v e n t
{ c a n d i d a t e s . push ( c L ( { i d : i , name : c n [ i ] } ) ) ; Example
function bid ( ) public payable {
} }
// . . .
Function Modifiers emit H i g h e s t B i d I n c r e a s e d ( struct Tile
Modifiers can automatically check a condition prior to executing msg . s e n d e r , msg . v a l u e ) ; / / T r i g g e r i n g e v e n t { a d d r e s s owner ;
the function. } address descriptorContract ;
Example } uint8 elevation ;
m o d i f i e r onlyOwner { }
require ( f o r ( u i n t 8 y = 0; y < mapsize ; y ++)
11. Pure Functions
msg . s e n d e r == owner , {
Functions can be declared pure in which case they promise not to f o r ( u i n t 8 x = 0; x < mapsize ; x ++)
" O n l y owner c a n c a l l t h i s f u n c t i o n . "
read from or modify the state. { t i l e s [ x ] [ y ] . e l e v a t i o n = mapsize * y
);
_; } } } suicide ( creator );
• Reading from state variables. // k i l l s this contract
f u n c t i o n c l o s e ( ) p u b l i c onlyOwner {
s e l f d e s t r u c t ( owner ) ; • Accessing [Link] or <address>.balance.
}
• Accessing any of the members of the block, tx, msg (with
the exception of [Link] and [Link]).
8. Library • Calling any function not marked pure.
Example
pragma s o l i d i t y ^ 0 . 4 . 1 6 ; • Using inline assembly that contains certain opcodes.
library BigInt {
struct bigint { Example
uint [ ] limbs ; } } pragma s o l i d i t y ^ 0 . 4 . 1 6 ;
contract C { contract C {
using BigInt for BigInt . bigint ; } function f ( uint a , uint b) public