INDEX
SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1 Problem statement
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Scope
1.4 Methodology
2. Literature review
3. System description
3.1Working principle
3.2 System components
4. Calculations
5. Software design
6. Advantages and disadvantages
7. Applications
8. Future scope
9. Conclusion
10. References
Abstract
We are facing the pollution menace from vehicles to a greater extent, especially to the people
who are living near roadsides. NOx is one of the major pollutant emitted from vehicles. NOx
gases react to form smog and acid rain as well as being central to the formation of fine particles
and ground level ozone, both of which are associated with adverse health effects. This project
entirely focuses on how titanium dioxide coated tiles can reduce the effect of vehicle air
pollution and how effectively it does so. This project demonstrates a setup showing the photo
catalytic effect of titanium dioxide for reducing the effect of air pollution. This experimental
setup consists of two wooden boxes (say A and B): Box ‘A’ is fitted with normal tiles and ‘B’
with titanium dioxide coated tiles, a pipe
(for carrying smoke to the boxes), ultra violet light source and a gas analyser. Working of the
setup is as follows: first passed the polluted air to both the chambers at the same amount, which
is measured by using a gas analyser. The gas contained in box ‘B’ is exposed to ultraviolet
light, then only the photo catalytic reaction of titanium dioxide with the pollutants takes place.
This experiment is repeated by varying the concentration of Titanium Dioxide contained in the
paint. Also the reaction of titanium dioxide under the absence of UV light is also tested. After
the photo catalytic reaction, it seems that the amount of pollution presented in the box reduces
considerably and it reaches to a saturation point after a particular time period. Also the results
show that the reduction of pollution is more, when he amount of titanium dioxide presented in
the paint increases.
To achieve acme heat transfer is our main disquiet in many heat transfer applications such as
radiators, heat sinks and heat exchangers. Due to furtherance in technology, requirement for
efficient systems have increased. Usually cooling medium used in these applications is liquid
which carries away heat from system. Liquids have poor thermal conductivity as compared to
solids. In order to improve the efficiency of system, cooling medium with high thermal
conductivity should be used. Quest to improve thermal conductivity leads to usage of different
methods, and one of them is addition of nanoparticles to base liquid. Application of nanofluids
(a mixture of nanoparticles and base fluid) showed enhancement in heat transfer rate, which is
not possible to achieve by using simple liquids. Different researchers used TiO2 nanoparticles
in different heat transfer applications to observe the effects. Addition of titanium oxide
nanoparticles into base fluid showed improvement in the thermal conductivity of fluid. This
chapter will give an overview of usage of titanium oxide nanoparticles in numerous heat
transfer applications.
Introduction
In general, three methods are suggested to improve air quality, namely source control,
increasing ventilation and air cleaning. Source control is often ungovernable and unavoidable
in machinery processing industry. Thus, ventilation and air cleaning remain to be the most
feasible option to improve air quality.
Mechanical filter and filter of central air-conditioner are used abroad and at home in machinery
processing industry. However, these techniques only transfer the contaminants to another phase
rather than eliminating them. Recently, TiO2 photo catalyst has shown to be a promising and
effective technology for pollution control in the air. When an air purifier uses a UV light, it
promises to eliminate airborne pathogens. Many point to the UV light hospitals use to purify
equipment. In theory, ultraviolet rays will kill the microorganisms passing through
your air filter. With the rapid development in transportation related activities and the growth
of population density in urban and metropolitan areas, we are now facing significant challenges
in controlling air pollution and the associated problems in human health and living
environment. Emissions from vehicle traffic cause air pollution problems throughout the world.
There have been many attempts to reduce emissions. However, there are still emissions
polluting the air to a significant level. A method of removing these pollutants at the street level
once they are emitted to the atmosphere is an attractive air quality management. Similar to
plant photosynthesis, photo catalytic compounds such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles can
be used to trap and absorb organic and inorganic particles in the air, removing (degrading and
mineralizing) harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC) into CO2, H2O and harmless inorganic compounds in the presence of UV
light (sunlight). TiO2 is one of the most investigated semiconductors in the field of chemical
conversion.
Great efforts have been spent to improve the thermal efficiency of a number of processes with
mixed success until the recent emergence of a promising new class of nano-coolants with a
liquid component such as water mixed with nanoparticles started to make their way into a
myriad of engineering applications. Although they are expected to provide substitutes of
conventional coolants in the near future, a number of improvements are still to be made.
Attempts are still being made on one hand to reduce the equipment’s size and increase the
thermal exchange surface by using fins, and on the other hand to increase the thermal
conductivity of fluid exchangers. Improvements in nanotechnology have enhanced our abilities
to synthesize nano-scale materials, such as different types of nanoparticles including non-
metallic, carbon based and metallic ones, which have started to be used in conventional fluids
such as water, ethylene glycol and oil, creating a new class of fluids called nanofluids .These
nanofluids have been shown to have enhanced thermal properties and potential applications in
various fields such as medicine, electronics and transportation.
One of the most important tools in determining the thermophysical properties of hybrid
nanofluids are mathematical models. They are, in addition, used to validate and reduce the
error between predicted and experimental data .Variables included in such mathematical
correlations include viscosity, thermal conductivity, friction factors, Nusselt number etc.
Such models show that hybrid nanofluids performances are determined by volume
concentration, dispersion stability and mixing ratio. Usage of nanofluids in cooling systems
of electronic devices offers a number of advantages and the development of this technology
could be an important factor in further miniaturization as well as the increase in energy
efficiency of such gadgets. One of the well-studied systems by means of Molecular Dynamic
Simulations (MDS) is the layering phenomenon in which shell-like formations of water
molecules cover nanoparticles’ surfaces. In these systems, metal nanoparticles (Cu) and their
oxide forms (CuO) are stimulated according to the parameters of a water environment.
Results show ordered water molecules forming layers around nanoparticles to play an
essential role in explaining experimental results of thermal conductivity for such nanofluids.
Therefore treating the surface of a pavement with TiO2 can be a very promising approach to
degrading harmful air pollutants, and improving the quality of the air.
A novel application of nanofluids is using them as a substitute for conventional coolants in car
radiators, an important component of the car engine. Radiators serve as heat-exchangers for
cooling the car engine conventionally using water as exchange medium. Vehicle engine’s
thermal performance under the effect of nanofluids has been studied by many researchers, and
the major applications of nanofluids have been as coolers and lubricants in car radiators in an
attempt to increase the heat removal efficiency. Results have shown that heat transfer
coefficient can be improved by more than 50% as compared to the conventional coolants but
it is limited by the drop on liquid’s pressure. However, may experts agree that an optimum
performance can be achieved at low nanoparticle volume fraction of less than 1% (u < 1%)
Problem Statement
Atmospheric deposition of pollutants is a major challenge for the environmental so
overcome this problem we implement this project by using Titanium Dioxide (Tio2)
because of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a stable and non-toxic material has been
extensively used in nanofluids research.
Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) is better heat transfer medium, by using this characteristic of
liquid we can cooled air as comparison to other liquid and used for various application.
Objective
1. This project entirely focuses on how titanium dioxide coated tiles can reduce the effect of
air pollution and how effectively it does so.
2. This project demonstrates a setup showing the photo catalytic effect of titanium dioxide for
reducing the effect of air pollution.
3. This experiment is repeated by varying the concentration of Titanium Dioxide contained in
the water.
4. Also the reaction of titanium dioxide under the absence of UV light is also tested.
5. After the photo catalytic reaction, it seems that the amount of pollution presented in the
box reduces considerably and it reaches to a saturation point after a particular time period.
6. To reduce the temperature of air.
Scope of the project
Liquids have poor thermal properties, which is a barrier in development of energy efficient
systems. Hence, some kind of technique should be adopted to overcome this problem.
Addition of nanoparticles to base fluid showed better thermo-physical properties as compared
to simple fluid. Titanium Dioxide have good thermal properties than other liquid, It is the
best heat transfer medium. TiO2 nanoparticles in paraffin wax (a phase changing material) to
improve its thermal properties. Thermal properties varied with the concentration of
nanoparticles.
With the rapid development in transportation related activities and the growth of population
density in urban and metropolitan areas, we are now facing significant challenges in controlling
air pollution and the associated problems in human health and living environment. Emissions
from vehicle traffic cause air pollution problems throughout the world. There have been many
attempts to reduce emissions. However, there are still emissions polluting the air to a significant
level. A method of removing these pollutants at the street level once they are emitted to the
atmosphere is an attractive air quality management. Similar to plant photosynthesis, photo
catalytic compounds such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles can be used to trap and absorb
organic and inorganic particles in the air, removing (degrading and mineralizing) harmful
pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) into CO2,
H2O and harmless inorganic compounds in the presence of UV light (sunlight). TiO2 is one of
the most investigated semiconductors in the field of chemical conversion. Its main properties
are: 1) Low cost
2) Fast reaction at ambient operating conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure)
3) A wide spectrum of organic contaminants can be converted to water and CO2
4) No chemical reactants must be used and no side reactions are produced. TiO2 works as a
catalyst and does not undergo change. Therefore treating the surface of a pavement with TiO2
can be a very promising approach to degrading harmful air pollutants, and improving the
quality of the air.
Methodology
Nanometer titanium dioxide (TiO2) photo catalysis material can treat with manifold pollutants,
which is widely applied with its merits of decomposing products sufficiently and no secondary
pollution. The nanometer TiO2 photo catalyst was prepared by using the sol-gel method on the
optimum formulation that showed a higher activity. Then TiO2 photo catalyst was prepared by
dip-coating technique using the non-woven fabric adhered on it with straight as composite
support. The efficiency of suppression of oil mist was in comparison with ordinary materials.
The purification of the nanometer TiO2 photo catalysis sieve against oil mist of non-woven
fabric was investigated in different time in solar radiation at room temperature. It oxidizes
pollutants of oil mist to CO2 and H2O. It is known that the photo degradation effect is good
and the reaction is fast. It also showed the nanometer TiO2 photo catalysis material is ideal
material for suppressing oil mist in the air. At last, the application data of this technology in
the air purification as well as its problems and trends were presented. The prospect of
application was previewed.
Great efforts have been spent to improve the thermal efficiency of a number of processes with
mixed success until the recent emergence of a promising new class of nano-coolants with a
liquid component such as water mixed with nanoparticles started to make their way into a
myriad of engineering applications. Although they are expected to provide substitutes of
conventional coolants in the near future, a number of improvements are still to be made.
Attempts are still being made on one hand to reduce the equipment’s size and increase the
thermal exchange surface by using fins, and on the other hand to increase the thermal
conductivity of fluid exchangers. Improvements in nanotechnology have enhanced our abilities
to synthesize nano-scale materials, such as different types of nanoparticles including non-
metallic, carbon-based and metallic ones, which have started to be used in conventional fluids
such as water, ethylene glycol and oil, creating a new class of fluids called nanofluids [1].
These nanofluids have been shown to have enhanced thermal properties and potential
applications.
Literature view
Liu Yang, and Yuhan Hu et al summarizes recent research on TiO2 nanofluids in two reviews.
The first part of the review summarizes recent study progresses on preparation, stability, and
physical properties of TiO2 nanofluids, where the physical properties of TiO2 nanofluids are
focused on the viscosity and surface tension. While, the application of TiO2 nanofluids and its
thermal conductivity were introduced in the second part of the reviews. Therefore, TiO2
nanofluids have shown good applications in many energy-related filed. Titanium dioxide
(TiO2), a stable and non-toxic material has been extensively used in nanofluids research. It has
three crystalline phases, namely brookite, rutile and anatase, the last one being the most
important and used for different purposes such as gas sensors, pigments, nanofluids and
catalysis. In a study by Minsta et al. (2009) data were collected which established the
dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature for alumina and copper oxide based
nanofluids. The results showed an overall predicted effect of a raise in thermal conductivity by
increasing the fraction of particle volume and decreasing particle size. In addition, they also
found that the relative increase in thermal conductivity was of greater significance at higher
Temperatures.
Vakili et al. measured enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient of TiO2 nanofluid
flowing through a vertical pipe. According to experimental findings, thermal conductivity has
nonlinear dependence on concentration. Increment in values of Reynolds number, nanoparticle
concentration and heat flux also improved convective heat transfer coefficient. TiO2 nanofluid
with water/ethylene glycol as base fluid showed more enhancement in convective heat transfer
coefficient as compared to TiO2 nanofluid with distilled water as base fluid. Azmi et al.
used182 Application of Titanium DioxideTiO2 and Al2O3 nanofluids in his experimentation
to find and compare heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. At 30_C, Al2O3 nanofluid
showed higher enhancement in viscosity and its viscosity varies with temperature whereas
TiO2 nanofluid has viscosity independent of temperature. Lower heat transfer coefficient than
water and ethylene glycol is obtained for TiO2 nanofluid for all concentrations (0–1%) at 30_C.
Similar trend in heat transfer coefficient for both nanofluid is achieved at higher temperature.
Friction factor augmentation for both nanofluids with volume concentration is not
considerable. Wang et al. added TiO2 nanoparticles in paraffin wax (a phase changing material)
to improve its thermal properties. Thermal properties varied with the concentration of
nanoparticles. A drop in phase change temperature is observed when loading of nanoparticle
was less than 1 wt% while a drop in latent heat capacity is observed when nanoparticle loading
was greater than 2 wt %. Thermal conductivity of composite decreased as the temperature is
increased and it is lower in liquid state than in solid state. Azmi et al. experimentally
investigated the effects of working fluid temperature and concentration on thermal
conductivity, viscosity and heat transfer coefficient. These thermo-physical properties were
greatly influenced by temperature and concentration. Thermal conductivity has direct relation
with temperature at low concentration. Range of variation in viscosity is 4.6–33.3% depending
on temperature and concentration. Sajadi et al. study the turbulent heat transfer behaviour of
TiO2/water base nanofluid. The basic aim was to study the effects of volume concentration on
heat transfer coefficient and on pressure drop. Dispersion of nanoparticle is improved by
mixing an ultrasonic cleaner. Increasing concentration of nanoparticle has no significant effect
on heat transfer but pressure drop increased. When the Reynolds number is increased then the
ratio of heat transfer coefficient for nanofluid to base fluid is decreased while the Nusselt
number is increased for both base and nanofluids. Wei et al. did experimentation to find thermal
conductivity and stability of TiO2/diathermic oil nanofluid. Effect of temperature and
concentration on thermal conductivity had been examined. Thermal conductivity was having a
linear correlation with concentration. Thermal conductivity of nanofluid increased with an
increase in temperature. Zeta potential values of different samples indicated good stability of
nanofluids.
System Description
Working Principle
Experimental setup consists of two Metallic boxes (say A and B): Box “A” is fitted with
normal tiles and “B” with TiO2 coated tiles, an exhaust fan (for carrying smoke to the boxes),
ultra violet light source and a gas analyzer. Working of this setup is as follows: First passed
the chinook wind to both the chambers at the same amount, which is measured by using a gas
analyzer. The gas contained in box “B” is exposed to ultraviolet light, then only the photo
catalytic reaction of titanium dioxide with the pollutants takes place. After a particular time
i.e., after the photo catalytic reaction the pollutants will be converted into carbon dioxide and
water, and thus the amount of pollution is get reduced. This is monitored by using the gas
analyzer by using embedded system. Honeycomb cooling pads will be used in this box at
center position and allow water mixed with Ti02 particle through honeycomb cooling pad. It
must include provisions for bypassing the heat recovery system. These bypasses must allow
normal operations of the air conditioner without heat recovery. The heat recovery system
components, such as tubes and fittings, must be standardized to lower the cost. No chemical
reactants must be used and no side reactions are produced. TiO2 works as a catalyst and does
not undergo change. Therefore treating the surface of a pavement with TiO2 can be a very
promising approach to degrading harmful air pollutants, and improving the quality of the air.
Inorganic particles in the air, removing (degrading and mineralizing) harmful pollutants such
as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) into CO2, H2O and
harmless inorganic compounds in the presence of UV light (sunlight). TiO2 is one of the
most investigated semiconductors in the field of chemical conversion.
Working Diagram
Design of an Experimental Setup with UV Light
Design of an experimental setup with UV light consists of tile pasted on the wooden box of
dimension 27x17x17 cm with an opening at the top portion. The top portion of the wooden box
is covered with a glass piece of the dimension 27x17 cm. A hole of 8mm is inserted at the
centre portion of the glass piece placed at the top of wooden box so as to insert the probe of the
gas analyser. A UV light of 18W whose length is 24 inches is fixed at the inner portion of the
glass piece which is facing towards the tile pasted on the wooden box. A small pipe is connected
at one side of the box so that the polluted air can be passed to the box through that pipe. After
filling the experimental setup box with polluted air, the pipe is closed with a tight cap so as to
avoid the air leakage from the experimental setup.
Experimental setup with UV light
Design of an Experimental Setup without UV Light
Design of an experimental setup without UV light consist of a tile pasted on the wooden box
of dimension 27x17x17 cm with an opening at the top portion. The top portion of the wooden
box is covered with a glass piece of the dimension 27x17 cm. A hole of 8mm is inserted at the
centre portion of the glass piece placed at the top of wooden box so as to insert the probe of the
gas analyser. A small pipe is connected at one side of the box so that the polluted air can be
passed to the box through that pipe. After filling the experimental setup box with polluted air,
the pipe is closed with a tight cap so as to avoid the air leakage from the experimental setup.
Insulation is provided between the glass and the wooden box so as to avoid the leakage of the
polluted air through the same.
Experimental setup without UV light
Advantages
The experiments and analysis conducted as a part of the project concludes that the TiO2 photo
catalyst can reduce the effect of vehicle air pollution to a greater extend.
a) Recovering of heat reduces the environmental pollution levels.
b) Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat recovery reduces the fuel consumption, which
leads to reduction in the flue gas produced. This results in reduction in equipment sizes.
c) Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption: Reduction in equipment sizes gives additional
benefits in the form of reduction in auxiliary energy consumption in automobile engines
significant amount of heat is released to the environment.
Advantages of Tio2 over other liquid
1) Low cost
2) Fast reaction at ambient operating conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure)
3) A wide spectrum of organic contaminants can be converted to water and CO2
4) No chemical reactants must be used and no side reactions are produced. TiO2 works as a
catalyst and does not undergo change.
Application
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical
reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some
useful and economic purpose.
This heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste heat gases and mass flow rate of
exhaust gas.
Waste heat losses arise both from equipment inefficiencies and from thermodynamic
limitations on equipment and processes. For example, consider internal combustion engine
approximately 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. The remaining heat is
expelled to the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems.
Future Scope
Estimation of Cost
Conclusion
References