Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi

Roll no.1901

Practical File of
Computer Programming
And
Problem Solving Through
’C++’

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mrs Satwant Kaur Harkirat Kalsi
BCA-Ist
Roll No.1901

Guru Nanak Khalsa Collage For Women,

Gujarkhan Campus,Model Town,
Ludhiana
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INDEX

[Link]. Topic Page Number

1. Selection Control 3-6

Program

2. Control Structure Program 7-17

3. Data Input And Output 18-21

4. Functions 22-32

5. Objects And Classes 33-53

6 Constructer And 54-65

Destructor
7. Inheritance 66-65

8. Operator overloading 83-98

9. Virtual functions 100-103

10. C++ Streams and files 104-124

11. Exception handling 125-128

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Selection Control Program

1. /*Program to display hello*/

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Output:
Hello World!

2. /*Program to add 2 numbers */

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,sum;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter number a=";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter number b=";
cin>>b;
sum=a+b;
cout<<"Sum is"<<sum;
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter number a=30
Enter number b=40

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Sum is70

3. Program to swap 2 numbers without third variable.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int a,b;

clrscr();

cout<<"\nEnter 2 numbers:";

cin>>a>>b;

a=a+b;

b=a-b;

a=a-b;

cout<<"\nAfter swapping numbers are:";

cout<<a<<" "<<b;

return 0;

Output:
Enter 2 numbers: 66

After swapping numbers are:56 66

4. Program to calculate simple interest.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

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{

float p,r,t,si;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter principal,rate and time=\n";

cin>>p>>r>>t;

si=(p*r*t)/100;

cout<<"Simple Interest="<<si;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter principal,rate and time=

250 10 2

Simple Interest=50

5. Program to add, subtract, multiple and divide 2 numbers

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

{ int a,b,res;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter 2 numbers:";

cin>>a>>b;

res=a+b;

cout<<"\nAddition="<<res;

res=a-b;

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cout<<"\nSubtraction="<<res;

res=a*b;

cout<<"\nMultiplication="<<res;

res=a/b;

cout<<"\nDivision="<<res;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter 2 numbers: 999

Addition=1002

Subtraction=996

Multiplication=2997

Division=333

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Control Structures Programs

1. Program to check*/- whether the number is even or odd.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int n;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter an integer:";

cin>>n;

if(n%2==0)

cout<<n<<"is even";

else

cout<<n<<"is odd.";

return 0;

Output:
Enter an integer: 77

2. Program to print first 10 natural numbers.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

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void main()

clrscr();

int a=0;

while(a<10)

++a;

cout<<a<<endl;

getch();

Output:
1

10

3. Program to find largest of 3 numbers.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

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int main()

clrscr();

int a,b,c;

cout<<"Enter three numbers:";

cin>>a>>b>>c;

if(a>b)

if(a>c)

cout<<"A="<<a<<"is largest"<<endl;

else

cout<<"C="<<c<<"is largest"<<endl;

else

if(b>c)

cout<<"B="<<b<<"is largest"<<endl;

else

cout<<"C="<<c<<"is largest"<<endl;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter three numbers:67 87 99

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C=99is largest

[Link] to print pattern.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

int i,j,n;

cout<<"Enter how many rows you want";

cin>>n;

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

for(j=1;j<=i;j++)

cout<<("*");

cout<<("\n");

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter how many rows you want 6

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**

***

****

*****

******

5. Program to print a table.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int i,no,table=1;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter the number:";

cin>>no;

cout<<"Table of"<<no;

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)

table=no*i;

cout<<"\n"<<table;

cout<<"\n";

getch();

return 0;

Output:

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Enter the number:3

Table of3

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

6. Program to calculate factorial of a number.

#include<iostream.h>

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#include<conio.h>

int main()

long int num;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter a number:";

cin>>num;

int fact=1;

for(int i=2;i<=num;i++)

fact=fact*i;

cout<<"Factorial of"<<num<<"is="<<fact;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter a number:5

Factorial of 5 is=120

7. Program to find greatest of three numbers using ternary

operator.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

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{

int a,b,c;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter three numbers a,b,c:"<<endl;

cin>>a>>b>>c;

int d=(a>b)?((a>c)?a:c):((b>c)?b:c);

cout<<"Greatest number="<<setw(5)<<d;

getch();

return 0;
}
Output:
Enter three numbers a,b,c:

56 77 103

Greatest number= 103

8. Program to show use of arithmetic operator.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int a,b,res;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter 2 numbers:";

cin>>a>>b;

res=a+b;

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cout<<"\nAddition="<<res;

res=a-b;

cout<<"\nSubtraction="<<res;

res=a*b;

cout<<"\nMultiplication="<<res;

res=a/b;

cout<<"\nDivision="<<res;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter 2 numbers: 999

Addition=1002

Subtraction=996

Multiplication=2997

Division=333

9. Program to show use of scope resolution operator.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int x=20;

int main()

int x=10;

cout<<"Local variable x="<<x<<'\n';

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cout<<"Global variable x="<<::x;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Local variable x=10

Global variable x=20

10. Program to show the range of integer data type in C++.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int i;

float j;

clrscr();

cout<<"sizeof integer="<<sizeof(i)<<'\n';

cout<<"sizeof integer="<<sizeof(int)<<'\n';

cout<<"sizeof float="<<sizeof(j)<<'\n';

cout<<"sizeof float="<<sizeof(float);

getch();

return 0;

Output:
sizeof integer=2

sizeof integer=2

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sizeof float=4

sizeof float=4

[Link] to calculate percentage of students in 5 subjects.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

float sub1,sub2,sub3,sub4,sub5,percentage,total;

cout<<"enter the marks obtained in 5 subjects:";

cin>>sub1>>sub2>>sub3>>sub4>>sub5;

total=sub1+sub2+sub3+sub4+sub5;

percentage=(total/500)*100;

cout<<"\nPercentage marks are:"<<percentage<<"%";

return 0;

Output:
Enter the marks obtained in 5 subjects: 89 67 88 93 77

Percentage marks are:82.800003%

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Data Input And Output

[Link] to show use of endl manipulator.
#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

cout<<"Enter name"<<endl;

cout<<"My name is Harkirat Kalsi";

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter name

My name is Harkirat Kalsi

2. Program to show use of decimal, octal, hexadecimal

manipulator.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int i;

clrscr();

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cout<<"Enter hexadecimal number=";

cin>>hex>>i;

cout<<"hexadecimal value="<<hex<<i<<endl;

cout<<"octal value="<<oct<<i<<endl;

cout<<"decimal value="<<dec<<i<<endl;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter hexadecimal number=f

hexadecimal value=f

octal value=17

decimal value=15

3. Program to show use of setw (w) manipulator.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

{ clrscr();

int age=19,rollno=1901;

cout<<setw(12)<<"My Rollno is"<<setw(8)<<rollno<<endl;

cout<<setw(12)<<"My age is"<<setw(8)<<age;

getch();
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return 0;

Output:
My Rollno is 19

My age is 1901

4. Program to show use of setfill (c) manipulator.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int age=19,rollno=1901;

cout<<setfill('#');

cout<<setw(4)<<age<<setw(6)<<rollno<<endl;

cout<<setw(6)<<age<<setw(8)<<rollno;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
##19##1901

####19####1901

5. Program to show use of set precision (n) manipulator.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

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#include<conio.h>

int main()

float a=129.455396;

clrscr();

cout<<setprecision(2)<<a<<endl;

cout<<setprecision(3)<<a;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
129.46

129.455

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Functions
[Link] to find the sum of the series.

S=1+x2+x4+x6+………..(n terms)
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

Int main()

Int n,x,sum=1;

clrscr();

cout<<”Enter x=”;

cin>>x;

cout<<”Enter how many terms=”;

cin>>n;

int k=2*n-1;

for(int i=2;i<=k;i=i+2)

Sum=sum+pow(x,1);

cout<<”Sum is =”<<sum;

getch();

return 0;

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}

Output:
Enter x = 2

Enter how many terms = 5

Sum is =341

[Link] to calculate the factorial of a number.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

long int num;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter a number:";

cin>>num;

int fact=1;

for(int i=2;i<=num;i++)

fact=fact*i;

cout<<"Factorial of"<<num<<"is="<<fact;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter a number:5

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Factorial of 5 is=120

[Link] to show the use of pass by value.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

int a,b;

void swap(int,int);

cout<<"enter two number=";

cin>>a>>b;

cout<<"\nBefore calling a="<<a<<" b="<<b;

swap(a,b);

cout<<"\nAfter calling a="<<a<<" b="<<b;

getch();

return 0;

void swap(int x,int y)

int z;

z=x;

x=y;

y=z;

cout<<"\nAfter modification x="<<x<<"y="<<y;

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Output:

Enter two number=45 65

Before calling a=45 b=65

After modification x=65y=45

After calling a=45 b=65

[Link] to show how Pass by Address works?

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

int a,b;

void swap(int*,int*);

a=10;b=25;

cout<<"Before calling a="<<a<<"b="<<b;

swap(&a,&b);

cout<<"After calling a="<<a<<"b="<<b;

getch();

return 0;

void swap(int *x,int *y)

int z;

z=*x;

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*x=*y;

*y=z;

cout<<"\nAfter modification="<<*x<<"y="<<*y;

Output:
Before calling a=10 b=25

After modification=25 y=10 After calling=25 b=10

[Link] to show pass by reference.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

int a,b;

void swap(int &,int &);

cout<<"Enter two numbers=";

cin>>a>>b;

cout<<"\nBefore calling a="<<a<<" b="<<b;

swap(a,b);

cout<<"\nAfter calling a="<<a<<" b="<<b;

getch();

return 0;

void swap(int &x,int &y)

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int z;

z=x;

x=y;

y=z;

cout<<"\nafter modification x="<<x<<" y="<<y;

Output:
Enter two numbers= 45 56

Before calling a=45 b=56

after modification x=56 y=45

After calling a=56 b=45

6. Program to calculate area and perimeter of rectangle by making

function that return more than one value.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

clrscr();

void cal_rect(int,int &,int &);

int l,b,area,perimeter;

cout<<"Enter length and breadth of rectangle:";

cin>>l>>b;

cal_rect(l,b,area,perimeter);

cout<<"\nArea of rectangle="<<area;

cout<<"\nPerimeter of rectangle="<<perimeter;

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getch();

return 0;

void cal_rect(int x,int y,int &ar,int &pr)

ar=x*y;

pr=2*(x+y);

Output:
Enter length and breadth of rectangle= 2 4

Area of rectangle=8

Perimeter of rectangle=12

[Link] to show function returning reference.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

int x=10;

int &modify(int &);

modify(x)=25;

cout<<"\nValue of x="<<x;

getch();

return 0;

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int modify(int &y)

cout<<"\nValue of y="<<y;

return y;

Output:
Value of y=10

Value of x=25

8. Program to show the concept of function overloading to

calculate area where same name functions differs in number of
parameters.
#include<math.h>

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

void area(int);

void area(int,int);

void area(int,int,int);

int main()

clrscr();

int side=10;

int le=5,br=6;

int a=4,b=5,c=6;

area(side);

area(le,br);

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area(a,b,c);

getch();

return 0;

void area(int x)

cout<<"Area of square="<<x*x;

void area(int x,int y)

cout<<"\nArea of rectangle="<<x*y;

void area(int x,int y,int z)

float s=(x+y+z)/2;

float ar;

ar=sqrt(s*(s-x)*(s-y)*(s-z));

cout<<"\nArea of triangle using hero's formula="<<ar;

Output:
Area of square=100

Area of rectangle=30

Area of triangle using hero's formula=6.480741

Area of triangle using hero's formula=6.480741

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[Link] to show the use of inline function which calculates the
maximum of two numbers.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

inline int max(int x,int y)

return(x>y?x:y);

int main()

clrscr();

int m=10,n=25;

int a,b;

a=max(6,8);

cout<<"Greatest of 6 and 8="<<a;

b=max(m,n);

cout<<"\nGreatest of m="<<m<<" and n="<<n<<" is "<<b;

getch();

return 0;

Ouput:
Greatest of 6 and 8=8

Greatest of m=10 and n=25 is 25

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10. Program to demonstrate the use of default arguments to
calculate the simple interest.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

float SI(float p,float r=5.5,float t=1.0);

int main()

clrscr();

float k;

k=SI(10000);

cout<<"Simple interest="<<k<<endl;

k=SI(12000,6.0);

cout<<"Simple interest="<<k<<endl;

k=SI(15000,6.0,0.5);

cout<<"simple interest="<<k;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Simple interest=550

Simple interest=720

Simple interest=450

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Objects And Classes

[Link] to calculate area of rectangle using objects and classes.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class rectangle

private:

int a,b;

public:

void setdata(int x,int y)

a=x;

b=y;

void area()

Int ar=a*b;

Cout<<”\nArea of rectangle=”<<ar;

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};

int main()

clrscr();

rectangle r1 r2;

[Link](5,10);

cout<<”Rectangle 1”;

[Link]();

[Link](10,20);

cout<<”\nRectangle 2”;

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Rectangle 1

Area of rectangle = 50

Rectangle 2

Area of rectangle =200

[Link] to calculate the area of rectangle by defining member

function outside the class.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class rectangle

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private:

int a,b;

public:

void setdata(int,int);

void area();

};

void rectangle: :setdata( int x , int y)

a=x;

b=y;

void rectangle : :area()

Int ar=a*b;

cout<<”\nArea of rectangle=”<<ar;

Int main()

clrscr();

rectangle r1,r2;

[Link](3,10);

cout<<”Rectangle r1”;

[Link]();

[Link](10,20);

cout<<”Rectangle r2”;

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[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Rectangle r1

Area of rectangle = 30

Rectangle r2

Area of rectangle = 200

[Link] to calculate area and perimeter of a circle using objects

and classes.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

Class circle

private:

double r;

public:

void input();

void area();

void circumference();

};

void circle : :input()

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cout<<”Enter radius of circles=”;

cin>>r;

void circle : :area()

double ar=3.1415*r*r;

cout<<”Area of circle =”<<setprecision(2)<<ar;

void circle : :circumference()

double cir=2*3.1415r;

cout<<”\nCircumference of circle=”<<setprecision(2)<<cir;

Int main()

clrscr();

circle c1;

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter radius of circle = 3.5

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Area of circle = 38.48

Circumference of circle = 21.99

[Link] to demonstrate an array of bank account.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class account

private:

int acc_no;

char name[15];

double balance;

public:

void input_data();

void display_data();

};

void account::input_data()

cout<<"\nEnter account number,name,balance=";

cin>>acc_no>>name>>balance;

void account::display_data()

cout<<"\nAccount number=\t"<<acc_no;

cout<<"\nAccount holder name=\t"<<name;

cout<<"\nAccount balance=\t"<<balance;

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}

int main()

clrscr();

account acc[10];

int n;

cout<<"\nEnter number of acccount holders=";

cin>>n;

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

acc[i].input_data();

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

cout<<"\nInformation of account="<<i+1;

acc[i].display_data();

getch();

return 0;

Output:

Enter number of acccount holders= 2

Enter account number,name,balance= 1901 amit 500

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Enter account number,name,balance= 1902 kapil 2000

Information of account=1

Account number= 1901

Account holder name= amit

Account balance= 500

Information of account=2

Account number= 1902

Account holder name= kapil

Account balance= 2000

[Link] to demonstrate passing an object by value.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class time

private:

int hours,minutes;

public:

void read_time();

void add_time(time,time);

void show_time;

};

void time::read_time()

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cout<<"\nEnter time in hours and minures:";

cin>>hours>>minutes;

void time::add_time(time tt1,time tt2)

int min=[Link] +[Link];

int hrs=min/60;

minutes=min%60;

hours=hrs+[Link]+[Link];

void time::show_time()

cout<<"Time obtained on adding=";

cout<<hours<<minutes;

int main()

clrscr();

time t1,t2,t3;

t1.read_time();

t2.read_time();

t3.add_time(t1,t2);

t3.show_time();

getch();

return 0;

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}

Ouput:
Enter time in hours and minutes: 5 30

Enter time in hours and minutes: 5 50

Time obtained on adding =11:20

[Link] to demonstrate passing of an object by reference

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class acc_info

private:

int acctno;

float balance;

public:

void read();

void show();

void transfer_money(acc_info &,double);

};

void acc_info::read()

cout<<"\nEnter the account number = ";

cin>>acctno;

cout<<"\nEnter the balance = ";

cin>>balance;

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void acc_info::show()

cout<<"\nAccount number = "<<acctno;

cout<<"\nBalance is = "<<balance;

void acc_info::transfer_money(acc_info &acct,double amt)

balance=balance-amt;

[Link]=[Link]+amt;

void main()

clrscr();

acc_info acct1, acct2;

cout<<"\nEnter the account information of acct1..\n";

[Link]();

cout<<"\nEnter the account information of acct2..\n";

[Link]();

cout<<"\nDisplaying account information before transfer..\n";

[Link]();

[Link]();

double money_trans;

cout<<"\nEnter amount to transfer from acct1 to acct2 = ";

cin>>money_trans;

acct1.transfer_money(acct2,money_trans);

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cout<<"\nDisplaying account information aftrer tranfer of money...";

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

Output:
Enter account information of acct 1..

Enter the account number =101

Enter the balance =5000

Enter account information of acct 2..

Enter the account number =102

Enter the balance =2000

Display accout information before transfer..

Account number is =101

Balance is =5000

Account number is =102

Balance is =2000

Enter amount to transfer from acct1 to acct2 =500

Displaying account information after transfer..

Account number is =101

Balance is =4500

Account number is=102

Balance is =2500

[Link] to show static data members.

#include<iostream.h>

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#include<conio.h>

class account

private:

int acc_no; double balance;

static double rate;

public:

void read()

cout<<"\nEnter account number and balance = ";

cin>>acc_no>>balance;

void show()

cout<<"\nAccount number = "<<acc_no<<'\t';

cout<<"\nInterest = "<<rate<<'\t';

cout<<"\nBalance = "<<balance;

void qtr_rate_cal()

double interest=(balance*rate*0.25);

balance=balance+interest;

};

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Roll no.1901
double account::rate=0.05;

int main()

clrscr();

account a1,a2;

cout<<"\nEnter customer 1 information.....\n";

[Link]();

cout<<"\nEnter customer 2 information.....\n";

[Link]();

a1.qtr_rate_cal();

a2.qtr_rate_cal();

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter customer 1 information….

Enter account no. and balance = 201 1000

Enter customer 2 information…

Enter account no. and balance = 202 2000

Account no. =201 Interest = 0.05 Balance = 1012.5

Account no. =202 Interest = 0.05 Balance = 2025

[Link] to show static member functions.

#include<iostream.h>

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
#include<conio.h>

class account

private:

int acc_no; double balance;

static double rate;

public:

void read()

cout<<"\nEnter account number and balance->";

cin>>acc_no>>balance;

void show()

cout<<"\nAccount number = "<<acc_no;

cout<<"\nInterst = "<<rate;

cout<<"\nBalance = "<<balance;

void qtr_rate_cal()

double interest=(balance*rate*0.25)/100;

balance=balance+interest;

static void modify_rate(double incr)

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
rate=rate+incr;

cout<<"\nModified rate of interest = "<<rate;

};

double account::rate=0.05;

void main()

clrscr();

account a1,a2;

[Link]();

[Link]();

account::modify_rate(0.01);

a1.qtr_rate_cal();

a2.qtr_rate_cal();

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

Output:
Enter account number and balance-> 1901

500

Enter account number and balance-> 1901

2000

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Roll no.1901
Modified rate of interest = 0.06

Account number = 1901

Interst = 0.06

Balance = 500.075

Account number = 1901

Interst = 0.06

Balance = 2000.3

[Link] to multiply two matrices by returning an object from a

function.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<process.h>

class matrix

private:

int a[10][10],m,n;

public:

void read();

matrix mul(matrix);

void show();

};

void matrix::read()

cout<<"Enter order of m x n matrix=";

cin>>m>>n;

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cout<<"Enter Elements:";

for(int i=0;i<m;i++)

for(int j=0;j<n;j++)

cin>>a[i][j];

void matrix::show()

for(int i=0;i<m;i++)

for(int j=0;j<n;j++)

cout<<a[i]<<'\t';

cout<<endl;

matrix matrix::mul(matrix mm2)

if(n!=mm2.m)

cout<<"matrix multiplication not possible";

exit(0);

matrix temp;

temp.m=m;

temp.n=mm2.n;

for(int i=0;i<temp.m;i++)

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
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for(int j=0;j<temp.n;j++)

temp.a[i][j]=0;

for(int k=0;k<n;k++)

temp.a[i][j]+=a[i][k]*mm2.a[k][j];

return(temp);

int main()

matrix m1,m2,m3;

clrscr();

[Link]();

[Link]();

m3=[Link](m2);

cout<<"On multiplication we get\n";

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter order of m x n matrix= 2 2

Enter elements : 5 6 2 1

Enter order of m x n matrix = 2 2

Enter elements: 4 2 1 3

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On multilplication we get

26 28

9 7

[Link] to calculate average percentage of marks in a particular

subject by n students of a class using static members.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class student

private:

int rollno,marks;

static int tot_marks;

public:

void read()

cout<<"Enter rollno and marks:";

cin>>rollno>>marks;

void cal()

tot_marks+=marks;

static void avg_per_marks(int n1)

double avg=double(tot_marks)/n1;

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cout<<"average percentage of marks is="<<avg;

};

int student::tot_marks;

int main()

clrscr();

student s[50];

int n;

cout<<"Enter numbers of student:";

cin>>n;

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

s[i].read();

s[i].cal();

student::avg_per_marks(n);

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter numbers of student:2

Enter rollno and marks: 1901 77

Enter rollno and marks:1902 56

average percentage of marks is=66.5

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Constructor And Destructor

1. Program to show the use of constructor member function to initialize an
object during its creation.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class rectangle
{
private:
int length,breadth;
public:
rectangle()
{
length=5;
breadth=6;
}
int area()
{
return(length*breadth);
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
rectangle r1;
cout<<"Area of rectangle="<<[Link]();
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Area of rectangle=30

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Roll no.1901
2. Program to show parameterized constructor.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class rectangle
{
private:
int length;
int breadth;
public:
rectangle(int a,int b)
{
length=a;
breadth=b;
}
int area()
{
return(length*breadth);
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
rectangle r1(5,6);
rectangle r2(7,8);
cout<<"\nArea of rectangle 1="<<[Link]();
cout<<"\nArea of rectangle 2="<<[Link]();
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Area of rectangle 1= 30
Area of rectangle 2= 56

3. Program to display the area of multiple rectangle using array of

objects in which object is initialized using constructor.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class rectangle
{
private:

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int length;
int breadth;
public:
rectangle(int l,int b)
{
length=l;
breadth=b;
}
void showarea()
{
cout<<"\narea of rectangle="<<length*breadth;
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
rectangle r[3]={rectangle(5,6),rectangle(7,8),rectangle(5,7)};
cout<<"\nDispaly area of rectangles\n";
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
r[i].showarea();
return 0;
}
Output:
Displaying area of rectangle
Area of rectangle = 30
Area of rectangle = 56
Area of rectangle = 35

4. Program to show constructor with default arguments.

#include<iomanip.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class complex
{
private:
double real;
double imag;
public:
complex(double=0.0,double=0.0);
void add(complex,complex);

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
void show();
};
complex::complex(double x,double y)
{
real=x;
imag=y;
}
void complex::add(complex c1,complex c2)
{
real=[Link]+[Link];
imag=[Link]+[Link];
}
void complex::show()
{
if(imag>0)
cout<<real<<"+"<<imag<<"i"<<endl;
else
cout<<real<<imag<<"i"<<endl;
}
int main()
{
clrscr();
complex c1(6,8);
complex c2(5);
complex c3;
[Link](c1,c2);
[Link]();
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
11 + 8 i

5 .Program to show dynamic initialization using constructor.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class height
{
private:
int feet;

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
double inches;
public:
height(int f)
{
feet=f;
inches=0.0;
}
height(double f)
{
feet=int(f);
inches=(f-int(f))*12.0;
}
height()
{
feet=inches=0;
}
height(int f,double in)
{
feet=f;
inches=in;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"feet="<<feet<<"inches="<<inches<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
height h1,h2,h3;
int ht_feet;
cout<<"enter height in terms of feet only:";
cin>>ht_feet;
h1=height(ht_feet);
double ht_fract;
cout<<"enter height in terms of feet in fractional form:";
cin>>ht_fract;
h2=height(ht_fract);
int ft1;
double in1;

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Roll no.1901
cout<<"enter height in terms of feet and inches:";
cin>>ft1>>in1;
h3=height(ft1,in1);
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter height in terms of feet only : 5
Enter height in terms of feet in fractional form : 5.5
Enter height in terms of feet and inches : 5 8
Feet = 5 Inches=0
Feet = 5 Inches =6
Feet =5 Inches =8

[Link] to trace the flow of execution of destructor in a class.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class counter
{
int id;
public:
counter(int i)
{
id=i;
cout<<"\nConsturctor of object with id"<<id<<"runs";
}
~counter()
{
cout<<"\nobject with id"<<id<<"destroyed";
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
counter c1(1);
counter c2(2);
counter c3(3);

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
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cout<<"\nend of main";
return 0;
}
Output:
Constructor of object with Id 1 runs
Constructor of object with Id 2 runs
Constructor of object with Id 3 runs
End of main
Object with Id=3 destroyed
Object with Id=2 destroyed
Object with Id=1 destroyed

[Link] to show use of constructor and destructor for

performing dynamic operations.
#include<string.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class string
{
char *name;
int len;
public:
string(char *s)
{
len=strlen(s);
name=new char[len+1];
strcpy(name,s);
}
void compare(string &ss2)
{
int k;
k=strcmp(name,[Link]);
if(k==0)
cout<<"\nboth object have same name";
else
cout<<"\n both objects have diffirent name";
}
void display()
{
cout<<"\nname of person="<<name;

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}
~string()
{
cout<<"\nrelease memory allocated to "<<name;
delete[] name;
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
string s1("anu");
string s2("Muskan");
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link](s2);
return 0;
}
Output:
Name of person=Anu
Name of person=Muskan
Both objects have different name
Release memory allocated to Muskan
Release memory allocated to Anu

[Link] to show how dynamic objects can be created and

destroyed using ‘new’ and ‘delete’ operators.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class rectangle
{
private:
int l,b;
public:
rectangle()
{
cout<<"constructor with no parameter invoked";
}
void read()
{
cout<<"\nenter length and breadth";
cin>>l>>b;

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}
void area()
{
cout<<"area of rectangle="<<l*b;
}
~rectangle()
{
cout<<"\ndestructor invoked";
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
rectangle *ptr;
ptr= new rectangle;
ptr->read();
ptr->area();
cout<<"\ndestroying object";
delete ptr;
cout<<"\nend of program";
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
constructor with no parameter invoked

enter length and breadth 5 7

area of rectangle=35
destroying object
destructor invoked
end of program

[Link] to create copy constructor.

#include<iostream.h>
class yyy;
class xxx
{
private:
int x;

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Roll no.1901
public:
xxx(int xx)
{ x=xx; }
friend void f1(xxx,yyy);
};
class yyy
{
private:
int y;
public:
yyy(int yy)
{ y=yy; }
friend void f1(xxx,yyy);
};
void f1(xxx objx,yyy objy)
{
cout<<"difference="<<objx.x-objy.y;
}
int main()
{
xxx ob1(10);
yyy ob2(5);
f1(ob1,ob2);
return 0;
}
Output:
copy constructor invoked
count=10
count=10

[Link] to show nested classes.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
public:
class date

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{
private:
int dd,mm,yy;
public:
void read();
void show();
}dob;
void read();
void show();
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
student s1;
[Link]();
[Link]();
getch();
return 0;
}
void student::date::read()
{
cin>>dd>>mm>>yy;
}
void student::date::show()
{
cout<<"\nDate="<<dd<<"/"<<mm<<"/"<<yy;
}
void student::show()
{
cout<<"Rollno="<<rollno<<"\tname="<<name;
[Link]();
}
Output:
Enter rollno and name= 312 amit
Enter date of birth = 05 10 2006
Rollno = 312 name = amit
Date =05/10/2006

[Link] to show how a friend function acts as a bridge

between two classes.

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
#include<iostream.h>
class yyy;
class xxx
{
private:
int x;
public:
xxx(int xx)
{ x=xx; }
friend void f1(xxx,yyy);
};
class yyy
{
private:
int y;
public:
yyy(int yy)
{ y=yy;}
firend void f1(xxx,yyy);
};
void f1(xxx objx,yyy objy)
{
cout<<”Difference=”<<objx.x-objy.y;
}
int main()
{
xxx ob1(10);
yyy obj2(5);
f1(ob1,ob2);
return 0;
}
Output:
Difference = 5

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901

Inheritance
[Link] to show derived class declaration.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class base_class

private:

int num1;

public:

void base_read()

cout<<"\Enter number num1=";

cin>>num1;

void base_show()

cout<<"num1="<<num1;

};

class derived_class:public base_class

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private:

int num2;

public:

void derived_read()

cout<<"\nEnter number num2=";

cin>>num2;

void derived_show()

cout<<"\nnum2="<<num2;

};

int main()

clrscr();

base_class b1;

derived_class d1;

d1.base_read();

d1.derived_read();

d1.base_show();

d1.derived_show();

b1.base_read();

b1.base_show();

getch();

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Roll no.1901
return 0;

Output:
Enter number num1= 10

Enter number num2= 20

num1=10

num2=20Enter number num1=5

num1=5

[Link] to show the use of public inheritance.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class base

private:

int priv_base;

protected:

int prot_base;

public:

int get_base_priv()

priv_base=10;

return(priv_base);

};

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
class derive:public base

private:

int priv_der;

protected:

int prot_der;

public:

void f1()

int x;

x=get_base_priv();

cout<<"Value of base's prive data member="<<x;

prot_base=20;

cout<<"\nValue of base's protected data member="<<prot_base;

};

int main()

clrscr();

derive d;

int y;

d.f1();

y=d.get_base_priv();

cout<<"\nValue of base private data member accessed indirectly="<<y;

getch();

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
return 0;

Output:
Value of base's prive data member=10

Value of base's protected data member=20

[Link] to calculate the result of the student using private

inheritance.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class stud_basic

private:

int rollno;

char name[20];

public:

void read()

cout<<"\nEnter rollno and name: ";

cin>>rollno>>name;

void show()

cout<<"rollno="<<rollno;

cout<<"\nname="<<name;

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};

class result:private stud_basic

private:

int m[4];

double per;

public:

void input();

void cal();

void display();

};

void result::input()

read();

cout<<"\nEnter marks:";

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

cin>>m[i];

void result::cal()

int tot_marks=0;

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

tot_marks+=m[i];

per=double(tot_marks)/4;

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
void result::display()

show();

cout<<"\nMarks ;";

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

cout<<m[i]<<'\t';

cout<<"\nPercentage ="<<per;

int main()

clrscr();

result r1;

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter rollno and name: 1901 harkirat

Enter marks:56

99

78

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
77

rollno=1901

name=harkirat

Marks ;56 99 78 77

Percentage =77.5

[Link] to show protected inherited members.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class num

protected:

int x,y;

public:

void read()

cout<<"\nEnter two numbers=";

cin>>x>>y;

void showxy()

cout<<"x= "<<x<<"\t y= "<<y;

};

class result:public num

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
private:

int z;

public:

void add()

z=x+y;

void showz()

cout<<"\nZ="<<z;

};

int main()

clrscr();

result r1;

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
Enter two numbers= 10 20

x= 10 y= 20

Z=30

[Link] to show multilevel inheritance.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class person

private:

char name[20];

long int phno;

public:

void read()

cout<<"Enter name and phno=";

cin>>name>>phno;

void show()

cout<<"\nName="<<name;

cout<<"\nPhone number="<<phno;

};

class student:public person

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
private:

int rollno;

char course[20];

public:

void read()

person::read();

cout<<"Enter rollno and course=";

cin>>rollno>>course;

void show()

person::show();

cout<<"\nRollno="<<rollno;

cout<<"\nCourse="<<course;

};

class exam:public student

private:

int m[4];

double per;

public:

void read();

void cal();

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
void show();

};

void exam::read()

student::read();

cout<<"Enter marks:";

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

cin>>m[i];

void exam::cal()

int tot_marks=0;

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

tot_marks+=m[i];

per=double(tot_marks)/4;

void exam::show()

student::show();

cout<<"\Marks:";

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

cout<<m[i]<<"\t";

cout<<"\nPercentage="<<per;

int main()

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Problem Solving Through ‘C++’ Harkirat Kalsi
Roll no.1901
{

clrscr();

exam e1;

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter name and phno=harkirat 01614661232

Enter rollno and course=1901 bca

Enter marks: 60 71 89 78 91

Name=harkirat

Phone number=01614661232

Rollno=1901

Course=bcaMarks:60 71 89 78

Percentage=74.5

[Link] no constructor with no parameter in base class and

parametrized constructor in derived class.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class base

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public:

base()

{ cout<<"base's no parameter constructor"; }

};

class derv:public base

int a,b;

public:

derv(int x,int y)

a=x;

b=y;

cout<<"\nDerive's constructor with two parameter";

};

int main()

clrscr();

derv d(10,15);

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Base’s no parameter constructor

Derive’s constructor with two parameter

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[Link] on parameterized constructors in both the base and
derived classes.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class base

int a;

public:

base(int a1)

a=a1;

cout<<"base's single parameter constructor";

void show()

{ cout<<"\na="<<a; }

};

class derv:public base

int b;

public:

derv(int bb,int aa):base(aa)

b=bb;

cout<<"\nDerived's two patameter constructor";

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void show()

base::show();

cout<<"b="<<b;

};

int main()

clrscr();

derv d(10,20);

[Link]();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Base’s single parameter constructor

Derived’s two parameter constructor

a=20 b=10

[Link] on constructor with no parameter in multiple

inheritance.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class base1

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public:

base1()

{ cout<<"\nBase1 no parameter constructor"; }

};

class base2

public:

base2()

{ cout<<"\nBase2 no parameter constructor"; }

};

class derv:public base1,base2

public:

derv()

{ cout<<"Dev no parameter constructor"; }

};

int main()

clrscr();

derv d;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Base1 no parameter constructor

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Base2 no parameter constructor

Dev no parameter constructor

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Operator Overloading
[Link] to overload unary increment operator (++)
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class score

{ private:

int val;

public:

score()

{ val=0; }

void operator++()

{ val=val }

int show()

{ return(val) }

};

void main()

{ clrscr();

acore s1,s2;

cout<<"\n initial value of s1 object: "<<[Link]();

cout<<"\n initial value of s2 object: "<<[Link]();

++s1;

++s1;

++s2;

cout<<"\nFinal value of s1 object= "<<[Link]();

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cout<<"\nFinal value of s2 object= "<<[Link]();

getch()

Output:-
Initial value of s1 object=0

Initial value of s2 object=0

Final value of object s1=2

Final value of object s2=1

[Link] in which the object of operator returns a value

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class score

{ private:

int val;

public:

score()

{ val=0; }

void operator++()

{ scorre temp;

val=val+1;

[Link]=val;

return temp;

int show()

{ return(val) }

};

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void main()

{ clrscr();

score s1,s2;

cout<<"\n initial value of s1 object: "<<[Link]();

cout<<"\n initial value of s2 object: "<<[Link]();

++s1;

s2=++s1;

cout<<"\nFinal value of s1 object= "<<[Link]();

cout<<"\nFinal value of s2 object= "<<[Link]();

getch()

Output:-

Initial value of s1 object=0

Initial value of s2 object=0

Final value of s1 object=2

Final value of s2 object=2

[Link] to showing the overloading of prefix and postfix

Increment operator

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class score

{ private:

int val;

public:

score()

{ val=0; }

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void operator++()

{ scorre temp;

val=val+1;

[Link]=val;

return temp;

score operator++(int)

{ score temp;

[Link]=val;

val=val+1;

return(temp);

int show()

{ return(val) }

};

void main()

{ clrscr();

score s1,s2;

cout<<"\n initial value of s1 object: "<<[Link]();

cout<<"\n initial value of s2 object: "<<[Link]();

s2=++s1;

cout<<"\ns1= "<<[Link]();

cout<<"\ns2 after prefix operation= "<<[Link]();

s2= s1++;

cout<<"\ns1= "<<[Link]();

cout<<"\ns2 after postfix operation= "<<[Link]();

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getch()

Output:-

Initial value of s1 object= 0

Initial value of s2 object=0

S1=1

S2 after prefix operation=1

S1=2

S2 after postfix operation=1

[Link] to add two complex numbers in which addition is performed by overloading the
binary operator +

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

Class complex

{ private:

double real,img;

public:

score()

{ real=img=0.0; }

void read()

cout<<"\nEnter real and imaginary part: ";

cin>>real>>img;

complex operator+(complex cc2)

{ complex temp;

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[Link]=real+[Link];

[Link]=img+[Link];

return(temp);

void show()

if(img>0)

cout<<real<<"+"<<img<<"i"<<endl;

else

cout<<real<<img<<"i"<<endl;

};

void main()

{ clrscr();

complex c1,c2,c3;

cout<<"\n Enter complex number c1: ";

[Link]();

cout<<"\n Enter complex number c2: ";

[Link]();

c3=c1+c2;

[Link]();

getch()

Output:-

Enter complex number c1:

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Enter real and imaginary part: 3.1 5.2

Enter complex number

Enter real and imaginary part: 2.1 6.3

5.2+11.5i

[Link] to compare the date of birth of two persons by overloading the equality operator(==)

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class dob

{ private:

int dd,mm,yyyy;

public:

dob(int dd,mm,,yyyy)

{ real=img=0.0; }

void show()

cout<<"\ndob= "<<dd<<"-"<<mm<<"-""<<yyyy;

int operator==(dob);

int dob:: int operator==(dob dd2)

{ if((yyyy=[Link]) &&(mm==[Link]) &&(dd=[Link]) )

return(1);

else

return(0);

void main()

{ clrscr();

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dob d1(10,12.1976);

dob d2(10,12,1976);

[Link]();

d2,show();

if(d1==d2)

cout<<"\n"d1 and d2 are same";

else

cout<<"\nd1 and d2 are not same";

getch()

Output:-

Dob=10-12-1976

Dob=10-12-1976

D1 and d2 are same

[Link] to concatenate two strings of objects by overloading the “+” operator

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

#define SIZE 40

Class string

{ private:

char st[SIZE];

public:

string()

{ strcpy(st,"") }

string(char s[])

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{

strcpy(st,s);

void show()::operator==(dob dd2)

{ cout<<"st; }

};

string string::operator+(string ss2)

{ string temp;

strcpy(temp,st,st);

strcat([Link],[Link]);

return(temp);

void main()

{ clrscr();

string s1="happy";

string s2="diwali";

string s3;

cout<<"before concatenation";

cout<<"s1= ";

[Link]();

cout<<"\nts2 = ";

[Link]();

cout<<""/nts2= ";

[Link]();

s3=s1+s2;

cout<<"\nafter concatenation";

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cout<<"s3 = ";

getch();

output:-

before concatenation

s1= happy s2= diwali s3=

after concatenation

s3=happy diwali

[Link] to add two time objects by overloading += operator

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class time

{ private:

int hours,mins,secs;

public:

time(int hh,int mm,int ss)

{ hours=hh,min=mm;secs=ss; }

void show()

{ cout<<"hours<<":"<<mins<<":"<secs; }

void operator+=(time);

};

void time::operator+=(time tt2)

{ secs+=[Link];

mins+=[Link];

hours+=[Link];

if(secs>59)

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{ secs-=60;

mins++;

if(mins>59)

{ mins-=60;

hours++;

void main()

{ clrscr();

time t1(4,58,55);

time t2(3,20,10);

cout<<"time t1 before operation: ";

[Link]();

t1+=t2;

cout<<"time t1 after overloading += operation = ";

[Link]();

getch();

output:-

time t1 before operation: 4:58:55

time t1 after oberloading += opertaion = 8:19:05

[Link] to perform conversions from user-defined data type to basic type

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class time

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{ private:

int hours,mins;

public:

time(int hr,int mm)

{ hours=hr,min=mm; }

void show()

{ cout<<"time in mins and hours is: "; }

opertor int()

{ int mins;

mins=hours*60+mins;

return(mins);

};

void main()

{ clrscr();

time t1(3,15);

[Link]();

minutes=t1;

cout<<"time in minutes = "<<minutes;

getch();

output:-

time in hours and minutes= 3:15

time in minutes= 195

[Link] to convert the given amount in dollars (assume 1$=rs 44.20)

#include<iostream.h>

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#include<conio.h>

#define dol_val 44.20

Class rupee

{ private:

double rs;

public:

rupee(double rs1)

{ rs=rs1; }

void show()

{ cout<<"money in Rs= "<<rs; }

rupee()

{ rs=0; }

};

class dollar

{ double do1;

public:

dollar(double dol1)

{ dol=dol1; }

operator rupee()

{ double rs1=dol*dol_val;

return(rupee(rs1));

void show()

{cout<<"\nmoney in dollars = "<<do1;}

};

void main()

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{ clrscr();

dollar d1(3);

[Link]();

rupee r1;

r1=d1;

[Link]();

getch();

output:-

money in dollars=3

money in Rs=132.6

[Link] to understand the concept of overloading fuction call operator

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

Class xyz

public:

int operator()(int num)

{ int cb=num*num*num;

return(cb);

};

void main()

{ clrscr();

xyz cube;

int a=5,res;

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res=cube(a);

cout<<"\nCube of "<<a<<" is ="<<res;

getch();

output:-

cube of 5 is=125

[Link] to show the overloading subscript operator[]

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<process.h>

#define MAX_SITE 5

Class array

{ int arr[max_size];

public:

int operator[](int n)

{ if ((n>=0)&&(n<MAX_SITE))

return arr[n];

else

cout<<"index out of range";

};

array::array()

for (int i=0;i<MAX_SITE;i++)

arr[i]=i;

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void main()

{ clrscr();

int i;

array a,a1;

t=a1[2];

cout<<"displaying 3rd element =""<<t;

a1[3]=10;

cout<<Fourth element a1[3]= "<<a1[3];

a[7]=20;

getch();

output:-

displaying 3rd element= 2

fourth element a1[3]=10

index out of range

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Virtual Functions
[Link] on polymorphism using virtual fuction.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class base

public:

virtual void display()

{ cout<<"Base cllead display function"; }

};

class derv1: public base

public:

void display()

{ cout<<"derv1's display called\n"; }

};

class derv2:public base

public:

void display()

{ cout<<"Derv2's display called\n"; }

};

int main()

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clrscr();

base *ptr;

derv1 d1;

derv2 d2;

ptr=&d1;

ptr->display();

ptr=&d2;

ptr->display();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Derv1's display called

Derv2's display called

[Link] on area of rectangle and area of triangle.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class shape

protected:

double a,b;

public:

void read()

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cin>>a>>b;

virtual void cal_area()

{ cout<<"Virtual fuction providing single interface"; }

};

class rectangle:public shape

public:

void cal_area()

double area=a*b;

cout<<"Area of rectangle="<<area;

};

class triangle:public shape

public:

void cal_area()

double area=(a*b)/2;

cout<<"Area of triangle="<<area;

};

int main()

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clrscr();

shape *ptr;

rectangle r1;

cout<<"Enter length and breadth of rectangle:";

[Link]();

ptr=&r1;

ptr->cal_area();

triangle t1;

cout<<"\nEnter base and perpendicular of triangle:";

[Link]();

ptr=&t1;

ptr->cal_area();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter length and breadth of rectangle: 10 20

Area of rectangle=200

Enter base and perpendicular of triangle: 5 20

Area of triangle=50

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C++ Streams And Files

[Link] to read multi-word string using get function.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

const int MAX=80;

char str[MAX];

cout<<"\nEnter a string:";

[Link](str,MAX);

cout<<"string is="<<str;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter a string: hello

string is= hello

[Link] to read multiple lines string using get function.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

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const int MAX=80;

char str[MAX];

cout<<"\Enter a string:";

[Link](str,MAX,'*');

cout<<"String is =\n"<<str;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter a string:share index is growing

buy ipci at current price*

String is =

share index is growing

buy ipci at current price

3Program to input string using ‘read’ function.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

const int MAx=11;

char str[MAx];

cout<<"\nEnter a string";

[Link](str,MAX);

int count=[Link]();

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str[count]='\0';

cout<<"string is:"<<str;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter a string:stock index

String is:stock index

[Link] to count the number of characters inputted by the user.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

clrscr();

char str[20];

cout<<"\Enter a string:";

[Link](str,20);

int count=[Link]();

cout<<"Number of character extracted are="<<count;

getch();

return 0;

Output:

Enter a string:stock

Number of character extracted are=6

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[Link] to demonstrate the use of ignore() member function to
display the first character of your first name and last name.
#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

char fname,lname;

cout<<”Enter your first and last name”;

fname=[Link]();

[Link](80,’ ‘);

lname=[Link]();

cout<<”Your initials are:”<<fname<<lname;

getch();

return 0;

Output:
Enter first and last name=harkirat kalsi

Your initials ar: hk

[Link] to show the use of peek().

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

char ch;

clrscr();

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cout<<”Press F6 or ^Z to exit\n”;

cout<<”enter a text:”;

while([Link](ch))

[Link](ch);

while([Link]()==ch)

[Link]();

return 0;

Output:
Press F6 or ^Z to exit

Enter a text:aaa bb ccc

abc

^Z

[Link] to show the use of putback(ch).

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<ctype.h>

clrscr()

char ch;

cout<<”Press ctrl+z or F6 to exit\n”;

while([Link](ch))

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{

[Link](toupper(ch));

[Link](ch);

[Link](ch);

return 0;

Output:
abcdef

ABCDEF

[Link] to demonstrate use of write() function.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

char str[]="streams";

int len1=strlen(str);

for(int i=1;i<=len1;i++)

[Link](str,i);

cout<<"\n";

for(i=len1-1;i>0;i--)

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{

[Link](str,i);

cout<<"\n";

return 0;

Output:

st

str

stre

strea

stream

streams

stream

strea

stre

str

st

9Program to show the use of fill(ch)

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

[Link]('#');

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[Link](6);

cout<<204;

[Link](4);

cout<<34;

return 0;

Output:
###204##34

[Link] to show the use of prwcision(p).

#include<iomanip.h>

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

[Link](2);

cout<<3.46<<endl;

cout<<9.0022<<endl;

cout<<7.5056<<endl;

[Link](3);

cout<<6.7291<<endl;

return 0;

Output:
3.46

7.51

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6.729

[Link] to show the use of setf() and unsetf().

#include<iomanip.h>

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

[Link](40);

[Link](ios::left);

cout<<"Text is left just justified"<<endl;

[Link](ios::left);

[Link](40);

[Link](ios::right);

cout<<"Text is right justified";

return 0;

Output:
Text is left justified Text is right justified.

[Link] to work with single file.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<fstream.h>

int main()

ofstream outf("ITEM");

cout<<"\nEnter item name:";

char name[30];

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cin>>name;

outf<<name<<"\n";

cout<<"Enter item cost";

float cost;

cin>>cost;

outf<<cost<<"\n";

[Link]();

ifstream inf("ITEM");

inf>>name;

inf>>cost;

cout<<"\n";

cout<<"Item name:"<<name<<"\n";

cout<<"Item cost:"<<cost<<"\n";

[Link]();

return 0;

Output:
Enter item name:CD-ROM

Enter item cost:2500

Item name:CD-ROM

Item cost:2500

[Link] on working with multiple files.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<fstream.h>

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int main()

ofstream fout;

[Link]("country");

fout<<"United States of America\n";

fout<<"United Kingdom\n";

fout<<"South Korea\n";

[Link]();

[Link]("capital");

fout<<"Washington\n";

fout<<"London\n";

fout<<"Seoul\n";

[Link]();

const int n=80;

char line[n];

ifstream fin;

[Link]("country");

cout<<"contents of country file\n";

while(fin)

[Link](line,n);

cout<<line;

[Link]();

[Link]("capital");

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cout<<"\nContents of capital file\n";

while(fin)

[Link](line,n);

cout<<line;

[Link]();

return 0;

Output:

Contents of country file

United States of America

United Kingdom

South Korea

Contents of capital file

Washington

London

Seoul

[Link] to read from two files.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<fstream.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

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const int SIZE=80;

char line[SIZE];

ifstream fin1,fin2;

[Link]("country");

[Link]("capital");

for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)

if([Link]()!=0)

cout<<"Exit from country\n";

exit(1);

[Link](line,SIZE);

cout<<"Capital of"<<line;

if([Link]()!=0)

cout<<"Exit from capital\n";

exit(1);

[Link](line,SIZE);

cout<<line<<"\n";

return 0;

Output:

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Capital of United States of America

Washington

Capital of United Kingdom

London

Capital of South Korea

Seoul

[Link] to perfrom input output operations on characters.

Char string[80];

cout<<"Enter a string\n";

cin>>string;

int len=strlen(string);

fstream file;

[Link]("TEXT",ios::in|ios::out);

for(int i=0;i<len;i++)

[Link](string[i]);

[Link](0);

char ch;

while(file)

[Link](ch);

cout<<ch;

return 0;

Output:

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Enter a string

Cobol_Programming input

Cobol_programming output

[Link] on input output Operation on binary files

#include<iostream.h>

#include<fstream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

const char*filename="BINARY";

int main()

float height[4]={175.5,153.0,167.25,160.70};

ofstream outfile;

[Link](filename);

[Link]((char*) & height,sizeof(height));

[Link]();

for(int i=0;i<4;i++)

height[i]=0;

ifstream infile;

[Link](filename);

[Link]((char *) & height,sizeof(height));

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

[Link](ios::showpoint);

cout<<setw(10)<<setprecision(2)<<height[i];

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[Link]();

return 0;

Output:

175.50 153.00 167.25

[Link] to read and write class objects.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<fstream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

class INVENTORY

char name[10];

int code;

float cost;

public:

void readdata(void);

void writedata(void);

};

evoid INVENTORY::readdata(void)

cout<<"Enter name:";

cin<<name;

cout<<"Enter code:";

cin<<code;

cout<<"Enter cost:";

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cin<<cost;

void INVENTORY::writedata(void)

cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(10)<<name<<setiosflags(ios::right)<<setw(10)
<<code<<setprecision(2)<<setw(10)<<cost<<endl;

int main()

INVENTORY item[3];

fstream file;

[Link]("[Link]",ios::in|ios::out);

cout<<"Enter details for three items\n";

for(int i=0;i<3;i++)

item[i].readdata();

[Link]((char *) & item[i],sizeof(item[i]));

[Link](0);

cout<<"\nOutput\n\n";

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

[Link]((char*) & item[i],sizeof(item[i]));

item[i].writedata();

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[Link]();

return 0;

Output:

ENTER DETAILS FOR THREE ITEMS

Enter name: C++

Enter code: 101

Enter cost: 175

Enter name: Fortran

Enter code:102

Enter cost:150

Enter name:Java

Enter code:103

Enter cost:225

Output

C++ 101 175

Fortran 102 150

Java 103 225

[Link] on file updating and random access.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<fstream.h>

#include<iomanip.h>

class INVENTORY

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char name[10];

int code;

float cost;

public:

void getdata(void)

cout<<"Enter name";cin>>name;

cout<<"Enter code";cin>>code;

cout<<"Enter cost";cin>>cost;

void putdata(void)

cout<<setw(10)<<name;

cout<<setw(10)<<code<<setprecision(2)<<setw(10)<<cost<<endl;

};

int main()

INVENTORY item;

fstream inoutfile;

[Link]("[Link]",ios:: ate | ios:: in | ios:: out | ios::bimary);

[Link](0,ios::beg);

cout<<"current contents of stock"<<"\n";

while([Link]((char 8) & item,sizeof item))

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[Link]();

[Link]();

cout<<"\nADD AN ITEM\n";

[Link]();

char ch;

[Link](ch);

[Link]((char*) & item,sizeof item);

[Link](0);

cout<<"CONTENTS OF APPENDED FILE\n";

while([Link]((char *) &item,sizeof item))

[Link]();

int last=[Link]();

int n=last/sizeof(item);

cout<<"Number of objects="<<n<<"\n";

cout<<"Total bytes in the file="<<last<<"\n";

cout<<"Enter object number to be updated\n";

int object;

cin>>object;

[Link](ch);

int location=(object-1)*sizeof(item);

if([Link]())

[Link]();

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[Link](location);

cout<<"Enter new values of the object\n";

[Link]();

[Link](ch);

[Link]((char*) & item,sizeof item)<<flush;

[Link](0);

cout<<"CONTENTS OF UPDATED FILE\n";

while([Link]((char *) & item,sizeof item))

[Link]();

[Link]();

return 0;

Output:
CURRENT CONTENTS OF STOCK

AA 11 100

BB 22 200

CC 33 300

DD 44 400

XX 99 900

ADD AN ITEM

Enter name:XX

Enter code:99

Enter cost:900

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EXCEPTION HANDLING
1. Program to illustrate how an exception is handled using try-catch
block and throw statement.

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

int x,y;

cout<<"Enter numerator (x) and denominator (y)=";

cin>>x>>y;

try

if(y=0)

throw 10;

cout<<"x/y="<<x/y;

catch (int i)

cout<<"Exception : Division by 0 is not allowed ";

return 0;

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2. Program to calculate the square root of a given number and handle
all the exceptions

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int num;

double res;

cout<<"Enter a number: ";

cin>>num;

try

if(num>oxffff)

throw 10;

if(num<0);

throw 'E';

cout<<"Square root of "<<num<<"is="<<sqrt(num);

catch(int)

cout<<"Exception : out of range\n";

catch(char)

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{

cout<<"Exception :Square root of negative number doesn't exist";

return 0;

3. Program to check whether a person is eligible for voting or not

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

int age;

cout<<"Enter age for voting(18 to 120): ";

cin>>age;

try

if(age>0 $$age<18)

throw 0;

else if(age>120)

throw 'v';

else if(age<0)

throw 2.8;

cout<<"Eligible for voting";

}
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catch(int i)

cout<<"Exception: Valid age but not eligible for voting";

catch(…)

cout<<"Exception : Invalid age for voting";

4. Program to demonstrate exception specification

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

void funct_test(int val) throw(int,char)

if(val==0)

throw 'a';

if(val==1)

throw 10;

int main()

cout<<"start of main";

try
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{

func_test(1);

catch(int)

(cout<<"int-type exception catched";)

catch(char)

{cout<<"char-type exception catched";)

return 0;

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