ENGR. REYNILAN L.

DIMAL
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

“If a first event can be performed in “n1”

different ways and a second event can be
performed in “n2” different ways…

Product rule: “if events occur one after the

other”
n1• n2 ways
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

If you roll a fair die and toss a coin, how

many possible outcomes can you expect?
A. 8 C. 16

B. 12 D. 15
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

A building has 4 outside doors. In how

many ways can a person enter and leave:
a. By different door; b. By any door
A. 12,16 C. 16,20

B. 7,8 D. 16,16
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

Three persons rode a mini bus with 6

vacant seats on each side. In how many
ways can they be seated if one insists on
sitting at the right side?
A. 120 ways C. 660 ways

B. 240 ways D. 216 ways

PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

How many 4 – digit numbers less than

4000 can be formed from the digits
2,3,5,6,7 and 9 if each digit must be used
only once?
A. 20 C. 80

B. 40 D. 120
PERMUTATION

Permutation
- an arrangement of a set of objects or
things in a SPECIFIC or DEFINITE
order

A. Permutation of “n different” objects

taken “r” at a time:

n!
nPr = → (n  r )
(n − r )!

nPn = n!→ (n = r )
PERMUTATION

B. Permutation of n objects “not all”

distinct
n!
P=
p!q!r!...
C. Circular or Cyclic Permutation

P = ( n − 1) ! → in a plane

P=
( n − 1) !
→ in a space
2
COMBINATION

Combination
- an arrangement of a set of objects or
things where ORDER DOES NOT
COUNT

A. Combination of n different objects taken

r at a time:

n! nPr
nCr = =
(n − r )!r! r!
COMBINATION

B. Combination of n different objects

taken all at a time:
nCn = 1 → (r = n)

C. Combination of n different things taken

1,2,3…n at a time:

C = nC1 + nC2 + ... + nCn

PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

Calculate the number of ways eight

swimmers can place first, second or third
in a race.
A. 112 C. 168

B. 336 D. 120
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

Determine the number of permutations of

the letters in the word BANANA.
A. 720 C. 60

B. 120 D. 30
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

There are 3 copies each of 4 different

books. In how many different ways can
they be arranged on a shelf?
A. 349,800 C. 469,500

B. 549,600 D. 369,600
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

How many distinguishable arrangements

of the letters in the word CONTEST start
with two vowels?
A. 120 C. 60

B. 10 D. 240
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

How many ways can 5 boys be seated in a

row if two boys insist on sitting next to
each other?
A. 48 ways C. 120 ways

B. 24 ways D. 72 ways
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

How many ways can 5 boys be seated in a

row if two boys refuse on sitting next to
each other?
A. 48 ways C. 120 ways

B. 24 ways D. 72 ways
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

In how many relative orders can we seat 7

people at a round table with a certain 3
people side by side.
A. 144 C. 720

B. 5040 D. 1008
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

A craftsperson has six different kinds of

seashells. How many different bracelets
can be constructed if only four shells to be
used in any one bracelet?
A. 60 C. 90

B. 360 D. 45
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

A young woman bought seven books to

read on vacation but only has time to read
three of them. How many ways can she
choose three of the seven books to bring
with her?
A. 35 C. 210

B. 21 D. 120
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

Determine the number of ways a jury of 6

men and 6 women can be chosen from an
eligible pool of 12 men and 14 women.
A. 2,772,774 C. 2,747,727

B. 2,774,772 D. 2,727,747
PERMUTATION/COMBINATION

An organization has 25 members, 4 of

whom are ECE’s. In how many ways can a
committee of 3 be formed so as to include
at least one ECE?
A. 540 C. 128

B. 970 D. 311
PROBABILITY

Probability
Probability is the measure of the
likeliness that an event will occur.

Probability is quantified as a number

between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates
impossibility and 1 indicates certainty).
PROBABILITY

 Simple Probability, (P):

number of successful outcomes
P=
total number of outcomes
Q = 1− P

P = 0 → the event cannot occur

P = 1 → the event must occur
PROBABILITY

A die is loaded in such a way that an even

number is twice likely to occur as an odd
number. If E is the event that a number
less than 4 occurs on a single toss of the
die, find P(E).
A. 1/2 C. 4/9

B. 1/3 D. 2/3
PROBABILITY

With the throw of two dice, what is the

probability that the sum will be a prime
number?
A. 4/11 C. 5/12

B. 7/18 D. 5/11
PROBABILITY

 Probability of Mutually Exclusive

Events
P(A or B) = PA + PB → w/o common outcome
P(A or B) = PA + PB − P(A and B) → w/ common outcome
PROBABILITY

When a die is thrown, what is the

probability of obtaining less than 4 or an
even number?
A. 1 C. 5/6

B. 1/2 D. 2/3
PROBABILITY

Find the probability of drawing either an

ace or a king in a single draw from a deck
of 52 playing cards?
A. 8/52 C. 1/13

B. 4/52 D. 2/13
PROBABILITY

A single card is drawn from a standard 52-

card deck. Determine the probability that
the single card drawn is a black card or an
ace.
A. 15/26 C. 7/13

B. 13/26 D. 8/13
PROBABILITY

 Conditional Probability

P(A & B) = (PA )( PB ) → for independen t events

P(A & B) = (PA )( PB/A ) → for dependent events
PROBABILITY

One bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black

balls; another contains 3 white balls and 5
black balls. If one ball is drawn from each
bag, find the probability that both are white.
A. 5/12 C. 1/4

B. 1/8 D. 13/24
PROBABILITY

One bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black

balls; another contains 3 white balls and 5
black balls. If one ball is drawn from each
bag, find the probability that one is white and
one is black.
A. 5/12 C. 1/4

B. 1/8 D. 13/24
PROBABILITY

On a deck of playing cards, 2 cards are

drawn at random. What is the probability
of getting an A and a King?
A. 6/845 C. 4/663

B. 5/935 D. 8/663
PROBABILITY

What is the probability that of 5 cards

dealt from a well shuffled deck, 3 will
be hearts and 2 spades?
A. 11/14450 C. 11/7225

B. 143/16660 D. 3/1352
PROBABILITY

 Binomial Probability
n −r
P = nCr P Q r

Let:
n = number of trials
r = successful trials
P = probability of success
Q = probability of failure
PROBABILITY
A certain 20 – item examination has only
two choices per question. What is the
probability of getting exactly 15 correct
answers?
A. 787/33101 C. 671/11823

B. 969/65536 D. 183/19310
PROBABILITY
Assume that NBA athlete LeBron James
makes 73% of his free throw attempts.
Calculate the probability that LeBron
James will make exactly 3 of his next 4 free
throw attempts.
A. 0.730 C. 0.704

B. 0.420 D. 0.407
PROBABILITY
Assume that NBA athlete LeBron James
makes 73% of his free throw attempts.
Calculate the probability that LeBron James
will make at least 3 of his next 4 free throw
attempts.
A. 0.730 C. 0.704

B. 0.420 D. 0.407
PROBABILITY
A certain taxi cab averages 10 passengers per
hour. If this follows Poisson distribution, what
is the probability that there will be exactly 5
passengers during the next hour?
A. 0.038 C. 0.083

B. 0.058 D. 0.085
PROBABILITY
If the probability that an individual will suffer a
bad reaction from injection of a given serum is
0.001, determine the probability that out of
2000 individuals exactly 3 individuals will
suffer a bad reaction.
A. 0.38 C. 0.83

B. 0.18 D. 0.58
PROBABILITY

 Odds

success
Odd for an event =
failure
PROBABILITY
If an insurance company quotes odds of
3 to 1 for the event that an individual 70
years of age will survive another 10
years, what is the probability assigned to
this event?
A. 0.75 C. 0.33

B. 0.25 D. 0.5
PROBABILITY

Three friends A, B and C are in a race.

The odds that A will win are 7 to 5,
and the odds that B will win are 1 to 3.
What are the odds in favor of C?
A. 1 to 6 C. 1 to 5

B. 3 to 2 D. 2 to 5
PROBABILITY

 Expectation

Expectation = (Win)(Psuccess) - (Loss)(Pfailure )

PROBABILITY
In a dice game, one fair die is used. The
player wins P20.00 if he rolls either 1 or 6.
He losses P10.00 if he turns up any other
face. What is the expected winning for
one roll of the die?
A. P40.00 C. P20.00

B. P0.00 D. P10.00
PROBABILITY
Suppose that a game is to be played with a single
die assumed fair. In this game a player wins P20
if a 2 turns up, P40 if a 4 turns up; loses P30 if a 6
turns up; while the player neither wins nor loses
if any other face turns up. Find the expected sum
of money to be won.
A. P15.00 C. P0.00

B. P5.00 D. P10.00
STATISTICS

Statistics
a branch of mathematics that deals
with the theory and method of
collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting data.
STATISTICS

Mean
The sum of scores divided by the total
number of data or samples.
Median
The median of a set of numbers arranged in
order of increasing or decreasing magnitude
is either the middle value or the average of
two values if there are two middle value.
Mode
The mode of a set of data is the value with
the highest frequency.
STATISTICS

Standard Deviation
n n

 (x − x )  (x − x )
2 2
i i
p = i =1
s = i =1
n n −1
Variance
The square of standard deviation.
STATISTICS
The exam scores for nine students are as
follows: 85, 96, 75, 82, 93, 88, 80, 93, 71.
Determine the MEDIAN.
A. 84.78 C. 93

B. 85 D. 8.07
STATISTICS
The exam scores for nine students are as
follows: 85, 96, 75, 82, 93, 88, 80, 93, 71.
Determine the MODE.
A. 84.78 C. 93

B. 85 D. 8.07
STATISTICS
The exam scores for nine students are as
follows: 85, 96, 75, 82, 93, 88, 80, 93, 71.
Determine the MEAN.
A. 84.78 C. 93

B. 85 D. 8.07
STATISTICS
The exam scores for nine students are as
follows: 85, 96, 75, 82, 93, 88, 80, 93, 71.
Determine the STANDARD DEVIATION.
A. 84.78 C. 63.28

B. 85 D. 8.07
STATISTICS
The exam scores for nine students are as
follows: 85, 96, 75, 82, 93, 88, 80, 93, 71.
Determine the VARIANCE.
A. 84.78 C. 65.28

B. 85 D. 8.07
ENGR. REYNILAN L. DIMAL