INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
Formulas :
xn + 1
1.∫x dx =
n
n+1
2.∫ dx = logx
1
x
3.∫e dx = e
x x
x
a
4.∫a dx =
x
loga
5.∫sinx dx = - cosx
6.∫cosx dx = sinx
7.∫tanx dx = log secx = - log cosx
8.∫cotx dx = log sinx = - log cosecx
9.∫secx dx = log secx + tanx = log tan( + )
π x
4 2
10.∫cosecx dx = log cosecx - cotx = log tan( )x
2
11.∫secxtanx dx = secx
12.∫cosecxcotx dx = - cosecx
13.∫sec x dx = tanx
2
14.∫cosec x dx = - cotx
2
15. ∫√ 1
1-x
2
dx = sin - 1 x
16.∫ √ x dx = cos x
1-
-1
2
-1
17.∫
1 -1
dx = tan x 2
x1+
18.∫
-1 -1
dx = cot x 2
x1+
19.∫
1 -1
dx = sec x
x√ x -1
2
20.∫
-1 -1
dx = cosec x
x√ x 2
-1
x
21. ∫ x
dx = x
⇒ ∫ex (f(x) + f' (x))dx = ex f(x)
Special Integrals :
1.∫ √x 2
1
+a
2
dx = log x +√ x2 + a2
2.∫ √x 2
1
-a
2
dx = log x +√ x2 - a2
3.∫ √a 2
1
-x
2
dx = ( )
sin - 1
x
a
tan ( )
x
4.∫ x 2
1
+a
2
dx =
1
a a
-1
x-a
5.∫x 2
-a
1
2
dx =
2a
1
log
x+a
x+a
6.∫a 2
-x
1
2
dx =
1
2a
log
x-
a - xa
x a2
7.∫√ x 2
+a
2
dx =
2
√x 2
+a
2
+
2
log x + √ x2 + a2
x a2
8.∫√ x - a dx √ log x + √ x2 - a2
2 2 2 2
= x -a -
2 2
9.∫√ a 2
-x
2
dx =
x
2
√a 2
-x
2
+
a2
2
sin - 1 ( xa )
Standard Substitutions :
→For the terms of the form :
(i) x2 + a2 (or) √ x2 + a2 put x = atanθ (or) x = acotθ
(ii) x2 - a2 (or) √ x2 - a2 put x = asecθ (or) x = acosecθ
(iii) a2 - x2 (or) √ a2 - x2 put x = asinθ (or) x = acosθ
(iv) If both √ a + x , √ a - x are present then put x = acosθ
(v) For the type √ (x - a)(b - x) put x = acos2 θ + bsin
2
θ
Some Useful Trignometric Formulas :
2
1. 1 + cos2θ = 2cos θ
2
2. 1 - cos2θ = 2sin θ
3
3. cos3x = 4cos x - 3cosx
3
4. sin3x = 3sinx - 4sin x
sin3x 2
5. = 3 - 4sin θ
sinx
Integration By Parts :
If u and v are two functions of x then
d
∫uv dx = ∫
u v dx - ∫ dx
(u) ∫v dx dx
Choice Of 1st and 2nd Functions :
The 1st function is the function which comes first in the word
'ILATE'
I - Inverse trignometric functions
L - Logarthmic function
A - Algebraic function
T - Trignometric function
E - Exponential
⇒ If one of the two function is not integrable directly then take
that function as 1st.
⇒ If onr of the function is not directly integrable then 'unity(1)'
is taken as second function.
Formulas :
1.∫(f(x) + xf' (x))dx = xf(x)
ax
e
2.∫e sin(bx + c)dx =
ax
2 2
asin(bx + c) - bcos(bx + c)
a b +
eax
3.∫e ax
cos(bx + c)dx = 2 2 acos(bx + c) + bsin(bx + c)
a +b
ax
4.∫ ax sin(bx + c)dx =
(loga) 2
+b
2
[Link](bx + c) - bcos(bx + c)
ax
5.∫a cos(bx + c)dx
x
=
(loga)2 + b2
[Link](bx + c) + bsin(bx + c)
Note :
→ If the integral is of the form :
∫a 1
+ bsinx
dx (or) ∫a 1
+ bcosx
dx (or) ∫ asinx 1
+ bcosx + c
dx
Put tan (x)
2
= t
working rule :
tan ( )
x
2
= t
Differentiating [Link] x,
1
2
sec2 ( x )dx
2
= dt
2dt
dx =
sec2 (x) 2
2dt
dx =
1 + tan
2
(x) 2
2dt
⇒ dx =
1 + t2
sinx =
2tan (x) 2
1+ tan ( x )
2
2
2t
⇒ sinx =
1 + t2
cosx =
1 - tan (x) 2
2
1+ tan ( x ) 2
2
2
1-t
⇒ cosx = 2
1+t
→ ∫ acosx
ccosx
+ bsinx
+ dsinx
dx = ( ac + bd
c2 + d 2)x + ( ad - bc
c2 + d 2)log Denominator
→ ∫ acosx
ccosx
+ bsinx + L
+ dsinx + k
dx = ( ac + bd
c2 + d 2)x + ( ad - bc
c2 + d 2)log Denominator
+ (L - Ak) ∫ ccosx 1
+ dsinx + k CBSE
CBSE
⇒ where A = ( ac + bd
c2 + d 2 ) (or)
Nr = A (Denominator) + B(Denominator)
#If the integral is of the form of
∫ acos x 2
+ bsin
1
2
x + csinxcosx
dx (or)
∫a 1
+ bsin
2
x
dx (or) ∫a 1
+ bcos2 x
dx (or)
∫ acos x 2
1
+ bsin2 x + c
dx (or)
∫ (acosx 1
+ bsinx)
2
dx
working rule :
⇒ Divide both numerator and denominator by cos2 x and then
take 'tanx = t'
Integration of improper fractions :
f(x)
⇒ is said to be improper when degree of f(x) > = degree of g
g(x)
(x)
⇒ Proceed through dividing numerator by denominator
Dividend = Divisor × quotient + remainder
#If the integral is of the form :
∫ axpx bxq 2
+
+
+c
dx (or) ∫ √ axpx bxq
2
+
+ +c
(or) ∫(px + q)√ ax 2
+ bx + c
working rule :
d
Numerator = A. (Denominator) + B
dx
⇒ where A and B are constants to be determined
Integration of Irrational Algebraic fraction :
→ Irration functions of the form :
1
(ax + b) n can be evaluated by the substitution
⇒ tn = ax + b
→ For ∫ (x r
- k) √ ax + bx + c
2
1
dx substitute
1
⇒ (x - k) =
t
→ For ∫ (ax 2
1
+ b)√ cx + d
2
dx
1 -1
⇒ put x = ⇒ dx = dt
t t2
1
x2 =
t2
#Integration of the type :
∫sinm [Link] x dx
(i) If one of them is odd then substitute for the even power
(ii) If both are odd substitute either of term
(iii) If both are even use trignometric identities only
Reduction Formulae :
→ In = ∫xn eax dx then
eax n
⇒ In =
a
x -
n
.I
a n-1 ( )
→ In = ∫sinn xdx
n-1
- sin [Link] n-1
⇒ In = + .In - 2
n n
→ In = ∫cosnxdx
cosn - [Link] n-1
⇒ In = + .In - 2
n n
→ In = ∫tann dx
tann - 1 x
⇒ In = - In - 2
n-1
→ In = ∫cotn dx
n-1
- cot x
⇒ In = - In - 2
n-1
→ In = ∫secn xdx
secn - 2 [Link] n-2
⇒ In = + .I
n-1 n - 1 n-2
→ In = ∫cosecn xdx
n-2
- cosec [Link] n - 32
⇒ In = + .I
n-1 n - 1 n-2
Note :
→ Don't forget to add integration constant 'c' for all integration
formulas.
- - - - - - - - - - - Prepared by Vijay - - - - - - - - - - -