9.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Definition : An equation in differential coefficients dy , d2y , d3y - - -
dx dx2 dx3

with constant coefficients e.g, a dy + b d2y + y = 0

dx dx2

with variable coefficients e.g, xy2 dy + x2y d2y + xy = 0 are called differential equations.
dx dx2

2 . Order & Degree of D.E : The highest order differential coefficient present in any
Differential Equation is the order of the D.E.
The degree of the highest order differential
coefficient is called the degree of the D.E, if the equation is free
from radicals{power of index is ½ , ¼ , ¾, - - -}.

Moreover,
Degree of any differential equation is said to be undefined if any of
the differential coefficients dy , d2y, d3 y - - - are in ‘I LTE’ functions.
dx dx2 dx3
e.g,
a dy 2 + b d2y 3 + c dy 3 + y = 0 , order = 2 , degree = 3
dx dx2 dx
2
x dy + x2y d2y 3
+ xy2 d3y 2 + y = 0 , order = 3 , degree = 2
dx dx2 dx3

Sin dy + xy d3y 3
+ log d2y + y = 0 , order = 3 , degree = Not defined.
dx dx3 dx2

2
¼ ¾
a dy + b d2 y 3
= c d3y 2
+ y , order = 3 , degree = 6
dx dx2 dx3

3. Formation of Differential Equation : By using the process of differentiation, we eliminate

the parameters a, b, c, p, q, r, - - - present in the Cartesian Equation, to create the
corresponding differential equation.
Moreover,
We differentiate up to the order number of parameter present.
st
If number of parameter = 1  Differentiation up to 1 order only
nd
If number of parameter = 2  Differentiation up to 2 order only

 In case of a Cartesian equation the number of distinct parameter it has, gives the order of
corresponding differential equation.

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4. Solution of Differential Equation : By using the process of Integration we find the
corresponding Cartesian equation for the given D.E. The Cartesian equation thus obtained is
called solution of D.E.
The solution of D.E. is called general solution if
arbitrary constants ( constants of integration ) are present. If particular values of these
arbitrary constants are substituted from given conditions, solution is called particular solution
and the D.E is termed as initial value problem.

5. Method of Solving D.E :

(i) Variable separable : We represent the D.E in the form M dx = N dy,
with, M = a constant or a function of ‘x’ alone
and N = a constant or a function of ‘y’ alone.
Then, simple integration (with arbitrary constants) gives the general solution of the D.E.
and integration (with particular constants) gives the particular solution of the D.E.

e.g, log( dy / dx ) = x + y
x+y
 dy = e
dx
–y x
 e dy = e dx

 ∫ e –y dy = ∫ ex dx
–y x
 – e = e + C ( general solution ) - - - (1)
If initial condition is y(0) = 0
Then by (1),
– e –0 = e 0 + C
 –1 = 1 + C
 C= –2
Thus, (1) becomes
–y x
 – e = e – 2 ( particular solution )
–y x
 e =2–e ( particular solution )

(ii) Homogenous D.E : We represent the D.E in the form (i) dy = M = f(x , y) = f ( y / x)
dx N

(ii) dx = M = f(x , y) = f ( x / y)
dy N
with, M , N = a homogenous( degree of each term are equal)
expression of x and y.
To solve : we put y / x = v in (i) and x / y = v in (ii)

(iii) Linear D.E : We represent the D.E in the form (i) dy + P y = Q

dx
with P, Q = a constant or a function of ‘x’ alone.
∫ Pdx
To solve, we find Integrating Factor ( I . F ) = e

Then Complete Solution ( C . S ) is , y ( I . F ) = ∫ Q . ( I . F ) dx

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 (ii) dx + P x = Q
dy
with P, Q = a constant or a function of ‘y’ alone.
∫ Pdy
To solve, we find Integrating Factor ( I . F ) = e

Then Complete Solution ( C . S ) is , x ( I . F ) = ∫ Q . ( I . F ) dy

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PROBLEMS ON D.E
(1) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = a . sin ( x + b ) .

(2) Form the differential equation representing the family of ellipse having foci on x – axis and centre
at origin .

*(3) Form the differential equation representing the family of circles touching the x – axis at origin .
*(4) Form the differential equation representing the family of circles having centre on y – axis & of
radius 3 unit

(5) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y2 = a ( b2 – x2 ).

x x
(6) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = a e 3 + b e– 2 .
x
(7) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = e2 ( a + bx ) .

*(8) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = ex ( a cosx + b sinx ) .
(9) Form the differential equation representing the family of parabola having vertex at origin and axis
along positive direction of y – axis.

*(10) Form the differential equation representing the family of hyperbolas having foci on x – axis and
centre at origin.

(11) Form the differential equation of the family of ellipse having foci on y – axis & centre at origin .

*(12) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves: y = c1eax cos bx + c2eax sin bx.
(13) Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the second quadrant and touching the
coordinate axes.

Find the general solution of the differential equations :

(14) dy = x + 1 (15) dy = x 2 + 1
dx 2–y dx y2+1

(16) sec 2 x .tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0 (17) y . log y .dx – x .dy = 0 .

x x
(18) e tan y dx + ( 1 – e ) sec 2 y dy = 0 *(19) ( x – y ) dy = ( x + 2y ) dx
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*(20) x . cos ( y / x ) dy = [ x + y cos( y / x )] dx *(21) ( x 2 + xy ) dy = ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx

*(22) ( 1 + e x / y ) dx + e x / y( 1 – x / y ) dy = 0 *(23) x dy – y dx = √ x 2 + y 2 dx

*(24) { x cos ( y / x ) + y sin ( y / x ) } y dx = { y sin ( y / x) – x cos ( y / x) }x dy

(25) (x log x )dy + y dx = (2 / x )log x .dx *(26) ( 1 + x 2 )dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx

*(27) x dy + y dx – x dx + xy cot x dx = 0 (28) y dx + ( x – y 2 ) dy = 0

(29) ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy = y dx (30) x dy + 2y dx = x 2 dx

(31) y dx – ( x + 2y 2 ) dy = 0 *(32) ( x – y )dy = ( x + y ) dx

(33) dy / dx = (1 + x 2 )( 1 + y 2 ) (34) cos 2 x dy / dx + y = tan x .

(35)( x 2 – y 2 ) dx + 2xy dy = 0 *(36) (tan–1y – x) dy = ( 1 + y 2 ) dx .

*(37) ( xdy – ydx ) y sin ( y / x ) = ( y dx + x dy ) x cos ( y / x )

x
(38) dy + √1 – y 2 = 0 (39) e– 2 √ – y dx = 1
dx √1 – x 2 √x √x dy

*(40) y e x / y dx = ( x e x / y + y2 ) dy

*(41) Show that the general solution of the differential equation (x2 + x + 1) dx + (y2 + y + 1) dx = 0 is
given by (x + y + 1) = A( 1 – x – y – 2xy)

Find the particular solution of the differential equations :

*(42) ( x 3 + x 2 + x + 1)dy = ( 2x 2 + x ) dx ; y(0) = 1. (43) dy = - 4xy 2 ; y(0) = 1

dx

(44) [ x sin2 (y/ x) – y ] dx + x dy = 0 ; y(1) =  / 4 (45)x2dy + (xy + y2)dx = 0 ;y(1) = 1

.
*(46) 2y e x / y dx + ( y – 2x e x / y ) dy = 0 ; y(0) = 1 . (47) log (dy / dx) = 3x + 4y ; y(0) = 0

(48) dy + y cot x = 2x + x2cot x ; y(π/2) = 0 (49)(1 + x2) dy + 2xy = 1 ; y(1) = 0

dx dx 1 + x2
–y
(50) (x – y)(dx + dy) = dx – dy ; y(0) = –1 (51) (x + 1)dy = ( 2e – 1 )dx ; y(0) = 0

(52) dy + y cot x = 4x cosec x ; y(π/2) = 0. (53) dy = 2xy + y2 ; y(1) = 2

dx dx 2x2
x x
(54) (1 + e 2 )dy + (1 + y2 ) e dx = 0 ; y(0) = 1

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Applications of differential equations :

(55) In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5 % per year. In how many years Rs1000
double itself ? ( log 2 = 0.693)

(56) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (–2 , 3), given that the slope of the
tangent to the curve at any point (x , y) is 2x / y 2 .

(57) The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is
3 units & after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after ‘t’ seconds.

(58) Show that the family of curves for which the slope of the tangent at any point (x , y) on it is
x 2 + y 2 , is given by x2 – y2 = cx .
2xy

(59) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (0 , 1). If the slope of the tangent to the
curve at any point (x , y) is equal to the sum of the x – coordinate (abscissa ) and the product of
the x coordinate & y – coordinate (ordinate) of that point.

(60) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (0 , π / 4) whose differential
equation is sin x .cos y dx + cos x sin y dy = 0 .

(61) The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number of its
inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20,000 in 1999 and 25,000
in the year 2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009 ?

(62) In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5 % per year. An amount of Rs1000 is
deposited with this bank, how much it will worth after 10 years ( e 0.5 = 1.648 )

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
Find the Singular or Particular solution of the differential equations :

*(1) dy = (1 + x + y + xy)dx Ans : log ( 1 + y ) = x + x2 + C

2
(2) dy = (4x + y + 1)2 dx –1
Ans : tan {(4x + y + 1) / 2} = 2x + C
x
*(3) dy = {sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)}dx Ans : 1 + tan{(x + y) / 2} = C.e
ax + by ax – by
(4) dy = e .dx Ans : b.e + a.e =C

*(5) Sin–1(dy / dx ) = x + y Ans : x = tan(x + y) – sec(x + y) + C

x 3x
(6) dy = {e 3 – 2x}dx Ans : 3y = e – 3x2 + C

(7) (x2 – 1)2dy + 2xy(x2 – 1) dx = dx Ans : y(x2 – 1) = {log(x – 1) – log(x + 1)}/2 + C

*(8) x2ydx = (x3 + y3)dy Ans : log y – x3 = C

3y3
*(9) (x3 – 3xy2)dx = (y3 – 3x2y)dy Ans : ( x2 – y2 ) = ( x2 + y2 )2 + C

(10) (1 +x2)dy = (4x2 – 2xy)dx Ans : 3y(x2 + 1) = 4x3 + C

*(11) x dy = (x3y6 – y)dx Ans : 2x– 5.y – 5 = 5.x – 2 + C

(12) (y3 – x)dy = ydx Ans : 4xy = y4 + C

(13) (x + y)2dy = a2 dx Ans : y = [Link]–1{(x + y) / a} + C

x
(14) y dx – x dy = xy dx Ans : x = C.y.e

–x
(15) dy cos y + (cos x + sin y)dx = 0 Ans : sin y = C.e – (sin x + cos x)

(16) (y3 + 2x)dy = y dx Ans : x .y – 2 = y + C

tan x tan x
(17) cos2 x dy + y dx = tan x dx Ans : y.e =e .( tan x – 1) + C

Cx
(18) xdy = (log y – log x + 1)ydx Ans : y = x.e

*(19) (2x + 2y + 3) dy = (x + y + 1)dx Ans : 6x + 6y + log |3x + 3y + 4| = 9x + C

(20) x2dy = (x2 – 2y2 + xy)dx Ans : log (x + √2y) – log (x – √2y) – 2√2log x = C

*(21) sin x dy = (x sin x – y cos x )dx Ans : (y – 1)sin x + x cos x = C

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(22) dy = (y2 tan2 x + 2y tan x)dx Ans : y. tan3 x + 3sec2 x = 3y C
*(23) y2 cos ( y / x) dx = x { x sin ( y / x) + y cos ( y / x) }dy Ans : y sin( y / x) = C

*(24) log x dx = x dy – y dx ; y(1) = –1 Ans : y + log x + 1 = 0.

(25) (x2 + 1)dy = 2xy dx ; y(1) = 2 Ans : y= (x2 + 1).

*(26) dy = y2 – 2xy – x2 ; y(1) = –1 Ans : x + y = 0.

2 2
dx y + 2xy – x

*(27) (x2 + 1)d2y = 2x dy ; y(0) = 1 , y1(0) = 3 Ans : y = x3 + 3x + 1.

dx2 dx

(28) tan y dy = {sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)}dx Ans : sec y = C – 2cos x .

(29) (x + 1)dy = (x + y + 1)dx Ans : y = (1 + x).log(1 + x) + C

(30) y – x dy = a y2 + dy Ans : (x + a)(1 – ay) = Cy.

dx dx
x x x
(31) x cos y dy = (x e log x + e ) dx Ans : sin y – e log x = C

*(32) (1 + x)(1 + y2)dx + (1 + y)(1 + x2)dy = 0 Ans : 2tan–1 x + y + log(1 +x2)(1 + y2) = C
1 – xy
*(33) (x2 + 1)2dy + 2xy(x2 + 1) dx = dx Ans : y ( 1 + x2 ) = tan–1 x + C

(34) (tan2x + 2tan x + 5)dy = 2(1 + tan x)sec2 x dx Ans : y = log | tan2x + 2 tan x + 5 | + C
2 / xy
*(35) ( 1 + xy) ydx + ( 1 – xy) x dy = 0, y(1) = 1 Ans : x2 = y2.e – 2.

(36) (x2 + 1) dy – 2xy dx = (x2 + 1)2 cos x dx , y(0) = 0 Ans : y = (x2 + 1) sin x.
– sin–1y
*(37) √1 – y2 . dx = ( sin–1y – x ) dy , y(0) = 0 Ans : x + 1 – sin–1 y = e .

*(38) ( 1 + x2 ).dy – 2xy. dx = ( x2 + 2 )( 1 + x2 ) dx Ans : y = (x2 + 1)[ (x + tan–1 x) + C ]

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 ANSWERS
Problems on Differential Equation( D. E)

(1) y11 + y = 0 (2) x y. y11 + x ( y1 )2 – y y1 = 0 (3) ( x2 – y2 ).y1 = 2xy

(4) (x2 – 9)( y1 )2 + x2 = 0 (5) xy .y11 + x( y1 ) – y.y1 = 0 (6) y11 – y1 – 6y = 0

(7) y11 – 4y1 + 4y = 0 (8) y11 – 2y1 + 2y = 0 (9) x .y1 = 2y

(10) x y. y11 + x ( y1 )2 – y y1 = 0 (11) x y. y11 + x ( y1 )2 – y y1 = 0

(12) y11 – 2a .y1 + (a2 + b2) y = 0 (13) (x + y)2 [(y1)2 + 1] = (x + y y1 )2

(14) x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y = C (15) tan–1 y = tan–1x + C (16) tan x .tan y = C
cx x
(17) y = e (18) tan y = C( 1 – e )

(19) log x2 + y2 + xy = 2√3 tan–1 x + 2y + C (20) sin ( y / x) = log | Cx |

√3 .x
–y/x y/x
(21) (x – y)2 = C x e (22) y e +x=C (23) y + √x2 + y2 = Cx2

(24) xy cos ( y / x ) = C (25) y x log x = – 2 (1 + log x) + Cx

(26) y = (1 + x) – 2. log | sin x | + C(1 + x2 ) – 1 (27) xy sin x = sin x – x cos x + C

(28) 3 x y = y3 + C (29) x = 3y2 + Cy (30) 4x2. y = x4 + C

(31) x = 2y2 + Cy (32) 2 tan–1( y / x) = log | x2 + y2 | + C (33) 3tan–1 y = 3x + x3 + C
– tan x – tan – 1y
(34) y = tan x – 1 + C e (35) x2 + y2 = C x (36) x = tan – 1 y – 1 + C e
2√x
(37) sec( y / x) = C x y (38) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = C (39) y e = 2√x + C
x/y
(40) e =y+C (42) 4y = log{(x + 1)2. (x2 + 1)3} – 2 tan–1 x + 4
(43) y = 1 / ( 2x2 + 1) (44) cot ( y / x) = log | ex | (45) y + 2x = 3x2 y
x/y 3x – 4y
(46) 2 e + log | y | = 2 (47) 4 e +3e =7 (48) y = x2 – π2 / 4 sin x

(49) y ( 1 + x2 ) = tan–1 x – π / 4 (50) log | x – y | = x + y + 1 (51) y = log | 2x + 1 | – log | x + 1|

x
(52) y sin x = 2x2 – π2 / 2 (53) y ( 1 – log | x | ) = 2x (54) tan–1 y + tan – 1( e ) = π / 2

(55) 20 loge 2 (56) y = ( 3x2 + 15 ) 1 / 3 (57) (63 t + 27 ) 1 / 3

x2 / 2
(59) y + 1 = 2 e (60) √2 cos y = sec x (61) 31250 (62) 1648

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