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Concrete-encased CFST structures: behaviour and application

Conference Paper · June 2018

DOI: 10.4995/ASCCS2018.2018.7109

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 12th International Conference on Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures (ASCCS 2018)
Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain, June 27-29, 2018
Doi: [Link]

Concrete-encased CFST structures: behaviour and application

L. H. Hana*, D. Y. Maa and K. Zhoua
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
*corresponding author, e-mail address: lhhan@[Link]

Abstract
Concrete-encased CFST (concrete-filled steel tube) is a kind of composite structure
comprised of a CFST component and a reinforced concrete (RC) component. The
concrete encased CFST possesses superior ductility and higher stiffness. They are gaining
popularity in high-rise buildings, large-span structures, bridges, subway stations and
workshops. This paper initially reviews the recent research on concrete-encased CFST
structures. The major research findings on bond performance, static performance,
dynamic performance and fire resistance are presented. This paper also outlines some
construction considerations, such as the utilization of materials, the fabrication of the
steel tube, and the methods of casting the inner and outer concrete. Finally, some typical
practical projects utilizing concrete-encased CFST members are presented and reviewed.
Keywords: concrete-encased; concrete-filled steel tube (CFST); structural behaviour;
composite action; construction.

1. Introduction respect to the outer RC component. This kind of

composite member was initially designed to
Concrete-encased CFST (concrete-filled achieve a good seismic performance by
steel tubes) are a kind of composite member applying a greater load ratio on the inner CFST
consisting of an inner CFST component and an component and a lesser load ratio on the outer
outer reinforce concrete (RC) component as an RC component, so that the outer RC component
encasement. These kinds of composite has high capacity of resisting compression
members are characterized by high earthquake when subjected to seismic action. It was first
resistance, superior ductility, high compressive used in China in 1995 to improve steel
strength, high shear strength and ease of reinforced concrete (SRC) structures. The idea
construction. Five typical concrete-encased of applying RC encasement to the outer is
CFST sections popularly used in China are similar to SRC, which has also been also
presented in Fig. 1. Steel tubes with different illustrated in Eurocode [1].
sections, such as circular section (CS), square
section (SS) and rectangular section (RS), are
used. They are usually aligned centrally with
Stirrup Stirrup Stirrup

Longitudinal rebar

Outer concrete Longitudinal rebar

Outer concrete
Steel tube Inner concrete Inner concrete
Steel tube
(a) (b) (c)

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

Stirrup
Stirrup

Longitudinal rebar

Steel tube
Longitudinal rebar Outer concrete
Outer concrete
Steel tube Inner concrete
Inner concrete
(d) (e)

Fig. 1. Typical sections of the concrete-encased CFST.

Concrete-encased CFST also has some encased CFST column with circular steel
benefits in respect to construction. The inner hollow section [2] are compared in Fig. 2. It can
steel tube is usually erected first, and it can be found that the bond strength of the concrete-
serve as the support for the following encased CFST column is approximately triple
construction. The concrete filled in the steel that of the CFST column. It indicates that the
tube can be cast before the outer concrete or composite action of the inner CFST component
together with the outer concrete. The former and the outer RC component can be well
and the latter methods are defined as the achieved without using additional shear
different-stage construction and the same-stage connectors. Meanwhile, it is interesting to find
construction, respectively. Another benefit is that the bond stress versus slip relationships of
that concrete-encased CFST column can be the concrete-encased CFST column fluctuates
easily connected to RC beams. The dramatically, while that of the CFST column is
configurations of the joint can be implemented smooth. To the authors’ best knowledge, no
based on the RC beam to RC column joints. publication is available on the bond
performance of concrete-encased CFST column
2. Behaviour of concrete-encased CFST after fire. But the bond performance of CFST
members column after fire has been experimentally
studied by Tao et al. [3], and the key
Concrete-encased CFST structures can influencing parameters were identified.
generally be classified by their structural
functions: members, connections/joints and 4
structural systems. The behaviour of each Concrete-encased CFST, fcu=72.1MPa
category has been studied in the past decade. C2-0
3 cecft-2-1
The research purposes are to provide design
recommendations, to promote practical
τ (MPa)

applications and to lead to code coverage. 2

Existing research on the performance of
concrete-encased CFST structures is presented 1
below, including bond performance,
CFST member, fcu=72MPa
confinement effects, static performance, 0
dynamic performance and fire performance. 0 10 20 30 40
s (mm)
2.1. Bond performance
Fig. 2. Bond stress (τ) versus slip (s)
Effective stress transfer between the steel
relationships [2].
tube and the outer concrete are required to
ensure the composite action of the CFST 2.2. Confinement effects between the steel tube
component and the RC component. A series of and the concrete
tests have been carried out to investigate the
bond performance of concrete-encased CFST The confinement effects come from the
columns by Han et al. [2]. The measured bond structural interaction between the steel tube and
stress versus slip relationships of a CFST the concrete. The confinement effects can
column with circular section [3] and a concrete- improve the structural behaviour of the
concrete-encased CFST structures.

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The confinement effect between the steel under axial compression, axial tension, bending
and concrete components in CFST has been moment and eccentric loading. The existing
studied by many researchers [4]. It is believed experimental research of concrete-encased
that the confinement effect is related to the CFST stub column under axial compression
cross-sectional profile as well as the material load includes concrete-encased CFST columns
properties. The confinement of concrete- with circular section (Fig. 1(d)) [7], square
encased CFST is not only between the steel section (Fig. 1(b)) [5][8]. As reported by
tube and inner concrete, but also between the researchers, the failure modes of concrete-
steel tube and outer concrete. The outer encased CFST stub columns are usually
concrete can provide confinements to the steel characterized by the mid-height crushing of
tube, which can prevent the steel tube from outer concrete, as shown in Fig. 3(a).
early local buckling [5]. Moreover, the CFST Furthermore, significant local buckling at mid-
component can sustain the load after the height longitudinal rebars can be observed as
crushing of outer concrete, which is beneficial show in Fig. 3(b). By contrast, the steel tube
for the ductility of concrete-encased CFST kept intact after the test. In addition, due to the
members [6]. effective confinement of the steel tube, the
concrete core is not crushed as shown in Fig.
2.3. Static performance 3(c). It indicates that the inner CFST
The static performance includes the component becomes the main part supporting
behaviour of concrete-encased CFST members the load after the outer concrete crushes.
Local buckling
Concrete crushed

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3. Failure modes of typical concrete-encased CFST stub columns.

The axial compressive behaviour has also Theoretical studies on the concrete-encased
been investigated. Fig. 4 shows the measured CFST stub column under axial compressive
load (N) versus axial deformation (Δ) loading are also available [4][5]. It can be found
relationships of a concrete-encased CFST stub that the compressive strength of the concrete-
column as well as that of its RC counterpart. encased CFST stub column is higher than the
The RC counterpart rc1-1 and rc1-2 have simple superposition of the compressive
identical test parameters. It can be found that strength of each part, i.e., the longitudinal
the load carrying capacity of the concrete- reinforcement, the outer concrete, the inner
encased CFST stub column is 40.4% higher concrete and the steel tube.
than that of its RC counterpart. Meanwhile,
compared to its RC counterpart, the descent
stage of N-Δ relationships of the concrete-
encased CFST stub column is smoother. The
deformation corresponding to the peak load is
improved by 25.97%. This indicates that the
concrete-encased CFST stub column possesses
superior axial compressive strength and
ductility than the RC stub column.

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

2.4. Dynamic performance

4000
ce2-2, Concrete-encased CFST As stated above, concrete-encased CFST
rc1-1, RC column members were initially designed to achieve a
rc1-2, RC column
3000 good seismic performance by applying a greater
load ratio on the inner CFST component and a
lesser load ratio on the outer RC component, so
N(kN)

2000 that the outer RC component has higher

capacity of developing compression when
subjected to seismic action. A large number of
1000 research work is available on the dynamic
performance of the concrete-encased CFST
member. The studies of dynamic behaviour
0 include cyclic behaviour and impact behaviour.
0 3 6 9 12 Some experimental studies have been
∆(mm) conducted on the cyclic behaviour of concrete-
Fig. 4. Load (N) versus axial deformation (Δ) encased CFST beam-columns [12][13][14][15].
relationships of stub columns [7].
It can be found from these tests that concrete-
encased CFST beam-columns exhibit
The bending behaviour of concrete-encased
favourable energy dissipation and ductility,
CFST beams with square section (Fig. 1(b))
even when they are subjected to high axial
was investigated by An et al. [9]. Three
compression loads. The analytical research has
methods were used, i.e., experimental method,
been conducted by Qian et al. [16] and Ma et al.
ultimate balance method and strap method. It
[17]. As recommended by Qian et al. [16], the
should be noted that the steel tube has limited
concrete-encased CFST column exhibits good
influence on the bending strength of concrete-
ductility performance under cyclic loading,
encased CFST beams. The behaviour of
where the curvature ductility coefficient can be
concrete-encased CFST columns under
15% higher than the RC counterpart. It
eccentric loading has also been investigated.
confirms that concrete-encased CFST column is
Various cross sections were studied, such as
suitable for application in regions of high
circular section (Fig. 1 (d)) [4] square section
seismicity [12].
(Fig. 1 (b)) [9] and rectangular section (Fig.
The existing concrete-encased CFST joints
1(e)) [11]. The measured load (N) versus axial
include the concrete-encased CFST column to
deformation (Δ) relationships of a concrete-
RC beam joint [18][19] and the concrete-
encased CFST beam-column are presented in
encased CFST column to steel beam joint
Fig. 5. The strain corresponding to the ultimate
[4][19]. The test results indicate that both joints
strength of the concrete-encased CFST column
exhibit favourable energy dissipation and high
exceeds that of the outer RC component by
shear strength. For the high shear and bending
23.0% due to the contribution of the inner
strength of a concrete-encased CFST column,
CFST component.
the failure usually occurs at beam ends rather
than at column ends or joint.
8000
The studies on the impact behaviour of
concrete-encased CFST beam-column are
Concrete-encased Mu Mcfst Mrc limited. Han et al. [20] conducted experimental
CFST
6000 studies on concrete-encased CFST beam-
Nu Ncfst Nrc
column. Compared to the RC counterpart,
4000
Ultimate strength concrete-encased CFST beam-column exhibits
N(kN)

CFST component an overall deformation under lateral impact.

The major penetrating cracks, commonly
CFST
2000 RC observed in RC beam-columns, were not
RC component
observed in concrete-encased CFST beam-
0
column. This kind of beam-column shows
0 20 40 60 80
ductile failure mode under lateral impact.
∆(mm)
Fig. 5. Load (N) versus axial deformation (Δ)
relationships of beam-columns [6].

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

concrete-encased CFST after tests. The global

2.5. Fire performance
buckling failure mode was observed for all
Experimental investigations have been tested specimens. Compared with fire resistance
conducted on the fire performance of concrete- tests (Fig. 6 (a)), the failure modes of postfire
encased CFST column. Ten tests were tests (Fig. 6 (b)) exhibited more evident plastic
conducted, including six fire resistance tests hinges near mid-height and both ends. After the
and four postfire tests [21]. The specimens were tests, the outer concrete was removed and the
subjected to a combined effect of both loading inner steel tubes were cut open at the locations
and fire, consisting of a loading phase at where the lateral deflection peaked. The
ambient temperature, a standard fire exposure removal of outer concrete was tough, indicating
phase, a cooling phase and postfire loading that the reinforcement provided efficient
phase. The test parameters investigated were confinement to the inner components after fire
load ratio, dimension of steel tube and heating exposure.
time ratio. Fig. 6 shows the failure modes of

Longitudinal Stirrup Longitudinal

b rebar
Stirrup

East

Rebar buckled

North West

Vertical cracks
Concrete spalled
Stirrup
North West
Sloughing off Vertical cracks
Horizontal cracks

East
West
South
South East
(a) Fire resistance test (b) Postfire test
Fig. 6. Failure modes of concrete-encased CFST column in fire tests.

Fig. 7 shows the measured furnace dramatically reduced.

temperature (T) versus time (t) relationships of 1200
one postfire specimens. Some major findings End of fire exposure
include: (1) Plateau stage around 100°C of 1000 8

concrete near steel tube (points 2 and 3) are 6 7

800 5 4 32 1
more obviously observed than the other parts. 5 4
7
(2) Temperature differences are captured
T (°C)

600 8
between the inner and outer tube surfaces. This
may be related to 1) the possible movement of 400
3
2
the measuring end and 2) the possible gap of 200
6
the tube and concrete. (3) The inner cross- 1
section attains its peak temperature much later 0
than the outer in the postfire tests. (4) The 0 100 200 300 400 500
t (min)
temperature attained by inner CFST component
is low due to the insulating effect provided by Fig. 7. Measured specimen temperature (T)
outer RC component. It indicated that the versus time (t) relationships[21].
strength of the inner concrete was not

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

3. Construction considerations differently according to the construction

methods. For the different-stage construction,
3.1. Fabrication of the steel tube the reinforcing cage is erected after the inner
For the straight seam welded steel tube and CFST component is finished. For the same-
the spirally welded steel tube, the steel tube is stage construction, the inner concrete and outer
made from the steel plate. For the seamless concrete are cast simultaneously after the
steel tube, the steel tube is made from a solid reinforcing cage is erected. The reinforcing
round steel billet. The manufacturing process of cage shall be derusted before placement. The
steel tubes differs with the manufacturing self-consolidation concrete (SCC) and normal
method. The assembly of joints should be concrete are recommended for the RC
conducted in professional steel factory. The component.
inner surface of the steel tube shall be derusted
before welding. The openings on the steel tube 3.3. Construction of beam-column joints
should be sealed before transport to keep the The beam-column joint is crucial to the
inside clean. whole structural system. The concept of
‘strong-joint and weak-member’ shall be
3.2. Casting of the concrete achieved in practical design. To ensure the
Good performance shall be guaranteed for continuity of the concrete-encased CFST
the inner concrete, such as high strength, high columns, both the steel tube and the rebars in
stiffness, low shrinkage, low creep, good the column shall penetrate the joint area.
workability, and no segregation or corrosion. The concrete-encased CFST columns are
For the concrete with strength greater than usually connected to steel beam and RC beam.
60MPa, the mix proportion design should be For the first kind of joint, the I-shaped steel
trialled before construction. Before casting the beam can be connected to the steel tube by ring
concrete, a clean inner surface shall also be plates as shown in Fig. 8(a). The ring plates are
guaranteed. prefabricated with the steel tube, and the steel
The quality of concrete filling shall be beam can be connected in situ. For the second
checked after casting. One practical method is kind of joint, the longitudinal rebars in the RC
hitting the tube with a hammer from the outside. beam are connected to the steel tube via ring
The defect in concrete would make different plates or sleeves as shown in Fig. 8(b)(c). The
sounds at the tube over it. If any abnormity is ring plates and sleeves are also prefabricated.
detected, ultrasonic detection can be further The ring plates can be connected to the rebars
used. The defects can be fixed by opening a from both x and y directions shown in Fig. 8.
hole on the tube, injecting high strength cement The sleeve has advantage for the exterior joints
and closing the openings. and the staggered joints.
The outer RC component is constructed

Ring plate Column stirrup

Slab Column stirrup slab slab
Beam stirrup Beam stirrup

A A A A A
A

Steel beam Longitudinal Longitudinal

rebar rebar
Longitudinal
Steel tube Ring plate Ring plate rebar Longitudinal
Sleeve
rebar
y y y
x x x

A-A A-A A-A

(c) Sleeve connection to RC
(a) Ring plate to steel beam joint (b) Ring plate to RC beam joint
beam joint
Fig. 8. The connection of concrete-encased CFST column joints.

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

To ensure a proper welding thickness, the China. Some examples include Zhuoyue-
thickness of the ring plate should be greater Huanggang Century Centre in Shenzhen,
than the wall thickness of steel tube, the flange Huarun-Junyue Hotel in Shenzhen, Baoli
thickness of steel beam or the radius of rebars. Square in Shanghai, Tiancheng Building in
For the sleeve connection, the anchorage length Chongqing, Straits Exchange Centre Phase 2 in
should be greater than the diameter of the rebar Xiamen and Changfu-Jinmao Tower in
to ensure the enough anchorage force. To allow Shenzhen. Take Zhuoyue-Huanggang Century
for proper casting room, the distance between Centre as an example, the total height of the
adjacent sleeves should be greater than 25mm building is 280 m, and 22 concrete-encased
as well as the diameter of steel rebar. CFST columns are used around the RC core
tube. The dimension of the outer cross section
4. Applications of concrete-encased and the diameter of the inner circular CFST are
CFST members 1400 mm and 1060 mm, respectively.
Concrete-encased CFST columns are also
Concrete-encased CFST members have been suitable in large-span buildings. It has been
used in China for more than two decades. They used as main supporting system in a large
are gaining popularity in recent years in China exhibition, the Urban and Rural Planning
due to the improvement of theory and Exhibition of Guiyang in Guizhou Province.
technology. Concrete-encased CFST members
have been used in buildings, bridges and other 4.2. Bridges
infrastructures in recent years. Some typical
examples of these composite structures are The applications of concrete-encased CFST
presented below. members have also been extended to bridges in
China since the twenty-first century. Concrete-
4.1. Buildings encased CFST members have been used in arch
bridge as arch ribs. Fig. 9(a) shows the Zhaohua
The application history of concrete-encased Jialing River Bridge in Sichuan Province, China.
CFST members in buildings can be divided into The arch ring consists of two parallel arch ribs,
two stages: the initial stage and the later stage. and the arch length is 350 m. Six hollow steel
In the initial stage (late 1990s), the concrete- tubes for each arch were established first. Then
encased CFST members are mainly used in the they were filled with concrete in order to resist
high-rise buildings in Shenyang due to the high the construction load. RC component was
requirement of earthquake resistance. In the attached outside the CFST members to form the
later stage, the applications of concrete-encased double-cell concrete-encased CFST box section.
CFST members spread to other cities of China. In addition, concrete-encased CFST
Some examples of the initial stage are the members have been used in rigid frame bridge
Postal Terminal Building of Liaoning Province as piers. Fig. 9(b) shows a photo of the Labajin
(96.6m in height, the first high-rise building Bridge on Longxi Express. One-cell concrete-
using concrete-encased CFST columns in China, encased CFST members with box section are
finished in 1996), Hetai Building, Local used as piers in this bridge, whose highest pier
Taxation Bureau Building of Heping District, is 182.5 meters. The steel tube is 1320 mm in
Electricity Garden, Fangyuan Building, Fulin diameter, and it is filled with high strength
Building, the Apartment of Liaoning Tourist concrete. Fig. 10 presents two photos of the
Office and the Building of Liaoning Book's Heishigou Bridge during and after construction.
Publication. All these buildings are located in This bridge is located in Sichuan Province and
Shenyang, China. its piers are one-cell concrete-encased CFST
From the twenty-first century, this kind of with box sections.
composite column has been accepted by more
engineers. They were used in other provinces of

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

(a) Zhaohua Jialing River Bridge (b) Labajin Bridge

Fig. 9. Concrete-encased CFST bridges [10].

Concrete-encased
CFST

CFST

(a) During construction (b) After construction

Fig. 10. Heishigou Bridge in Sichuan Province [10].

4.3. Other infrastructures encased CFST columns were adopted as the

Concrete-encased CFST members have also main supporting columns in the underground
been used in subway stations and workshops. four stories.
Since the columns in subway stations are In addition, concrete-encased CFST
usually subjected to high axial compression and members have been used in industrial buildings
dynamic horizontal load, the concrete-encased in China. Fig. 11 shows two examples designed
CFST column is suitable to be served as by the Huahui Design Group [19]. In these
supporting columns in these stations. For workshops, the concrete-encased CFST
example, Laojie Station of Line 3 of Shenzhen columns were easily connected to steel beams
Metro consists of four stories underground and or RC beams.
sixteen floors above the ground. Concrete-
Steel beam
CFST

RC beam

concrete-encased CFST
concrete-encased
CFST

(a) Concrete-encased CFST column to RC beam (b) Concrete-encased CFST column to steel beam
Fig. 11. Concrete-encased CFST in workshops [19].

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 Han, L.H., Ma, D.Y. and Zhou, K.

5. Concluding remarks are presented. Concrete-encased CFST

structures can be used as an alternative to SRC
The research and applications of concrete- and CFST systems. While the research on the
encased CFST structures have developed structural behaviour of concrete-encased CFST
rapidly over the past two decades. The scope of structures is still at an early stage. Further
concrete-encased CFST structures has been researches on the performance of concrete-
extended greatly by researchers and engineers. encased CFST column include creep and
This paper initially reviews the research on the shrinkage behaviour, impact behaviour, fire
structural performance of concrete-encased performance, durability and construction issues.
CFST members. Some design methods and These future researches are essential to gain a
construction considerations are introduced. better understanding of concrete-encased CFST
Finally, the application history and typical structures and facilitate their applications.
projects using concrete-encased CFST columns
[9]An YF, Han LH, Roeder C. Flexural performance
of concrete-encased concrete-filled steel tubes.
Acknowledgments Magazine of Concrete Research
2014;66(5):249-267.
The research reported in this paper is part of [10]Han LH, An YF, Roeder C, Ren QX.
the Project 51678341 supported by the National Performance of concrete-encased CFST box
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). members under bending. Journal of
The financial support is highly appreciated. Constructional Steel Research 2015;106:138-
153.
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