Vacuum cleaner
A vacuum cleaner, also known as a sweeper or hoover, is a device that uses
an air pump, to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt from floors
and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies. The dirt is
collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal.
Name
Although vacuum cleaner and the short form vacuum are neutral names, in some countries
(UK, Ireland) hoover is used instead as a genericized trademark, and as a verb. The name
comes from the Hoover Compan, one of the first and more influential companies in the
development of the device. The device is also sometimes called a sweeper although the
same term also refers to a carpet sweeper, a similar invention.
History
The vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The first
manual models, using bellows, were developed in the 1860s, and the first motorized designs
appeared at the turn of the 20th century, with the first decade being the boom decade.
In 1860 a carpet sweeper was invented by Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa that gathered
dust with a rotating brush and a bellows for generating [Link] early model (1869)
was the "Whirlwind", invented in Chicago in 1868 by Ives W. McGaffey. The bulky device
worked with a belt driven fan cranked by hand that made it awkward to operate, although it
was commercially marketed with mixed success. A similar model was constructed by
Melville R. Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1876, who also manufactured carpet
[Link] company later added portable vacuum cleaners to its line of cleaning tools.
Powered vacuum cleaners
The end of the 19th century saw the introduction of powered cleaners, although early types
used some variation of blowing air to clean instead of [Link] appeared in 1898 when
John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri submitted a patent (US No. 634,042) for a
"pneumatic carpet renovator" which blew dust into a [Link]'s system, powered
by an internal combustion engine, traveled to the customers residence on a horse-drawn
wagon as part of a door to door cleaning service. Corrine Dufour of Savannah, Georgia
received two patents in 1899 and 1900 for another blown air system that seems to have
featured the first use of an electric motor.
In 1901 powered vacuum cleaners using suction were invented independently by British
engineer Hubert Cecil Booth and American inventor David T. Kenney. Booth also may
have coined the word "vacuum cleaner".Booth's horse drawn combustion engine powered
"Puffing Billy",maybe derived from Thurman's blown air design,"relied upon just suction
with air pumped through a cloth filter and was offered as part of his cleaning services.
Kenney's was a stationary 4,000 lb. steam engine powered system with pipes and hoses
reaching into all parts of the building.
Domestic vacuum cleaner
The first vacuum-cleaning device to be portable
and marketed at the domestic market was built in
1905 by Walter Griffiths, a manufacturer in
Birmingham, [Link] Griffith's Improved
Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from
Carpets resembled modern-day cleaners; – it was
portable, easy to store, and powered by "any one
person (such as the ordinary domestic servant)",
who would have the task of compressing a
bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a
removable, flexible pipe, to which a variety of
shaped nozzles could be attached.
In 1906 James B. Kirby developed his first of
many vacuums called the "Domestic Cyclone". It
used water for dirt separation. Later revisions
came to be known as the Kirby Vacuum Cleaner.
In 1907 department store janitor James Murray
Spangler (1848-1915) of Canton, Ohio invented
the first portable electric vacuum cleaner,obtaining
a patent for the Electric Suction Sweeper on June
2, 1908. Crucially, in addition to suction from an
electric fan that blew the dirt and dust into a soap box and one of his wife's pillow cases,
Spangler's design utilized a rotating brush to loosen debris. Unable to produce the design
himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908 to local leather goods
manufacturer William Henry Hoover (1849-1932), who had Spangler's machine redesigned
with a steel casing, casters, and attachments, founding the company that in 1922 was
renamed the Hoover Company. Their first vacuum was the 1908 Model O, which sold for
$60. Subsequent innovations included the beater bar in 1919 ("It beats as it sweeps as it
cleans"), disposal filter bags in the 1920s, and an upright vacuum cleaner in 1926.
In Continental Europe, the Fisker and Nielsen company in Denmark was the first to sell
vacuum cleaners in 1910. The design weighed just 17.5 kg (39 lb) and could be operated by
a single person. The Swedish company Electrolux launched their Model V in 1921 with the
innovation of being able to lie on the floor on two thin metal [Link] the 1930s the
Germany company Vorwerk started marketing vacuum cleaners of their own design which
they sold through direct sales.
Post-Second World War
A Dyson DC07 upright cyclonic vacuum cleaner using centrifugal force to separate dust
and particles from the air flowing through the cylindrical collection vessel
For many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item, but after
the Second World War, they became common among the middle classes. Vacuums tend to
be more common in Western countries because in most other parts of the world, wall-to-
wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily
swept, wiped or mopped manually without power assist.
The last decades of the 20th century saw the more widespread use of technologies
developed earlier, including filterless cyclonic dirt separation, central vacuum systems and
rechargeable hand-held vacuums. In addition, miniaturized computer technology and
improved batteries allowed the development of a new type of machine — the autonomous
robotic vacuum cleaner. In 1997 Electrolux of Sweden demonstrated the Electrolux
Trilobite, the first autonomous cordless robotic vacuum cleaner on the BBC-TV program
Tomorrow' World, introducing it to the consumer market in 2001.
Recent developments
In 2004 a British company released Airider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a
cushion of air, similar to a hovercraft. It has claimed to be light-weight and easier to
maneuver (compared to using wheels), although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do
this — the Hoover Constellation predated it by at least 35 years.
A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling
Technology, which, instead of using a vacuum, uses an air stream to collect dust from the
carpet.[16] This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programme (MTP) and
shown to be more energy-efficient than the vacuum method.[17] Although working
prototypes exist, Air Recycling Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner.
Modern configurations
A wide variety of technologies, designs, and configurations are available for both domestic
and commercial cleaning jobs.
Upright
Upright vacuum cleaners are popular in the United States, Britain and numerous
Commonwealth countries, but unusual in some Continental European countries.[citation needed]
They take the form of a cleaning head, onto which a handle and bag are attached. Upright
designs generally employ a rotating brushroll or beater bar, which removes dirt through a
combination of sweeping and vibration. There are two types of upright vacuums; dirty-
air/direct fan (found mostly on commercial vacuums), or clean-air/fan-bypass (found on
most of today's domestic vacuums).
The older of the two designs, direct-fan cleaners have a large impeller (fan) mounted close
to the suction opening, through which the dirt passes directly, before being blown into a bag.
The motor is often cooled by a separate cooling fan. Because of their large-bladed fans, and
comparatively short airpaths, direct-fan cleaners create a very efficient airflow from a low
amount of power, and make effective carpet cleaners. Their "above-floor" cleaning power is
less efficient, since the airflow is lost when it passes through a long hose, and the fan has
been optimized for airflow volume and not suction.
Fan-bypass uprights have their motor
mounted after the filter bag. Dust is
removed from the airstream by the bag,
and usually a filter, before it passes
through the fan. The fans are smaller, and
are usually a combination of several
moving and stationary turbin
es working in sequence to boost power.
The motor is cooled by the airstream
passing through it. Fan-bypass vacuums
are good for both carpet and above-floor
cleaning, since their suction does not
significantly diminish over the distance
of a hose, as it does in direct-fan cleaners.
However, their air-paths are much less
efficient, and can require more than twice
as much power as direct-fan cleaners to
achieve the same results.
The most common upright vacuum
cleaners use a drive-belt powered by the suction motor to rotate the brush-roll. However, a
more common design of dual motor upright is available. In these cleaners, the suction is
provided via a large motor, while the brushroll is powered by a separate, smaller motor,
which does not create any suction. The brush-roll motor can sometimes be switched off, so
hard floors can be cleaned without the brush-roll scattering the dirt. It may also have an
automatic cut-off feature which shuts the motor off if the brush-roll becomes jammed,
protecting it from damage.
Canister
Canister models (in the UK also often called cylinder models) dominate the European
market. They have the motor and dust collector (using a bag or bagless) in a separate unit,
usually mounted on wheels, which is connected to the vacuum head by a flexible hose.
Their main advantage is flexibility, as the user can attach different heads for different tasks,
and maneuverability (the head can reach under furniture and makes it very easy to vacuum
stairs and vertical surfaces). Many cylinder models have power heads as standard or add-on
equipment containing the same sort of mechanical beaters as in upright units, making them
as efficient on carpets as upright models. Such beaters are driven by a separate electric
motor or a turbine which uses the suction power to spin the brushroll via a drive belt.
Drum
Drum or shop vac models are essentially heavy-duty industrial versions of cylinder vacuum
cleaners, where the canister consists of a large vertically positioned drum which can be
stationary or on wheels. Smaller versions, for use in garages or small workshops, are
usually electrically powered. Larger models, which can store over 200 litres (44 imp gal;
53 US gal), are often hooked up to compressed air, utilizing the Venturi effect to produce a
partial vacuum. Built-indust collection systemsare also used in many workshops.
Wet/dry
Wet or wet/dry vacuum cleaners are a
specialized form of the cylinder/drum models
that can be used to clean up wet or liquid spills.
They are generally designed to be used both
indoors
and outdoors and to accommodate both wet
and dry debris; some are also equipped with an
exhaust port or detachable blower for reversing
the airflow, a useful function for everything
from clearing a clogged hose to blowing dust
into a corner for easy collection.
Pneumatic
Pneumatic or pneumatic wet/dry vacuum
cleaners are a specialized form of wet/dry
models that hook up to compressed air. They
commonly can accommodate both wet and dry
soilage, a useful feature in industrial plants and
manufacturing facilities.
Backpack
Backpack vacuum cleaners are commonly used for commercial cleaning: they allow the
user to move rapidly about a large area. They are essentially small canister vacuums
strapped onto the user's back.
Hand-held
Lightweight hand-held vacuum cleaners, either powered from rechargeable batteries or
mains power, are also popular for cleaning up smaller spills. Frequently seen examples
include the Black & Decker DustBuster, which was introduced in 1979, and numerous
handheld models by Dirt Devil, which were first introduced in 1984. Some battery-powered
handheld vacuums are wet/dry rated; the appliance must be partially disassembled and
cleaned after picking up wet materials, to avoid developing unpleasant odors.
Robotic
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several companies
developed robotic vacuum cleaners, a form of carpet
sweeper usually equipped with limited suction power.
Some prominent brands are Roomba, Neato, and
bObsweep. These machines move autonomously
while collecting surface dust and debris into a dustbin
They can usually navigate around furniture and come
back to a docking station to charge their batteries, and
a few are able to empty their dust containers into the
dock as well. Most models are equipped with
motorized brushes and a vacuum motor to collect dust
and debris. While most robotic vacuum cleaners are
designed for home use, some models are appropriate
for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc.
In December 2009, Neato Robotics launched the world's first robotic vacuum cleaner which
uses a rotating laser-based range-finder (a form of lidar) to scan and map its surrounding. It
uses this map to clean the floor methodically, even if it requires the robot to return to its
base multiple times to recharge itself. In many cases it will notice when an area of the floor
that was previously inaccessible becomes reachable, such as when a dog wakes up from a
nap, and return to vacuum that area. It also has the strongest impeller among robotic
vacuum cleaners, pulling in 35 CFM (1 m3/min) of air.
Cyclonic
Portable vacuum cleaners working on the cyclonic separation principle became popular in
the 1990s. This dirt separation principle was well known and often used in central vacuum
systems. Cleveland's P.A. Geier Company had obtained a patent on a cyclonic vacuum
cleaner as early as 1928, which was later sold to Health-Mor in 1939, introducing the Filter
Queen cyclonic canister vacuum cleaner.
In 1979, James Dyson introduced a portable unit with cyclonic separation, adapting this
design from industrial saw mills.[21] He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the
1980s at a cost of about US$1800 and in 1993 released the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK
for £200. Critics expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of
a conventional unit, but the Dyson design later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.
Cyclonic cleaners do not use filtration bags. Instead, the dust is separated in a detachable
cylindrical collection vessel or bin. Air and dust are sucked at high speed into the collection
vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall, creating a fast-spinning vortex. The dust
particles and other debris move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force, where they
fall due to gravity.
In fixed-installation central vacuum cleaners, the cleaned air may be exhausted directly
outside without need for further filtration. A well-designed cyclonic filtration system loses
suction power due to airflow restriction only when the collection vessel is almost full. This
is in marked contrast to filter bag systems, which lose suction when pores in the filter
become clogged as dirt and dust are collected.
In portable cyclonic models, the cleaned air from the center of the vortex is expelled from
the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the
container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent
filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to
ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently.
Since Dyson's success in raising public awareness of cyclonic separation, several other
companies have introduced cyclone models. Competing manufacturers include Hoover,
Bissell, Shark, Eureka, Electrolux, Filter Queen, etc., and the cheapest models are no more
expensive than a conventional cleaner.
Central
Central vacuum cleaners, also known as built-in or ducted,
are a type of canister/cylinder model which has the motor
and dirt filtration unit located in a central location in a
building, and connected by pipes to fixed vacuum inlets
installed throughout the building. Only the hose and cleaning
head need be carried from room to room, and the hose is
commonly 8 m (25 ft) long, allowing a large range of
movement without changing vacuum inlets. Plastic or
metal piping connects the inlets to the central unit. The
vacuum head may be unpowered, or have beaters operated by
an electric motor or by an air-driven turbine.
The dirt bag or collection bin in a central vacuum system is
usually so large that emptying or changing needs to be done less often, perhaps a few times
per year for an ordinary household. The central unit usually stays in stand-by, and is turned
on by a switch on the handle of the hose. Alternately, the unit powers up when the hose is
plugged into the wall inlet, when the metal hose connector makes contact with two prongs
in the wall inlet and control current is transmitted through low voltage wires to the main
unit.
A central vacuum typically produces greater suction than common portable vacuum
cleaners because a larger fan and more powerful motor can be used when they are not
required to be portable. A cyclonic separation system, if used, does not lose suction as the
collection container fills up, until the container is nearly full. This is in marked contrast to
filter-bag designs, which start losing suction immediately as pores in the filter become
clogged by accumulated dirt and dust.
A benefit to allergy sufferers is that unlike a standard vacuum cleaner, which must blow
some of the dirt collected back into the room being cleaned (no matter how efficient its
filtration), a central vacuum removes all the dirt collected to the central unit. Since this
central unit is usually located outside the living area, no dust is recirculated back into the
room being cleaned. Also it is possible on most newer models to vent the exhaust entirely
outside, even with the unit inside the living quarters.
Another benefit of the central vacuum is, because of the remote location of the motor unit,
there is much less noise in the room being cleaned than with a standard vacuum cleaner.
Constellation
The Hoover Company marketed an unusual vacuum cleaner, called the Constellation, in the
1960s. The cylinder type lacked wheels, and instead the vacuum cleaner floated on its
exhaust, operating as a hovercraft, although this is not true of the earliest models. They had
a rotating hose with the intention being that the user would place the unit in the center of
the room, and work around the cleaner. Introduced in 1954, they are collectible, and are
easily identified by their spherical shape. But they remain an interesting machine; restored,
they work well in homes with lots of hardwood floors.
The Constellations were changed and updated over the years until discontinued in 1975.
These Constellations route all of the exhaust under the vacuum using a different airfoil. The
updated design is quiet even by modern standards, particularly on carpet as it muffles the
sound. These models float on carpet or bare floor—although on hard flooring, the exhaust
air tends to scatter any fluff or debris around.
Hoover re-released an updated version of this later model Constellation in the US (model #
S3341 in Pearl White and # S3345 in stainless steel). Changes include a HEPA filtration
bag, a 12-amp motor, a turbine-powered brush roll, and a redesigned version of the handle.
This same model was marketed in the UK under the Maytag brand as the Satellite because
of licensing restrictions. It was sold from 2006 to 2009.
Other
Some other vacuum cleaners include an electric mop in the same machine: for a dry and a
later wet clean.
The iRobot company developed the Scooba, a robotic wet vacuum cleaner that carries its
own cleaning solution, applies it and scrubs the floor, and vacuums the dirty water into a
collection tank.
Technology
A vacuum's suction is caused by a difference in air pressure. A fan driven by an electric
motor (often a universal motor) reduces the pressure inside the machine. Atmospheric
pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, and so the dust is
literally pushed into the bag.
Tests have shown that vacuuming can kill 100% of young fleas and 96% of adult fleas.
Exhaust filtration
A full dustbag. The frame around the opening fastens to the interior end of the cleaner's
hose inlet.
Vacuums by their nature cause dust to become airborne, by exhausting air that is not
completely filtered. This can cause health problems since the operator ends up inhaling
respirable dust, which is also redeposited into the area being cleaned. There are several
methods manufacturers use to control this problem, some of which may be combined
together in a single appliance. Typically a filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes
through it before it reaches the motor, and then the filtered air passes through the motor for
cooling purposes. Some other designs use a completely separate air intake for cooling.
It is nearly impossible for a practical air filter to completely remove all ultrafine particles
from a dirt-laden airstream. An ultra-efficient air filter will immediately clog up and
become ineffective during everyday use, and practical filters are a compromise between
filtering effectiveness and restriction of airflow. One way to sidestep this problem is to
exhaust partially filtered air to the outdoors, which is a design feature of some central
vacuum systems. Specially engineered portable vacuums may also utilize this design, but
are more awkward to set up and use, requiring temporary installation of a separate exhaust
hose to an exterior window.
Bag: The most common method to capture the debris vacuumed up involves a paper
or fabric bag that allows air to pass through, but attempts to trap most of the dust and
debris. The bag may be disposable, or designed to be cleaned and re-used.
Bagless: In non-cyclonic bagless models, the role of the bag is taken by a removable
container and a reusable filter, equivalent to a reusable fabric bag.
Cyclonic separation: A vacuum cleaner employing this method is also bagless. It
causes intake air to be cycled or spun so fast that most of the dust is forced out of the
air and falls into a collection bin. The operation is similar to that of a centrifuge.
Water filtration: First seen commercially in the 1920s in the form of the Newcombe
Separator (later to become the Rexair Rainbow), a water filtration vacuum cleaner
uses a water bath as a filter. It forces the dirt-laden intake air to pass through water
before it is exhausted, so that wet dust cannot become airborne. The water trap
filtration and low speed may also allow the user to use the machine as a stand-alone
air purifier and humidifier unit. The dirty water must be dumped out and the
appliance must be cleaned after each use, to avoid growth of bacteria and mold,
causing unpleasant odors.
Ultra fine air filter: Also called HEPA filtered, this method is used as a secondary
filter after the air has passed through the rest of the machine. It is meant to remove
any remaining dust that could harm the operator. Some vacuum cleaners also use an
activated charcoal filter to remove odors.
Ordinary vacuum cleaners should never be used to clean up asbestos fibers, even if fitted
with a HEPA filter. Specially-designed machines are required to safely clean up asbestos.
Attachments
Most vacuum cleaners are supplied with numerous specialized attachments, such as tools,
brushes and extension wands, which allow them to reach otherwise inaccessible places or to
be used for cleaning a variety of surfaces. The most common of these tools are:
Hard floor brush (for non-upright designs)
Powered floor nozzle (for canister designs)
Dusting brush
Crevice tool
Upholstery nozzle
Specifications
The performance of a vacuum cleaner can be measured by several parameters:
Airflow, in litres per second [l/s] or cubic feet per minute (CFM or ft³/min)
Air speed, in metres per second [m/s] or miles per hour [mph]
Suction, vacuum, or water lift, in pascals [Pa] or inches of water
Other specifications of a vacuum cleaner are:
Weight, in kilograms [kg] or pounds [lb]
Noise, in decibels [dB]
Power cord length and hose length (as applicable)
Suction
The suction is the maximum pressure difference that the pump can create. For example, a
typical domestic model has a suction of about negative 20 kPa. This means that it can lower
the pressure inside the hose from normal atmospheric pressure (about 100 kPa) by 20 kPa.
The higher the suction rating, the more powerful the cleaner. One inch of water is
equivalent to about 249 Pa; hence, the typical suction is 80 inches (2,000 mm) of water.
Input power
The power consumption of a vacuum cleaner, in watts, is often the only figure stated. Many
North American vacuum manufacturers give the current only in amperes (e.g. "6 amps"),
and the consumer is left to multiply that by the line voltage of 120 volts to get the
approximate power ratings in watts. The rated input power does not indicate the
effectiveness of the cleaner, only how much electricity it consumes.
After 1 September 2014, due to EU rules, manufacture of vacuum cleaners with a power
consumption greater than 1600 watts will be banned, and from 2017 no vacuum cleaner
with a wattage greater than 900 watts will be permitted.
Output power
The amount of input power that is converted into airflow at the end of the cleaning hose is
sometimes stated, and is measured in airwatts: the measurement units are simply watts. The
word "air" is used to clarify that this is output power, not input electrical power.
The airwatt is derived from English units. ASTM International defines the airwatt as
0.117354 × F × S, where F is the rate of air flow in ft3/min and S is the pressure in inches of
water. This makes one airwatt equal to 0.9983 watts.
