TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

MANILA CAMPUS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

CE 405
-CE41FA3-

“METALS”

SUBMITTED BY:

Leader: PULGO, SHIELA-MAY I. _________________

Members:
BAUTING, YASSER A. _________________
BENEDICTO, JOHN RHEY A. ________________
CABRERA, JOHN BRYAN R. _________________
LAMAYO, RALPH LANDER ANTHONY B. _________________

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. ARIEL B. MORALES, M. ENG-CE

DATE SUBMITTED:
February 21, 2019
Metals

• any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability,
ductility, and high reflectivity of light.

Types of Metals

• Alloy – This is formed from two types of metals, or one type with a component which isn’t metal.
• Aluminum – One of the most common types of metals for being wearable and lightweight.
• Brass – This is an example of an alloy metal as it is made up from copper and zinc.
• Bronze- Another alloy metal made from copper and tin.
• Chrome – This is a very shiny decorative metal, and is not easily corroded. Chrome refers to electroplated
chromium over another metal.
• Copper – Another very commonly found metal, usually a reddish brick color. It is also used to make up an
alloy formulas
• Foil – It is rolled into very, very thin sheets and aluminum foil is commonly found as a house-hold item.
• Gold – It is usually a shiny yellow color and unlike aluminum it is very heavy just like its price. However it is
one of the softest metals.
• Iron – It is pretty much the biggest metal components on the Earth.
• Lead – It is a soft and ductile metal.
• Magnesium – This type of metal reacts highly in experimentation and a key part to everyday life.
• Mercury – At room temperature this metal can still be a liquid without changing. It also does not react well
with acidic.
• Nickel – This is a component which can be used to make up stainless steel.
• Pewter – This is also an alloy metal. It is usually used to make picture frames.
• Platinum – This is known to be a very precious metal.
• Quick Silver – The name for liquid Mercury.
• Silver – A soft, reflective shiny metal.
• Solder – This is an alloy metal combined of tin and lead.
• Steel – It is another alloy which is a mixture of all different types of metals, mainly iron, carbon and chrome
• Tarnish – This is a mixture made up of types of metals it is more a layer of a rusty, brown dull color.
• Tin – It is mainly used as part of an alloy but is in fact one of the oldest metals known to man.
• Titanium – This type of metal is a dark silver color and is also one of the strongest in comparison to a lot of
other metals. It is used mainly to make strong alloys.
• Tungsten - has the highest tensile strength of any natural metal, but it's brittle and tends to shatter on
impact.
• Zinc – It is a very protective type of metal and again is used to make a lot of strong alloys. It won’t let other
metal rust when mixed together until all the zinc is gone.
Properties of Metals

• HARDNESS refers to the ability of a metal to resist abrasion, penetration, cutting action, or permanent
distortion. Structural parts are often formed from metals in their soft state and then heat treated to harden
them so that the finished shape will be retained. Hardness and strength are closely associated properties of
all metals.
• Tungsten (hardest metal)
• BRITTLENESS is the property of a metal that allows little bending or deformation without shattering. In other
words, a brittle metal is apt to break or crack without change of shape. Because structural metals are often
subjected to shock loads, brittleness is not a very desirable property.
• Cast iron, cast aluminum, and very hard steel are brittle metals.
• MALLEABILITY - A metal that can be hammered, rolled, or pressed into various shapes without cracking or
breaking or other detrimental effects is said to be malleable. This property is necessary in sheet metal that is
to be worked into curved shapes such as cowlings, fairings, and wing tips.
• Malleability denotes the ability to undergo compressive stress
• Lead is one example of a malleable metal.
• DUCTILITY is the property of a metal that permits it to be permanently drawn, bent, or twisted into various
shapes without breaking. This property is essential for metals used in making wire and tubing.
• Ductility is the ability of a metal to undergo tensile stress.
• Copper is one example of a ductile metal.
• ELASTICITY is that property that enables a metal to return to its original shape when the force that causes
the change of shape is removed. This property is extremely valuable, because it would be highly undesirable
to have a part permanently distorted after an applied load was removed.
• Steel is example of elastic metal.
• TOUGHNESS - A material that possesses toughness will withstand tearing or shearing and may be stretched
or otherwise deformed without breaking. Toughness is a desirable property in aircraft metals.
• Titanium is example of a tough metal
• DENSITY is the weight of a unit volume of a material. In aircraft work, the actual weight of a material per
cubic inch is preferred, since this figure can be used in determining the weight of a part before actual
manufacture. Density is an important consideration when choosing a material to be used in the design of a
part and still maintain the proper weight and balance of the aircraft.
• Gold is example of heavy metal
• FUSIBILITY is defined as the ability of a metal to become liquid by the application of heat. Metals are fused
in welding. Steels fuse at approximately 2,500°F, and aluminum alloys at approximately 1, 110°F.
• Tin is example of fusible metal
• CONDUCTIVITY is the property that enables a metal to carry heat or electricity. The heat conductivity of a
metal is especially important in welding, because it governs the amount of heat that will be required for
proper fusion.
• Silver is the most conductive metal
• STRENGTH is the ability of a material to resist stress
• Tensile strength is a material’s ability to resist a pulling force
• Compressive strength resists the force created by materials pressing together or compacting
• Shear strength is the ability of a metal fractured by opposing forces not acting in to resist being a straight
line. A related strength is torsion strength, the ability to resist a rotating force
• Flex strength is the ability to withstand tensile and compressive forces. When a material is flexed, it
experiences tension on one side and compression on the opposite side
• Impact strength is a material’s ability to withstand a sudden shock or load
• Fatigue strength is the ability to withstand repeated stress. Fatigue stress is cyclic, occurring over and over
• CORROSION RESISTANCE is the resistance to eating or wearing away by air, moisture, or other agents.
• Iron is the most reactive in corrosion
Testing

a) Destructive testing
 Bend tests deform the test material at the midpoint causing a concave surface or a bend to form
without the occurrence of fracture and are typically performed to determine the ductility or resistance
to fracture of that material. Unlike in a flexure test the goal is not to load the material until failure but
rather to deform the sample into a specific shape.
 Impact testing of metals is performed to determine the impact resistance or toughness of materials by
calculating the amount of energy absorbed during fracture. The impact test is performed at various
temperatures to uncover any effects on impact energy.
 The Rockwell hardness (HR) is calculated by measuring the depth of an indent after an indenter has
been forced into the specimen material at a given load.
 The Vickers Hardness (HV) is calculated by measuring the diagonal lengths of an indent in the sample
material left by introducing a diamond pyramid indenter with a given load. The diagonals of the indent
are measured optically in order to determine the hardness, using a table or formula.
 A tensile test is a method for determining behavior of materials under axial tensile loading.
 A compression test is a method for determining the behavior of materials under a compressive load.
 A fatigue test helps determine a material’s ability to withstand cyclic fatigue loading conditions. Cyclic
fatigue tests produce repeated loading and unloading in tension, compression, bending, torsion or
combinations of these stresses.
 The salt spray (or salt fog) test is a standardized and popular corrosion test method, used to check
corrosion resistance of materials and surface coatings.
 Abrasive Wear testing is used to test the abrasive resistance of solid materials. Materials such as metals,
composites, ceramics, and thick (weld overlays and thermal spray) coatings can be tested with these
methods. The intent of abrasion testing is to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their
resistance to scratching abrasion

b) Non - Destructive testing

• Visual testing - It is typically the first step in the examination process to inspect a variety of product
forms including castings, forgings, machined components and weld elements
• Dye penetrant inspection also called liquid penetrate inspection (LPI) or penetrant testing (PT), is a
widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to check surface-breaking defects in all non-porous
materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics).
• Magnetic particle testing (MT) a technique utilized to detect defects or discontinuities (such as cracks) at
or near the surface in ferromagnetic metals such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, etc.
• Radiographic testing can reveal hidden voids and defects in a variety of solid materials, including metal,
plastic, composites, silicone and rubber.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT) utilizes sound waves to detect cracks and defects in parts and materials. It can
also be used to determine a material's thickness
• In addition to crack detection in metal sheets and tubing, eddy current can be used for certain metal
thickness measurements such as identifying corrosion under aircraft skin, to measure conductivity and
monitor the effects of heat treatment, and to determine the thickness of nonconductive coatings over
conductive substrates.
• Remote-field testing (RFT) is using low-frequency AC whose main application is finding defects in steel
pipes and tubes.
• By fitting a ring of transducers around the pipeline, a wave maker device directs low frequency (20-100
kHz) ultrasonic waves via the transducers, longitudinally into the pipeline wall. The method effectively
detects changes in the pipeline’s cross-section, enabling it to identify corrosion and other abnormalities.
At the same time this provides the possibility of using welds and flanges as distance references.
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