EE 4PK4 Final Exam Formula Sheet
Average and RMS Values:
1 𝑇 1 𝑇
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 0
Power/Power Factor/Waveform Quality:
𝑃 𝑉𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1
𝑃𝐹 = = = 𝐷𝐹 × 𝐷𝑃𝐹 𝑺 = 𝑽𝑰 ∗ 𝑺 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 𝑆 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
𝑆 𝑉𝐼
𝐼1 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑠 √𝐼 2 − 𝐼12
𝐷𝑃𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 𝐷𝐹 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 = =
𝐼 𝐼1 𝐼1
𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝑃3−𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = √3𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼 × 𝑃𝐹 𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
√3
Fourier Analysis:
∞ 𝑇
1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹0 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜔𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡)) 𝐹0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = "dc" or average value
𝑇
𝑛=1 0
𝑇 𝑇
2 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos(𝑛𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
0 0
Switch Losses:
1
For inductive load switching: 𝑃𝑠𝑤 = 2 𝑉𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝐼𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑠 (𝑡𝑐(𝑜𝑛) + 𝑡𝑐(𝑜𝑓𝑓) )
1
For resistive load switching: 𝑃𝑠𝑤 = 6 𝑉𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝐼𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑠 (𝑡𝑐(𝑜𝑛) + 𝑡𝑐(𝑜𝑓𝑓) )
Conduction losses: 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑑
𝐼𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑓𝑖
Turn-Off Snubber: 𝐶𝑠1 = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 > 2.3𝑅𝑠 𝐶𝑠
2𝑉𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
1
Thermal Management:
∆𝑇
For all 3 types of heat transfer (conduction, radiation, convection): 𝑅𝜃 = 𝑃
𝜆𝐴Δ𝑇
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑅𝜃𝑗𝑎 = 𝑅𝜃𝑗𝑐 + 𝑅𝜃𝑐𝑠 + 𝑅𝜃𝑠𝑎
𝑑
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 5.7 × 10−8 𝐸𝐴(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4 )
Δ𝑇 1.25 𝑅𝜃,𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝜃,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 1.34𝐴 0.25 𝑅𝜃𝑠𝑎 = 𝑅
𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝜃,𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝜃,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
Diode Rectifiers:
1-phase: 𝑉𝑑,𝑎𝑣 = 0.9𝑉𝑠
3-phase: 𝑉𝑑,𝑎𝑣 = 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿
Thyristor Converters:
1-phase: 𝑉𝑑,𝑎𝑣 = 0.9𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
3-phase: 𝑉𝑑,𝑎𝑣 = 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
Buck Converter:
𝑉𝑜 𝑅(1 − 𝑑) 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝑑)
=𝑑 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑉𝑖 2𝑓𝑠 2𝐿𝑓𝑠
∆Vo Ts2 (1 − d) ∆IL R(1 − d)
= =
Vo 8LC IL L𝑓𝑠
Boost Converter:
𝑉𝑜 1 𝑅𝑇𝑠 𝑑(1 − 𝑑)2 Vo Ts d(1 − d)
= 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ILB =
𝑉𝑖 1 − 𝑑 2 2L
Vo Ts d(1 − d)2
IoB =
2L
∆𝑉𝑜 𝑑
If IL,min >= ID then: 𝑉𝑜
= 𝑅𝐶𝑓
𝑠
2
Buck-Boost Converter:
𝑉𝑜 𝑑 𝑅𝑇𝑠 (1 − 𝑑)2
= 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑉𝑖 1 − 𝑑 2
Vo Ts (1 − d) 𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠 (1 − 𝑑)2
ILB = 𝐼𝑜𝐵 =
2L 2𝐿
∆𝑉𝑜 𝑑
If IL,min >= ID then: 𝑉𝑜
= 𝑅𝐶𝑓
𝑠
Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter:
𝑉𝑜 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
= = 2𝑑1 − 1
𝑉𝑖 𝑉̂𝑡𝑟𝑖
Voltage Source Inverters:
𝑉̂𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑠
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑓 =
𝑉̂𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑓1
For a generalized one-leg inverter (or one-phase of a 3-phase inverter) or a half-bridge
𝑉
inverter using linear-range PWM control: 𝑉̂𝐴𝑛1 = 𝑚𝑎 2𝑑
For a single-phase full-bridge inverter using linear-range PWM control: 𝑉̂𝑜1 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑉𝑑
4
For a single-phase full-bridge inverter using square wave control: 𝑉̂𝑜1 = 𝜋 𝑉𝑑
For a single-phase full-bridge inverter using voltage cancellation control:
4 (180 − 𝛼)°
(𝑉̂𝑜 )ℎ = 𝑉𝑑 sin(ℎ𝛽) 𝛽=
𝜋ℎ 2
For a 3-phase inverter using linear-range PWM control: 𝑉𝐿𝐿1 = 0.612 𝑚𝑎 𝑉𝑑
For a 3-phase inverter using square-wave control: 𝑉𝐿𝐿1 = 0.78𝑉𝑑