DIAMOND CHIPS

1. [Link] , IV-year CSE, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad

2. Mr , Assistant professor, CSE, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
[Link]. S. Deepajothi, HOD CSE, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad

ABSTRACT doping process. We are using Boron as the ptype doping

Agent and the Nitrogen as the n-type doping agent. The
Electronics without silicon is unbelievable, but it will doping process is similar to that in the case of Silicon chip
come true with the evolution of Diamond or Carbon chip. manufacturing. But this process will take more time
Now a day we are using silicon for the manufacturing of compared with that of silicon because it is very difficult
Electronic Chip’s. It has many disadvantages when it is to diffuse through strongly bonded diamond structure.
used in power electronic applications, such as bulk in CNT (Carbon Nanotube) is already a semi conductor.
size, slow operating speed etc. Carbon, Silicon and INVENTION:
Germanium are belonging to the same group in the A diamond semiconductor operates on 81GHz frequency,
periodic table. They have four valance electrons in their and is more than twice the speed of earlier devices. This
outer shell. Pure Silicon and Germanium are particular chip was first developed by Nippon Telegraph
semiconductorsin normal temperature. So in the earlier & Telephone Corporation(NTT), Japan.
days they are used widely for the manufacturing of SOME FACTS:
electronic components. But later it is found that Unlike silicon & germanium, pure carbon is not a
Germanium has many disadvantages Compared to semiconductor in room temperature. Therefore, in order
silicon, such as large reverse current, less stability to make it a semiconductor, we use some of the allotropes
towards temperature etc so in the industry focused in of [Link] is one of the allotropes of carbon
developing electronic components using silicon wafers. which acts as semiconductor. Thus, NANOTUBES,
Now research people found that Carbon is more which are derived from GRAPHENE, will also act as
advantages than Silicon. By using carbon as the semiconductor.
manufacturing material, we can achieve smaller, faster GRAPHENE:
and stronger chips. They are succeeded in making smaller Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, whose structure is
prototypes of Carbon chip. They invented a major one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms
component using carbon that is "CARBON that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.
NANOTUBE", which is widely used in most modern PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE:
microprocessors and it will be a major component in the a. Graphene has remarkably high electron mobility at
Diamond chip. room temperature.
b. Graphene structure can be doped easily by using
WHAT IS DIAMOND CHIP? chemical dopants and can be converted back to its
In single definition, Diamond Chip or carbon Chip is an undoped form just by heating slowly in vacuum.
electronic chip manufactured on a Diamond structural
Carbon wafer, or it can be also defined as the electronic CARBON NANOTUBES (CNT):
component manufactured using carbon as the wafer. The Folding the Graphene sheet into a tube like structure
major component using carbon is (cnt) Carbon Nanotube. produces CARBON NANOTUBES. It is a nanosize
Carbon Nanotube is a nano dimensional made by using cylinder of carbon [Link] are made of one or several
carbon. It has many unique properties. concentric walls in which carbon atoms are arranged in
hexagonal pattern, having a less than one nanometer
HOW IS IT POSSIBLE? diameter.
Pure Diamond structural carbon is non-conducting in
nature. In order to make it conducting we have to perform HOW TO MAKE CARBON NANOTUBES?
In a vacuum chamber, the researchers vaporized the 4. Electrical :
metals tantalum and iron, which settled in layers on a silicon High electrical conductivity (10-6 ohm), and for well
wafer. Then they placed the coated wafer at one end of a crystallized nanotubes ballistic transport is observed
quartz tube, which was inserted into a furnace. At the Being covalently bonded, as electrical conductors they do
wafer’s end of the tube, the furnace temperature was 475 not suffer from electro migration or atomic diffusion and
degrees C; but at the opposite end, the temperature varied. thus can carry high current densities (107 -109 A/cm2 ),
The researchers pumped ethylene gas into the tube from which is 1000 times that of copper. Both metal and
the end opposite the wafer. When the temperature at that semiconductor can be formed
end approached 800degrees, the ethylene decomposed, 5 Optical
and the iron on the wafer catalyzed the carbon nanotubes. 6 Thermal :
All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal
TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBES(CNT): conductors along the tube, exhibiting a property known
Carbon nanotubes are primarily of two types: as "ballistic conduction", but good insulators laterally to
1. Single Walled Nanotubes (SWNT): the tube axis. Measurements show that a SWNT has a
Single walled nanotubes are of 3 types as follows: room temperature thermal conductivity along its axis of
a. Zigzag about 3500 W·m−1·K−1; compare this to copper, a metal
b. Chiral well-known for its good thermal conductivity, which
c. Armchair transmits 385 W·m−1·K−1.
2. Multi Walled Nanotubes (MWNT) 7 .One-dimensional transport :
Because of the nanoscale dimensions, electrons propagate
WHY THE NAME DIAMOND CHIP? only along the tube's axis and electron transport involves
Graphene is sp2 bondage allotropic form of carbon, many quantum effects. Because of this, carbon nanotubes
similar to carbon nanotube (CNT). are frequently referred to as “one-dimensional”.
Lonsdaleite is sp3 bondage allotropic form of carbon, i.e. A BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CARBON
3-dimentional CNT. TRANSISTORS:
Crystal structure of Lonsdaleite looks exactly like Due to the small size of carbon atoms than silicon, smaller
diamond that is why the name DIAMOND CHIP is given. components are possible. CNT conducts electricity faster
PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE: as electrons travels through straight line without
1. Strength : scattering. Thus, we get much stronger, faster and
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials efficient components.
yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic
modulus respectively. This strength results from the ADVANTAGES OF DIAMOND CHIP:
covalent sp² bonds formed between the individual carbon
atoms. In 2000, a multiwalled carbon nanotube was tested [Link] COMPONENTS ARE POSSIBLE:
to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascal. As the size of the carbon atom is small compared with
2. Hardness : that of silicon atom, it is possible to etch very smaller
Standard single walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a lines through diamond structural carbon
pressure up to 24GPa without deformation. They then 2 .IT WORKS AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE:
undergo a transformation to super hard phase nanotubes. Diamond is very strongly bonded [Link] is
Maximum pressures measured using current very good conductor of heat. So if there is any heat
experimental techniques are around 55GPa. dissipation inside the chip, heat will very quickly transfer
3. Kinetic : to the heat sink or other cooling mechanics.
Multi-walled nanotubes are multiple concentric 3 .FASTER THAN SILICON CHIP:
nanotubes precisely nested within one another. These Carbon chip works faster than silicon chip. Mobility of
exhibit a striking telescoping property whereby an inner the electrons inside the doped diamond structural carbon
nanotube core may slide, almost without friction, within is higher than that of in the silicon structure .So the
its outer nanotube shell, thus creating an atomically mobility of the charge carriers is higher in doped diamond
perfect linear or rotational bearing. structural carbon compared with that of silicon.
4 .LARGER POWER HANDLING CAPACITY: Nanotechnology is emerging from the science laboratory into
For power electronics application silicon is used, but it the marketplace, and is used today in the design and
has many disadvantages such as bulk in size, slow manufacturing of many commercial devices and systems.
operating speed, less efficiency, lower band gap etc at
very high voltages silicon structure will collapse. More research work on Carbon Nanotubes:
Diamond has a strongly bonded crystal structure. So Carbon nanotube is a hot research topic these days as it offers
carbon chip can work under high power environment. It its application in so many things.
As the research continues it reveals its possible application in
is assumed that a carbon transistor will deliver one watt
the fields of biology, military, commercial use and engineering.
of power at rate of 100 GHZ.
Carbon Nanotube Sensor:
MIT researchers are designing sensors that use carbon
NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION: nanotubes, shown here in middle and at top, to detect hazardous
 Information and communications, gases - Image: Chang Young Lee.
 Materials and manufacturing,
 Biomedical,
 Energy and environmental,
 Transportation,
 Consumer goods.

Information and Communications:

Carbon Nanotubes conductors:
Computers and processors use memory to store information and
MIT research on nanotube's exceptional ability to conduct
execute operations to perform desired functions. Each bit of
electricity. Some molecules can attach themselves to carbon
memory holds a binary value, and multiple sets of bits combine
nanotubes without disturbing the tubes structural integrity
to be interpreted as a particular instruction or piece of
information. Digital devices are becoming progressively more
sophisticated and smaller, requiring more compact components.
Different types of memory devices introduced by
nanotechnology are enabling the development of complex
devices at an extremely small size.
Materials and Manufacturing:
Materials and manufacturing deal with the application of
knowledge relating to composition, structure and processing of
materials to their properties and applications.
Biomedical Applications:
Nanotechnology is expected to have a significant impact on
improving the quality of health care through early and reliable
diagnostics of diseases, better drugs, targeted drug delivery,
improved implants, and other applications.
Energy and Environmental Applications:
Carbon Nanotube Heat sinks:
Skyrocketing oil prices, concerns about the environment from
MIT research shows a carbon nanotube heat sink concept
increasing greenhouse emissions, and the desire to save the
where the heat source is in center (red) which dissipates to
planet from environmental disasters, have turned wide attention
surrounding via tubes - Image: Markus Buehler
to alternative energy sources and to the need to increase the
energy efficiency of the systems we use today.
Transportation Applications:
One of the major contributions that nanotechnology can make
in the transportation sector is lighter weight and high strength
composite materials ("composites") for the construction of
airplanes and automobiles.
Consumer Goods Applications:
DNA preservation using diamond chips:
The highest density DNA chip reported to date was developed
using a DNA solidification technique for vertical binding to the
surface of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond chip.
The covalently bound oligonucleotide was approximately 42
pmol (2.5×1013 molecules) per 9 mm2 of chip surface. Using
the oligonucleotide as a linker, large DNA molecules (21 kbp
fragment from λ-phage DNA) were covalently bound in the
amount of approximately 2.6 fmol ( 1.6×109 molecules) per 9
mm2 of chip surface. To test the potential of the technique for
repeated utilization of one piece of the DNA chip, PCR
enhancement of a 500 bp region within the 21 kbp λ-DNA
fragment was applied over 50 times. The results suggest that a
diamond DNA chip is excellent for the preservation of limited
and/or valuable gene samples. Furthermore, the technique of
high density DNA solidification to a CVD diamond chip will be
useful for DNA diagnosis in the future.

CONCLUSION:
Carbon is more advantages than Silicon. By using carbon as the
manufacturing material, we can achieve smaller, faster and
stronger chips. Thus diamond chip replaces the need of silicon
in every aspect in future generation.

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