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4-19-2007

Chaos Theory and Military Applications

Judith Crane
Salve Regina University

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 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 1

In recent times, it seems as though terrorism has erupted worldwide. The acts of

terrorism have increased and are no longer perpetrated by countries, but rather by various

organizations located throughout the world. The mechanisms being used for these

attacks have changed over the past few years. Who would ever have thought that human

beings would strap bombs to themselves to hit targets more effectively, or that airplanes

would be used as missiles? The escalation of terrorism has brought Chaos to many areas

of the world. As a mathematics student in the Pell Scholars Honors Program, which

prepares students “to seek peace and justice in the world,” I am interested in the

military’s use of mathematical Chaos theory to help restore peace in the world. This

paper will review the fundamentals of Chaos theory, military systems that are Chaotic,

Chaos in non-physical systems, Chaos control, and the applications of Chaos theory for

the military.

In his paper Chaos theory: The Essentials for Military Applications, Glenn James

capitalizes the word “chaos” throughout his paper when discussing mathematical chaos.

This method will be used throughout this paper as well to distinguish mathematical chaos

from social chaos.

In order to help understand Chaos theory, the logistic map, a difference equation

developed by Robert May, will be used. The logistic map shows the size of an animal

population at the beginning of a year (xnew) based on the size of the population at the

beginning of the previous year (xold ):

xnew = 5 xold (1 - xold)

=5 xold - 5 x2old
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 2

Since this equation has an exponent greater than one, it is nonlinear, which is one of the

properties of the difference equation for chaotic behavior to occur within a system. The 5

of this equation represents a constant. Values for this parameter range from 1 to 4. The

animal population is called a dynamical system because the logistic equation measures

the size of the population at regular time intervals.

For this difference equation to generate the size of animal populations, there must

be an initial value x0, which represents the beginning size of the population. Let f(x) = 5x

– 5x2. Define a sequence x0, x1, x2,…,xn…using this function where xn+1 = f(xn). The

generated sequence, x0, x1, x2,…,xn…, is called the orbit of x0 under f(x) = 5x – 5x2.

Finding the general characteristics of this function will aid in understanding the

function better. Consider first the maximum point of the function f(x) = – 5x2 + 5x. In

order to find the maximum, we must take the derivative of the function and then set it to

zero and solve for x.

f(x) = – 5x2 + 5x
f ’(x) = -2 5 x + 5
0 = 5 (-2 x + 1)
5 = 0 or -2x + 1 = 0. Now 1 A 5 A 4.
Solving the second equation gives 1 = 2 x
(1/2) = x

Now substitute the value of x back into the function f(x).

f(1/2) = - 5(1/2)2 + 5(1/2)

f(1/2) = - (5/4) + (5/2)
f(1/2) = (5/4)
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 3

Therefore, the maximum point is ( 1/2, 5 /4). For 5 = 2.5, the maximum point of f(x) =

2.5x – 2.5x2 is ( 1/2, 5/8) = ( 0.5, 0.625).

The fixed points for f(x) = 5 x (1-x) are x = 1 - (1/5) and x = 0. These points were

found by solving f(x) = x for the variable x.

f(x) = x
5 x (1-x) = x
5x – 5x2 = x
5x2 - 5x + x = 0
x (5x – 5 + 1) = 0
Therefore, x = 0 is one of the fixed points.

5x – 5 + 1 = 0
5x = 5 – 1
Therefore, x = 1 – (1/5) is the second fixed point.

Consider our example of the generating function using 5 = 2.5. One of the fixed points is

x = 0. By substituting the value of 2.5 for 5 into the equation x = 1 – (1/5), we obtain
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 4

x = 1 - (1/2.5)
x = 0.6
The points where the graph of the function f(x) = 2.5x(1-x) intersects y = x are the fixed
points. The graph below shows where these intersections occur.

The fixed points of the logistic map are important because they relate to the orbit

of an initial value x0. These orbits will be produced graphically by using the cobweb

method.

Draw the graph of f(x) = 2.5x(1-x) and the graph of y = x. Mark the initial value

x0 = 0.1 on the x-axis. Draw a vertical line from x0 to the function. This point, where the

vertical line touches the function, is (x0, f(x0)) = (x0, x1) = (0.1, 0.225).
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 5

This graph shows the beginning of the cobweb with x0 = 0.1.

Next, draw a horizontal line from this point, (x0, x1), to the line y = x. This point is

(x1, x1).
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 6

Then draw a vertical line from this point to the function; (x1, f(x1)) = (x1, x2) = (0.225,

0.4359375).

Next draw a horizontal line from the point (x1, x2) to the line y = x. This gives the point

(x2, x2).
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 7

Then draw a vertical line from this point to the function; (x2, f(x2)) = (x2, x3) =

(0.4359375, .6147399902). Draw a horizontal line from this point to the line y = x,

giving the point (x3, x3).

Next draw a vertical line from (x3, x3) to the function; (x3, f(x3) = (x3, x4) =

(0.6147399902, 0.5920868366).
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 8

Draw a horizontal line from this point to the line y = x to get (x4, x4). Continue this

process until it can be seen that the cobweb continues to go to a certain point. This point

is the point to which the orbit of x0 = 0.1 converges. The graph below shows x0 through

x20 and with so many iterations, it becomes obvious that the orbit of x0 = 0.1 converges to

the fixed point x = 0.6.

Using the cobweb method with the initial value at x0 = 0.6, we confirm that x0 = 0.6 is the

fixed point, as displayed below.

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 9

Using an initial value, x0 = 0.75, taken from the right side of the fixed point, we see that

the orbit is still attracted to the fixed point x = 0.6.

The cobweb iterations of the function f(x) = 2.5x(1-x) for a variety of initial

values show how the orbits will always go toward the fixed point (x = 0.6). The only

exception to this is for x0 = 0. The fixed point in this case is x = 0. The fixed point x = 1

- (1/5) is called an attracting fixed point because the orbits tend toward this point. The

fixed point x = 0 is called a repelling fixed point because the orbits go away from this

point except for x0 = 0. The cobweb diagram for the initial value x0 = .0001 shows that

the fixed point x = 0 is repelling and the fixed point x = 0.6 is attracting as displayed

below.
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 10

Consider the logistic map with 5 = 2.9. Shown below is the cobweb for the function f(x)

= 2.9x(1-x) with initial value x0 = 0.5. The orbit of x0 = 0.5 converges to x = (19/29) M

.6552.
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 11

The different values taken for 5 cause various qualitative types of behavior to

occur. For 1 < 5 A 3 the fixed points are (0,0) and ( 1-(1/ 5), 1-(1/ 5) ) with (0,0)

repelling and ( 1-(1/ 5), 1-(1/ 5) ) attracting. The cobweb diagram for 5 = 3 is shown

below.

When 5 = 3, the orbits converge very slowly to the fixed point ((2/3), (2/3)). After 5 = 3,

the fixed point x = 1 – (1/5) will no longer be attracting, but instead will be repelling.

There is a loss of stability and a 2-cycle is born and becomes the attractor. Thus 5 = 3 is

called a bifurcation point. When 3 < 5 A 1 + sqrt(6) M 3.4495, the points x1 = (1 + 5 +

sqrt(52 - 25 -3)) / 25 and x2 = (1 + 5 - sqrt(52 - 25 -3)) / 25 form the 2-cycle for the map f

and each point is a fixed point for the iterated map f2. (Rasband, 1991, p.22). Consider an

example with 5 = 3.04. The 2-cycle for the orbits is x1 = (1 + 3.04 + sqrt(3.042 – 2(3.04)

-3)) / 2(3.04) M 0.730591287… and x2 = (1 + 3.04 - sqrt(3.042 – 2(3.04) -3)) / 2(3.04) M

0.5935521433… 5= 3.04 yields a cobweb with stable cycle of period 2.

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 12

The second bifurcation occurs at 5 = 1 + sqrt(6) M 3.4495. For 5 between approximately

3.4495 and approximately 3.5441, there are stable cycles of period 4. 5= 3.5 yields a

cobweb of period 4, as shown below.

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 13

Period 8 occurs at the third bifurcation 5 = 3.5441. Values ranging from approximately

3.5441 and approximately 3.5644 for 5 produce cycles with eight points. 5 = 3.55 yields

period 8.

The range for values of 5 that give a stable cycle of period 16 is between approximately

3.5644 and approximately 3.5688. 5= 3.5678 yields period 16.

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 14

There is an infinite sequence of values of 5 where bifurcation occurs. The first eight are

51 = 3.0,

52 = 3.449490…,

53 = 3.544090…,

54 = 3.564407…,

55 = 3.568759…,

56 = 3.569692…,

57 = 3.569891…,

and 58 = 3.569934…

(Rasband, 1991, p.23)

It is obvious that the values of 5 where the bifurcations occur become closer to each other

and converge rapidly to a value denoted by 5O = 3.5699456…. 5 = 3.5999 yields chaotic

behavior.
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 15

A summary of the range of values for the first seven periods is listed below:

• For 3.000000 < 5 < 3.449490, there is a stable cycle of period 2.

• For 3.449490 < 5 < 3.544090, there is a stable cycle of period 4.

• For 3.544090 < 5 < 3.564407, there is a stable cycle of period 8.

• For 3.564407 < 5 < 3.568759, there is a stable cycle of period 16.

• For 3.568759 < 5 < 3.569692, there is a stable cycle of period 32.

• For 3.569692 < 5 < 3.569891, there is a stable cycle of period 64.

• For 3.569891 < 5 < 3.569934, there is a stable cycle of period 128.

(Kaplan, D., & Glass, L., 1995, p.30)

The differences between these numbers where the periods double get smaller and smaller.

Let Rn equal the difference in range values for each period, where n represents the period

size. For example, R2 would equal 3.4495 – 3.0000, the difference of the values of its

period.

R2 = 3.449490 – 3.000000 = .44949.

R4 = 3.544090 – 3.449490 = .0946.

R8 = 3.564407 – 3.544090 = .020317.

R16 = 3.568759 – 3.564407 = .004352.

R32 = 3.569692– 3.568759 = .000933.

R64 = 3.569891– 3.569692 = .000199.

R128 = 3.569934– 3.569891 = .0000037.

The mathematician Mitchell J. Feigenbaum found that the limit of the quotient of

successive periods is 4.6692…(Feigenbaum’s constant).

lim n O Rn/ R2n = 4.6692…

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 16

The Feigenbaum constant can be used to approximate 5O at 3.5699456…

(Rasband, 1991, p.23). In order to visually show what is happening at the bifurcation

points, a diagram is used. The diagram below illustrates the points at which the behavior

of the system changes. The horizontal axis gives the values of 5 between 1 and 4. The

vertical axis gives the values to which the orbits converge or cycle. From 5 = 1 to 5 = 3,

the orbits converge to attracting fixed points. It is at 5 = 3 that the first split in the

diagram occurs. It bifurcates like a fork in the road. Between 5 = 3 and 5 = 3.5699456…

the orbits cycle between two numbers. This period-doubling bifurcation continues until

the point 5O = 3.5699456… is reached in the diagram. That is where chaos appears.

From 5O = 3.5699456… to 5 = 4, there are spaces in the chaotic behavior that appear as

white strips, as seen above. These spaces indicate stable cycles. In the following section,

a description of Chaos theory and the qualities that are required for a system to be

Chaotic will be discussed using the logistics map.

The logistics map is only one example of a difference equation that can generate a

system that exhibits Chaos. It is a good example because it is easy to see chaotic

behavior. The graph below shows sensitivity to initial conditions, which is one of the

characteristics in determining if a system is Chaotic. In this logistics model, the lower

series started from an initial population of 0.202701, which was only slightly greater than
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 17

the upper series of 0.2027. As displayed below, the two graphs do not show any

resemblance to each other after sixteen iterations.

([Link]

y%20%26%20Glenn%20James%22 retrieved on 02/07/07)

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 18

For a system to be deterministic, there must be enough known about the

components of the system to determine the future of the system. In other words, each

state of the system depends on the state before it. The animal system described by the

logistic function is deterministic because the size of the population over time is

completely determined by the function and the initial size of the population.

In order for a system to display Chaos, it must be generated by nonlinear

equations. Nonlinear equations include exponents, trigonometric functions, logarithms

and other nonlinear operations in their definitions, in contrast to linear equations that are

defined with only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Since the solutions of linear systems are known, it is impossible for a linear system to

become chaotic (James, 1996, p. 29). As mentioned earlier, the logistics equation is f(x)

= 5x – 5x2. As one can see, the term x2 contains an exponent. Therefore, this equation is

nonlinear. We saw above that the equation f(x) = 3.5999x – 3.5999x2 creates a system

that acts Chaotically. So, from this example, we can see that a nonlinear equation can

cause a system to act Chaotically.

Another characteristic that a system must have to act Chaotically is that it has to

be bounded. “Bounded means that on successive iterations, the state stays in a finite

range and does not approach ± O” (Kaplan, D. et al., 1995, p.27). For example, looking

at the cobweb iteration diagram that yields chaotic behavior when = 3.5999, it is

evident that the diagram is bounded. The initial value here was x0 = 0.5 and was in the

range 0 A x0 A 1. Since this is a bounded function, all of the future iterations of the

function will also fall in this range.

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 19

When observing a system, it is important to keep all of these characteristics in

mind. If any one of these characteristics is missing from the system, then it is not

Chaotic. A final important trait of Chaotic systems is that they are not periodic. In other

words, the same thing does not happen over and over. An example of a periodic system

would be the one created by our equation f(x) = 3.04x(1-x), whereas an example of a

non-periodic system would be the one created by our equation f(x) = 3.5999x(1-x).

In her paper, Chaos Theory for the Practical Military Mind, Maj. Susan E.

Durham states that “there are countless, real, physical systems upon which military lives

and missions depend that are Chaotic systems” (p. 34). In the next section, some of these

systems will be discussed. Turbulent air flow affects many military systems. This

Chaotic turbulence has an effect on military objects such as aircraft, missiles, and

paratroopers jumping out of planes. Turbulence that affects airplanes that we travel in

everyday is the same turbulence that military personnel have to handle with their aircraft.

Atmospheric turbulence also affects the military’s detection of objects in space.

“Construction of adaptive optics sensors that take into account turbulence through the

atmosphere have been one of the most significant contributions to the military’s Space

Object Identification mission in decades” (Durham, 1997, p. 35). This Chaotic

atmosphere also affects lasers that travel through it.

In addition to appearing in the atmosphere, turbulence shows up in other military

objects as well. These include missiles, radio signals, and lasers themselves. Turbulence

appears in the mixing of fuels in any liquid-propelled engine such as missiles. This flow

also appears in water pipes that the military builds. As mentioned above, lasers can be

affected by the turbulent atmosphere. In addition to this, the actual laser is affected by
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 20

Chaotic fluctuations.

Another part of the military that exhibits Chaos is the radio signals that military

forces use to send information to one another. These radio signals are for communication

between friendly forces only. To prevent enemy forces from eavesdropping, signals

designed to hide in background noise are transmitted. Durham suggests that the kinds of

signals produced by ‘chaotic oscillators’ may be ideal for this. The goal is for the radio

messages to sound as close to noise as possible so that enemy forces will not be able to

detect their communications (Durham, 1997, p. 36).

In addition to showing up in physical systems used by the military, Chaos theory

is beginning to be applied to non-physical systems as well. The way that it is being used

in the military is through the philosophy of warfare. It is also being applied by military

strategists to issues in political science and international relationships (Durham, 1997, p.

38). Chaos theory is starting to be applied to political issues in the military as well.

“Alan Saperstein is logically and systematically investigating the applicability of the

Chaos Theory to topics of military interest ranging from ‘Cold War’ arms-race scenarios

to issues of Post-Cold War, world wide and regional political stability” (Durham, 1997,

p. 40).

In order to understand how the military can deal with these systems affected by

Chaos, we have to first comprehend Chaos control. Chaos control is possible because

Chaotic systems can be made stable. “Three basic approaches have been demonstrated

for Chaos control: regular periodic disturbances, proportional inputs based on real-time

feedback, and trajectory ‘steering’ based on models or approximations of the dynamics

on an attractor” (James, 1996, p. 68).

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 21

Regular periodic disturbances make Chaos control possible because when these

disturbances act on a Chaotic system, they excite natural frequencies in the system. In a

Chaotic system, infinitely many different periodic behaviors are possible. Disturbing a

system into periodic behavior brings order to a Chaotic system.

Proportional inputs based on real-time feedback also make Chaos control

possible. This control method “requires real-time measurements of the system’s output

in order to determine how far to adjust the selected control parameter” (James, 1996, p.

68). An example of how this control parameter works is when someone tries to balance a

long stick on the palm of his/her hand. He/she must move his/her hand slightly to keep

the stick from falling from the upright position. This method produces a stable output

that is achieved intentionally.

The last method, trajectory ‘steering’ based on models or approximations of the

dynamics on an attractor, is more complicated and complex than the first two. This

method was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and it is based

on approximations to the dynamics on a system’s attractor that are made through

extensive calculations. After the approximations are made, they are used to adjust the

system parameters to make it possible to control the system to preferred regions of phase

space and therefore control Chaos (James, 1996, p. 69).

All three of these techniques are possible due to the system attractors. Locking

onto one of the unstable periodic trajectories densely woven on an attractor, allows one to

control Chaos (James, 1996, p. 69).

The applications of Chaos theory in the military are extensive. The next section

will discuss these applications and how these applications are possible because of Chaos
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 22

control. Applications of Chaos theory include using it in military communications,

decoding enemy signals, searching for enemy missiles, and using it in assembly lines.

Part of understanding how to use Chaos in the military comes from knowing how Chaos

can be controlled.

One section of the military that is beginning to look at using Chaos is military

communications. “The high volume and speed of communication through computer

networks include the best ingredients of a recipe for Chaos: modular processes

undergoing endless iteration; frequent feedback in communications ‘handshaking’; and

frequencies (on many scales) faster than the time it takes most systems to recover

between ‘events’ (messages, transmissions, and back-ups)” (James, 1996, p. 51). Chaos

may be used to either secure friendly communications, as mentioned above, or break

enemy communication codes. The military uses communication for everything it does

and it is important to keep these communications as secure as possible. Understanding

how to detect Chaos in a system and looking at the possibility of using Chaos to decode

enemy signals can be essential for military personnel, especially when combating

terrorism.

Another possible military application for Chaos theory is using it to search for

enemy missiles that terrorists may use to carry out their acts of violence. The more

terrorist attacks that can be prevented, the more peaceful the world will be.

Chaos can also be controlled in the military when dealing with assembly lines.

The Chaotic dynamics in automatic production lines such as robotic systems for aircraft

stripping and painting, and automated search algorithms for hostile missiles or ground

forces can be managed because of their Chaotic behavior (James, 1996, p. 51).
 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 23

By comprehending how to use Chaos to control military systems, military

personnel will be better equipped to prevent terrorist attacks that have been growing over

the past few years around the world. This fairly new mathematical concept is still being

explored and it is expanding in its applications for the military. It is important that

military personnel understand the vast use of Chaos theory in the military and understand

the basics of Chaos theory. The fundamentals of Chaos theory, military systems that are

Chaotic, Chaos in non-physical systems, Chaos control, and the applications of Chaos

theory for the military show the beginning process of how to use Chaos theory in the

military. By understanding Chaos theory, military workers will be at an advantage in

fighting techniques, information technologies and strategic thought, which in turn will

create a more harmonious world with less terrorism.

 Chaos Theory and Military Applications 24

References

Durham, S. E. (1997). Chaos theory for the practical military mind.

Dissertation Abstracts International, 0229. Retrieved March 12, 2006,

from The Research Department: Air Command and Staff College Web site:

[Link]

James, G. E. (1996 October) “Chaos theory: the essentials for military applications.”

The Newport Papers, (10), Newport RI: Naval War College.

Kaplan, D., & Glass, L. (Eds.). (1995). Understanding nonlinear dynamics. New

York: Springer-Verlag.

Rasband, Neil S. (1991). Chaotic dynamics of nonlinear systems. New York, New York:

John Wiley & Sons.