Preparation of Solutions
1) Calculating normality of concentrated liquid solutions, such as
concentrated sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid ammonia and
sodium hydroxide solutions.
10 d c
N=
Equivalentweight
All the data are obtained from the paper pasted on the containers of solutions or from
analytical or chemical engineering data tables. Examples:
Aqueous solution C% Density (d) Equivaqlent weight Normality (N)
H2SO4 98 1.84 49.04 36.77
HNO3 69 1.42 63 15.55
HCl 37 1.18 36.41 11.97
NH3 35 0.88 17 18.12
NaOH 33.3 1.36 40 11.32
The Normality of a solution can be calculated similarly for any solution given c, d and
equivalent weight. Complete the table by calculation for the normality.
Aqueous Solution C% d Equivalent weight Normality (N)
NaOH 38 1.410 40
KOH 42 1.421 56.11
HCl 10 1.047 36.41
H2SO4 20 1.139 49
HNO3 50 1.310 63
NH3 14 0.943 17
2) Dilution of solutions
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more
concentrated solution.
N c VC = N d Vd Where, c = concentrated , d = diluted
Example,
Prepare 100 ml of 0.2 N H2SO4 solution from concentrated stock solution of normality
= 36.77 N.
N d Vd 0.2 100
Vc = = = 0.544 ml
Nc 36.77
Dilute 0.544 ml of 36.77 N solutions in 100 ml measuring flask with water to a final
volume of or mark of 100 ml.
3) Preparation of a solution from solid solutes , example solid NaOH,
Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 N NaOH solution from solid NaOH.
N V Equivalent weight of NaOH 0.2 500 40
m NaOH = = = 4 grams
1000 1000
Weigh 4 grams of solid NaOH and dissolve it with water in a 500 ml measuring flask to
the mark and shake well to dissolve it completely.
4) Preparation of c% solution
msolid
c% = 100
msolid + msolvent
Example: Prepare 100 grams of 5% NaCl solution.
Weigh 5 grams of NaCl and dissolve in 95 grams or 95 ml of water.
Home work on solution preparation
Atomic weights:(S=32, H=1, O=16, Na)
1)5ml of concentrated sulpheric acid (c=98%, and density=1.84gram/ml) was mixed with
995ml of pure (distilled)water (density=1gram/ml) to make a total volume of exactly 1000 ml
dilute sulpheric acid solution. calculate:
A) The normality of the concentrated acid
B) The normality of diluted acid
C) The mass of the solution in 5ml concentrated acid
D) The mass of the solute (H2SO4) in 5ml concentrated acid
E) The mass of the solute(H2SO4) in 1000ml of diluted Sulphuric acid
F) The mass of the solution in 1000ml diluted of diluted sulphuric acid solution
G) The mass of the solvent (pure water) in 1000ml diluted sulphuric acid solution
H) The density of diluted sulphuric acid solution
I) The concentration in percent (c%) of dilute sulphuric acid solution
2) To prepare 500ml of 0.1N sodium hydroxide solutions from solid sodium hydroxide
(NaOH),
A) Calculate the mass of solid sodium hydroxide
B) Name the glass type to measure the volume exactly
C) How many moles of solid sodium hydroxide are found in 500ml of the prepared solution?