HINGUIWIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 1

CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The literature review discusses the relevant research that is useful to the

objective of this research study.

Related Literature

Local Literature

Aquino(2009). Students’ beliefs about themselves as learners and the

nature of learning have a marked influence on motivation. Motivational and

emotional factors also influence both the quality of thinking and

information processing as well as individual’s motivation to learn. Thus,

acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort

and guided practice. Without learners’ motivation to learn, the willingness

to exert this effort is unlikely without coercion. Motivation to learn, in turn, is

influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits

of thinking

Belino (2015) has revealed in his study interactive instruction which relies

heavily on discussion and sharing among participants. He suggested that discussion

and sharing provide learners with opportunities to “react to the ideas, experience,

insights, and knowledge of the teacher or of peer learners and to generate alternative

way of thinking and feeling”. Students can learn from peers and teachers to develop

social skills and abilities, to organize their thoughts, and to develop rational

arguments.

De Dios (2012) surmised in his study that discovery method supported an

active engagement of the learner in the learning process, while students are

participating, they are paying more attention. Discovery is a process learner goes

through, and through this engagement, a learner acquires knowledge and better

understanding of oneself and one's world. It is with an emphasis on the pupil that one

sees the relevance of one's

Manila Bulletin (2011) stressed that the point of having good study habits is

to be effective and efficient. Effective retaining , understanding, and having a good

grasp of the subject matter. Efficiency: maximizing the time you study in order to

spend as little of it as possible. Having good study habits helps greatly in achieving

one’s goal.

Mener (2014) a report is an informational work made with the specific

intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable

form. Reports are often conveyed in writing, speech, television, or film. Reports fill a

vast array of critical needs for many of society’s important organizations. Reports are
 HINGUIWIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 3

used for keeping track of information, which may be used to make decisions. Written

reports are documents which present focused, salient content, generally to a specific

audience. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other

fields, are often to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry.

Foreign Literature

Brady (2013) It is important for teachers to understand the students’ learning

styles and also for students to understand their own learning styles. By understanding

different learning styles, teachers may gain insights into ways of making academic

information more accessible to diverse groups of learners and an increased awareness

of individual learning styles can help educators impart new information in a

memorable way. Likewise, if students are aware of their preferred learning styles

they will be able to recognize their strengths and weaknesses, by doing these, they

can develop strategies for effective learning. Though teaching is a useful means of

transmitting and sharing knowledge, it does not however always result in learning;

this can be seen clearly in the painful disparity between what we think we have

effectively taught and what students indicate they have learned on the examination

papers. It is expected that instructions developed with an awareness of different

learning styles may help improve the information assimilation and learning

experiences of the students.

Tay (2013) Learning strategies are the total effort that the students need to

process, understand and adopt the information introduced in learning-teaching

processes or in their individual preparation

Kadafar (2013) Learning strategies can be described as the whole of the

performed activities of learner to give meaning to information in cognitive and

affective processes. As it is understood from definitions, learning strategies include

more than one activity.

Caliskan & Sunbul (2011) Student should have knowledge of learning

strategy to be able to implement skills. Students should learn firstly attention,

storage in short term memory, coding, restoration and affective strategies from

learning strategies

Local Studies

Alcantara (2014), the levels of student’s study habits were factored according

to; concentration, time management, note taking, test preparation, and reading. It

was concluded that the students have poor time management skills and

reading/comprehension skills. Almost half of the respondents take down notes and

summarizes lessons most often and prepares well before major examinations.

Institute of Education ,Tarlac College of Agriculture (2011) Studies revealed

that when teachers develop and expand their instructional methods and techniques
 HINGUIWIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 5

according to the individual learning styles of their students, there is marked

improvement in their performance and achievement and a drop in the number of

disciplinary problems.

Marquez (2009) also pointed out that a student who is successful in his

desired career has good study habits in line with his, she stated that students should

apply this habits to all of their classes. She also suggested that students should not try

to study all the subjects in a single period. However, every student has his own study

habits depending on his preferences with regards to duration of time devoted in

studying. What placed or environment would be the best venue the study, the study

skills and techniques will the student utilize during his study and more. It will depend

upon the person if he is voluntarily interested in study or be prompted by the

distraction of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter , Instagram, etc.

Which all of those can be easily accessed through their phones and majority of the

students possesses a smartphone as what they’ve called it. Studying is the key to

excel in one’s academic performance ,because it not only prepares a student to

excel in class but rain forces the lessons that already been taught.

Salandanan (2008) recommended that the most important goal of education is

to teach the students how to learn on their own, it is vital that students acquire the

skills of how to learn so that these skills will enable them to learn life outside the

school.
 HINGUIWIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 6

Foreign Studies

Dong (2014) emphasizes that study skills facilitating learning are related to

the cognitive levels in Bloom’s taxonomy. Since each level in the taxonomy requires

different skills, learning strategies to be taught at each level should be determined

accordingly. Dong expresses the need to teach study skills, how to teach them and

which learning techniques should be taught at each level.

Kennedy et. al. (2012). Active learning strategies ensure different learning

strategies which were addressed for academic achievement and the attainment of

Student Learning Objectives. An SLO according to this study refers to a statement of

what a learner is expected to know, understand and/or be able to demonstrate at the

end of a period of learning

Karedeniz et. al. (2008) points out that Motivated Strategies for Learning

Questionnaire (MSLQ) has been translated into different languages such as Greek,

German, Hebrew, Korean, Norwegian and Chinese. It has been used to measure the

motivation and learning strategies of students from various levels.

.Marcus Crede et. al (2008) at the University of Albany reveals that study

habit, skill, and attitude inventories and construct where found the rival standardized

tests and previous grades as predictors of academic performance, yielding substantial

incremental validity in predicting academic performance. They found that study skill

inventories and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and
 HINGUIWIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 7

scores on standardized admissions test but moderately related to various personality

constructs; these result where in consistent with previous theories. Study motivation

and study skills and exhibit the strongest relationship with both grade point average

and grades in individual classes.

Oche & Aminu (2010) A direct relationship exists between Social media

usage and the Academic Performance of students. However, the darker side within

technological evolution has resulted in dilemmas such as the setback of real values of

life especially among students who form the majority of users interacting through the

use of social networking sites. Online social networking sites focus on building and

reflecting social associations among people who share interests and activities. With

so many social networking sites displayed on the internet, students are tempted to

abandon their homework and reading times in preference for chatting online with

friends. Many students are now addicted to the online rave of the movement, with

Facebook, Twitter, etc. Today most youths and student possess Facebook accounts.

The reason most of that perform badly in school might not be far –fetched .While

many minds might be quick to blame the poor quality of teachers, they might have to

think even harder, if they have not heard of the Facebook frenzy.
 HINGUIWIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 8

Tulbure (2012) confirmed that the alignment of teaching strategies has a

positive impact on the academic achievement of students and found significant

differences between the achievement scores obtained by categories of learners.