CIRCUITS & NETWORKS
INTRODUCTION
SYLLABUS
Unit No. Topic
1 Introduction
Electromotive force, potential, voltage, current, Resistor, capacitor, inductor,
Voltage and current sources, Dependent sources, Dot conventions , current
directions
2 Network Equations
Nodal analysis, Mesh analysis, Source transformation, Analysis of circuit
containing dependent sources, Superposition theorem, Substitution Theorem,
Compensation theorem, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem, Maximum power
transfer theorem
2
SYLLABUS
Unit No. Topic
3 Time domain response of linear circuits
Mathematical preliminaries, DC response of first order and second order
circuits, Initial conditions in the network, Charging and discharging of
capacitor, Charging and discharging of inductor, Solution of circuit
equations by using Initial Conditions
4 Laplace transform analysis : Circuit Applications
Manipulation of impedance and admittance, Equivalent Laplace transform
of circuit elements, RLC circuit analysis using Laplace transform,
Switching in RLC circuit, Waveform synthesis, Circuit analysis in Laplace
transform
3
SYLLABUS
Unit No. Topic
5 Two Port Network
Y- Parameter, z-Parameter, h-parameter, ABCD-parameter, Relation
between two port parameters, Parallel connection of two network
4
BOOKS
1. Electric Circuits and Networks :- By K. S. Suresh Kumar – Pearson
Education
2. Linear Circuits Analysis 2nd edition :-By DeCarlo/ Lin – Oxford
University Press , (Indian edition)
3. Network Analysis :- By M.E Van Valkenburg PHI Publication
4. Engineering Circuit Analysis : - By W H Hayt, J E Kemmerly, S M
Durbin 6th Edition TMH Publication
5. Network Analysis & Synthesis By Franklin S. KUO, Wiley Publication
5
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
PREPARED BY:
HARDIK PRAJAPATI
OUTLINES COVERED IN CHAPTER
Electric Charge
Current, Voltage, Power and Energy
Circuit Elements
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Dot Convention
7
ELECTRIC CHARGES
• Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it
to experience a force when near other electrically charged
matter , measured in coulombs (C).
• Electric charge comes in two types, called positive and
negative.
• The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in
magnitude to 1.602 × 10-19 C which is called as electronic
charge. The charges that occur in nature are integral multiples
of the electronic charge.
8
CURRENT
• Electrical current is a measure of the amount of electrical
charge transferred per unit time.
i = dq/dt
• The unit of ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
• A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with
time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally
with time. (reverse direction)
9
CURRENT
• The direction of current flow
Positive ions Negative ions
10
CURRENT
Example 1
A conductor has a constant current of 5 A.
How many electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor in
one minute?
11
CURRENT
Solution
Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by
5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min
Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given
300 C/min
−19
= 1 .87 x10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron
12
VOLTAGE
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
• Mathematically,
vab = dw / dq
– w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).
• Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or between two
points in a circuit.
– vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b.
– vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.
13
POWER AND ENERGY
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W).
dw dw dq
p= = ⋅ = vi
dt dq dt
i i
+ +
v v
– –
Passive sign convention
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
14
POWER AND ENERGY
• The law of conservation of energy
∑p=0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
• Mathematical expression
t t
w = ∫ pdt = ∫ vidt
t0 t0
15
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Active Elements Passive Elements
• A dependent source is an active element in
which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
• They have four different types: VCVS, CCVS,
VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the signs of
Independent Dependant dependent sources.
sources sources 16
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Example 2
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1.1P for i2 = 1A.
17
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Solution
Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent 10-V source and the
current-dependent voltage source vx.
Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control current carries the units
Ω.
Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
18
NODES, BRANCHES AND LOOPS
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy
the fundamental theorem of network topology:
b = l + n −1
19
NODES, BRANCHES AND LOOPS
Example 1
Equivalent circuit Original circuit
How many branches, nodes and loops are there?
20
NODES, BRANCHES AND LOOPS
Example 2 Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?
How many branches, nodes and loops are there?
21
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
N
Mathematically, ∑i
n =1
n =0
22
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Example 4
• Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure below.
I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
⇒I = -5A
This indicates that the
actual current for I is
flowing in the
opposite direction.
We can consider the whole
enclosed area as one “node”. 23
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
M
Mathematically,
∑v
m =1
n =0
24
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Example 5
• Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure below. Find I.
va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0
V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3
⇒ va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
va − vb
I=
R1 + R2 + R3
25
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
• Find I and Vab in the circuit.
HW2_Ch2: 7, 9, 11, 17, 21 26
SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVISION
• Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or
connected sequentially and consequently carry the same current.
• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in a
series is the sum of the individual resistances.
• The voltage divider can be expressed as
N
Req = R1 + R2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + R N = ∑ Rn
n =1
Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + R N
27
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Example 3
10V and 5Ω are
in series
28
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION
• Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to
the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across
them.
• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋅⋅⋅ +
Req R1 R2 RN
• The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to their
resistances. The current divider can be expressed as:
v iReq
in = =
Rn Rn
29
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Example 4
2Ω, 3Ω and 2A are
in parallel
30
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• For the circuit below, io =2 A. Calculate ix and the total power dissipated
by the circuit.
ix
io
2Ω 4Ω 8Ω 16 Ω
31
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• For the ladder network below, find I and Req.
32
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
Delta -> Star Star -> Delta
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R1 =
Rb Rc Ra =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R1
Rc R a R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R2 = Rb =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R2
Ra Rb R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R3 = Rc =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R3
HW3_Ch2: 35, 39, 61, 83 33
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
• Calculate Io in the circuit
34
APPLICATION PROBLEM
• The light bulb is rated 120 V, 0.75 A. Calculate Vs to make the light bulb
operate at the rated conditions.
35
DOT CONVENTION
• In circuit analysis, the dot convention is a convention used to
denote the polarity of two mutually inductive components, such as
windings on a transformer.
36