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Quantum Dots Boost Solar Cell Efficiency

Highly efficient solar cells could result from quantum dot research, with efficiencies potentially increasing from the current limit of 30% to over 60%. Researchers led by Xiaoyang Zhu discovered a method to capture the higher energy sunlight lost as heat in conventional solar cells using semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots. Specifically, they found that "hot electrons" from photo-excited lead selenide nanocrystals could be transferred to titanium dioxide, establishing the possibility of a highly efficient "hot carrier" solar cell. However, further science and engineering is still needed to develop a practical 66% efficient solar cell.

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6 views1 page

Quantum Dots Boost Solar Cell Efficiency

Highly efficient solar cells could result from quantum dot research, with efficiencies potentially increasing from the current limit of 30% to over 60%. Researchers led by Xiaoyang Zhu discovered a method to capture the higher energy sunlight lost as heat in conventional solar cells using semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots. Specifically, they found that "hot electrons" from photo-excited lead selenide nanocrystals could be transferred to titanium dioxide, establishing the possibility of a highly efficient "hot carrier" solar cell. However, further science and engineering is still needed to develop a practical 66% efficient solar cell.

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Adeel Ahmed
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Highly Efficient Solar Cells Could Result from Quantum Dot Research
ScienceDaily (June 18, 2010) — Conventional solar cell efficiency could be
increased from the current limit of 30 percent to more than 60 percent,
suggests new research on semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, led
by chemist Xiaoyang Zhu at The University of Texas at Austin.

Zhu and his colleagues report their results in this week's Science.


The scientists have discovered a method to capture the higher energy sunlight that is lost as heat in conventional solar cells.
The maximum efficiency of the silicon solar cell in use today is about 31 percent. That's because much of the energy from sunlight hitting a
solar cell is too high to be turned into usable electricity. That energy, in the form of so-called "hot electrons," is lost as heat.
If the higher energy sunlight, or more specifically the hot electrons, could be captured, solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency could be
increased theoretically to as high as 66 percent.
"There are a few steps needed to create what I call this 'ultimate solar cell,'" says Zhu, professor of chemistry and director of the Center for
Materials Chemistry. "First, the cooling rate of hot electrons needs to be slowed down. Second, we need to be able to grab those hot
electrons and use them quickly before they lose all of their energy."
Zhu says that semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, are promising for these purposes.
As for the first problem, a number of research groups have suggested that cooling of hot electrons can be slowed down in semiconductor
nanocrystals. In a 2008 paper in Science, a research group from the University of Chicago showed this to be true unambiguously for colloidal
semiconductor nanocrystals.
Zhu's team has now figured out the next critical step: how to take those electrons out.
They discovered that hot electrons can be transferred from photo-excited lead selenide nanocrystals to an electron conductor made of widely
used titanium dioxide.
"If we take the hot electrons out, we can do work with them," says Zhu. "The demonstration of this hot electron transfer establishes that a
highly efficient hot carrier solar cell is not just a theoretical concept, but an experimental possibility."
The researchers used quantum dots made of lead selenide, but Zhu says that their methods will work for quantum dots made of other
materials, too.
He cautions that this is just one scientific step, and that more science and a lot of engineering need to be done before the world sees a 66
percent efficient solar cell.
In particular, there's a third piece of the science puzzle that Zhu is working on: connecting to an electrical conducting wire.
"If we take out electrons from the solar cell that are this fast, or hot, we also lose energy in the wire as heat," says Zhu. "Our next goal is to
adjust the chemistry at the interface to the conducting wire so that we can minimize this additional energy loss. We want to capture most of
the energy of sunlight. That's the ultimate solar cell.
"Fossil fuels come at a great environmental cost," says Zhu. "There is no reason that we cannot be using solar energy 100 percent within 50
years."
Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy. Coauthors include William Tisdale, Brooke Timp, David Norris and
Eray Aydil from the University of Minnesota, and Kenrick Williams from The University of Texas at Austin.

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