Engineering Repot Revision
Subject: Hydraulic Calculations for Warehouse No. 1 including revision on piping layout on
branch lines
Revised by:
Date of revision: January 20, 2017
Hydraulic Calculations for Warehouse No. 1
Given:
Discharge density = 0.34GPM/ft2 (interpolated)
Protection area = 3,264ft2 x 1.30 = 4,243.2ft2 (additional 30% for dry pipe system)
Protection area per sprinkler = 100ft2
Sprinkler spacing = 10ft X 10ft
K‐Factor = 11.2GPM/psi1/2
Considering the sprinkler system of warehouse no. 1 arrange using conventional tree system
configuration (see Appendix IA to IB REV. 01‐20‐17)
Calculate the total number of sprinklers and number of sprinkler per branch line at the
hydraulically most demanding area of operation.
4,243.2
42.4 43
100
1.2 4,243.2
7.8 8
10
Note: Consider only 6 sprinklers per branch line (referring to attached Appendix drawings)
Step 1. At sprinkler head no. 1
Flow of the most remote sprinkler:
0.34 100 34
Pressure to obtain a flow of 34GPM:
√
34
9.22
11.2
Step 2: Moving towards sprinkler head no. 2
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 1 to sprinkler head no. 2:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 34GPM
d = 2.067”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 34 .
0.02
100 . 2.067 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft from sprinkler head no. 1 to 2:
0.02 10
0.20
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 0.70ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 0.70 0.30
The pressure loss in this segment of pipe due to friction and change in elevation is added to the
pressure required to deliver minimum flow to the end sprinkler head.
Pressure required at sprinkler head no. 2:
9.22 0.20 0.30
9.72
Expected flow at sprinkler head no. 2:
√ 2 11.2√9.72
34.92
Note the increase in flow at sprinkler head no. 2. The pipe feeding sprinkler no. 2 is carrying the
combined flow of 34GPM to sprinkler head no. 1 and 34.92GPM to sprinkler head no. 2.
Total flow from sprinkler head no. 2 towards sprinkler no. 1:
34.92 34
68.92
Step 3: Moving towards sprinkler head no. 3
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 2 to sprinkler head no. 3:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 68.92GPM
d = 2.067”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 68.92 .
0.07
100 . 2.067 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft from sprinkler head no. 2 to 3:
0.07 10
0.70
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 0.70ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 0.70 0.30
Pressure required at sprinkler head no. 3:
9.72 0.70 0.30
10.72
Expected flow at sprinkler head no. 3:
√ 3 11.2√10.72
36.67
Note the increase in flow at sprinkler head no. 3. The pipe feeding sprinkler no. 3 is carrying the
combined flow of 68.92GPM to sprinkler head no. 1 & 2 and 36.67GPM to sprinkler head no. 3.
Total flow from sprinkler head no. 3 towards sprinkler no. 1 & 2:
36.67 68.92
105.59
Step 4: Moving towards sprinkler head no. 4
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 3 to sprinkler head no. 4:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 105.59GPM
d = 2.067”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 105.59 .
0.14
100 . 2.067 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft from sprinkler head no. 3 to 4:
0.14 10
1.4
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 0.70ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 0.70 0.30
Pressure required at sprinkler head no. 4:
10.72 1.4 0.30
12.42
Expected flow at sprinkler head no. 4:
11.2√12.42
39.47
Note the increase in flow at sprinkler head no. 4. The pipe feeding sprinkler no. 4 is carrying the
combined flow of 105.59GPM to sprinkler head no. 1 & 3 and 39.47GPM to sprinkler head no.
4.
Total flow from sprinkler head no. 4 towards sprinkler no. 1 & 3:
39.47 105.59
145.06
Step 5: Moving towards sprinkler head no. 5
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 4 to sprinkler head no. 5:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 145.06GPM
d = 3.068”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 145.06 .
0.04
100 . 3.068 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft from sprinkler head no. 4 to 5:
0.04 10
0.4
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 0.70ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 0.70 0.30
Pressure required at sprinkler head no. 5:
12.42 0.4 0.30
13.12
Expected flow at sprinkler head no. 5:
11.2√13.12
40.57
Note the increase in flow at sprinkler head no. 5. The pipe feeding sprinkler no. 5 is carrying the
combined flow of 145.06GPM to sprinkler head no. 1 & 4 and 40.57GPM to sprinkler head no.
5.
Total flow from sprinkler head no. 5 towards sprinkler no. 1 & 4:
40.57 145.06
185.63
Step 6: Moving towards sprinkler head no. 6
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 5 to sprinkler head no. 6:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 185.63GPM
d = 3.068”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 185.63 .
0.06
100 . 3.068 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft from sprinkler head no. 4 to 5:
0.06 10
0.6
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 0.70ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 0.70 0.30
Pressure required at sprinkler head no. 6:
13.12 0.6 0.30
14.02
Expected flow at sprinkler head no. 6:
11.2√14.02
41.94
Note the increase in flow at sprinkler head no. 6. The pipe feeding sprinkler no. 6 is carrying the
combined flow of 185.63GPM to sprinkler head no. 1 & 5 and 41.94GPM to sprinkler head no.
5.
Total flow from sprinkler head no. 6 towards sprinkler no. 1 & 5:
41.94 185.63
227.57
Step 7: Moving towards point “A1”
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 6 to point “A1”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 227.57GPM
d = 3.068”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 227.57 .
0.09
100 . 3.068 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 1.7ft from sprinkler head no. 6 to point
A1:
0.09 1.70
0.15
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 0.12ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 0.12 0.05
Pressure required at point “A1”:
14.02 0.15 0.05
14.22
Since there is no flow at point “A1”:
0
0 227.57 227.57
Step 8: At Elbow @ point “A1”
Friction loss at elbow is the same with friction loss at sprinkler head no. 6 to point “A1”:
0.09
Equivalent length of 3” 90o long turn elbow:
5
C value multiplier for C = 100; multiplying factor = 0.713
0.713 5 3.56
Pressure loss due to friction @ equivalent length (Le) = 3.56ft:
0.09 3.56 0.32
Pressure required at elbow:
0.32 14.22 14.54
Step 9: Moving towards point “A2”
Friction loss at point “A2” is the same with friction loss at sprinkler head no. 6 to point “A1”:
0.09
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 1.64ft from elbow at point “A1” to
point “A2”:
0.09 1.64
0.15
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 1.64ft:
Since pressure loss due to change in elevation is 0.433psi/ft,
0.433 1.64 0.71
Pressure required at point “A2”:
14.54 0.15 0.71
15.4
Determining the K‐factor for this demand will be helpful since this is a significant point in the
system and the K‐factor will use in later calculation process.
227.57
57.99 /
√15.4
Step 10: Moving towards point “B”
Friction loss from point “A2” to point “B”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 227.57GPM
d = 4.026”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 227.57 .
0.02
100 . 4.026 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.02 10 0.20
Pressure required at point “B”:
0.20 15.4
15.6
Step 11: The next step is to determine the flow and pressure at sprinkler head no. 7. Again,
minimum flow and pressure are established at this point. Examining the system, note that
sprinkler head no. 7 through 12 are laid out exactly the same as heads no. 1 through 6.
The procedure for calculating heads 7 through 12 is identical and will results in exactly the same
as results in heads 1 through 6. The demand at reference point “B” is again 227.57GPM and
15.4psi. This is the second time reference point “B” is reached in the calculation process. There
are two calculated pressures at point “B”. However, only one can exist. The most demanding
pressure is the greater of the two or 15.6psi. Since the flow and pressure demands are the
same, it stands to reason that:
57.99√15.6 229.04 "B"
The total flow leaving at point “B”:
229.04 227.57 456.61
Step 12: Moving towards point “C”
Friction loss from point “B” to point “C”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 456.61GPM
d = 4.026”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 456.61 .
0.08
100 . 4.026 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.08 10 0.8
Pressure required at point “C”:
15.6 0.8
16.4
Step 13: Again, the next step is to determine the flow and pressure at sprinkler head no. 13.
The minimum flow and pressure are established at this point. Examining the system, note that
sprinkler head no. 13 through 18 are laid out exactly the same as heads no. 1 through 6.
The procedure for calculating heads 13 through 18 is identical and will results in exactly the
same as results in heads 1 through 6. The demand at reference point “C” is again 227.57GPM
and 15.4psi. This is the second time reference point “C” is reached in the calculation process.
There are two calculated pressures at point “C”. However, only one can exist. The most
demanding pressure is the greater of the two or 16.4psi. Since the flow and pressure demands
are the same, it stands to reason that:
57.99√16.4 234.84 "C"
The total flow leaving at point “C”:
234.84 456.61 691.45
Step 14: Moving towards point “D”
Friction loss from point “C” to point “D”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 691.45GPM
d = 4.026”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 691.45 .
0.18
100 . 4.026 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.18 10 1.8
Pressure required at point “D”:
1.8 16.4
18.2
Step 15: Again, the next step is to determine the flow and pressure at sprinkler head no. 19.
The minimum flow and pressure are established at this point. Examining the system, note that
sprinkler head no. 19 through 24 are laid out exactly the same as heads no. 1 through 6.
The procedure for calculating heads 19 through 24 is identical and will results in exactly the
same as results in heads 1 through 6. The demand at reference point “D” is again 227.57GPM
and 15.4psi. This is the second time reference point “D” is reached in the calculation process.
There are two calculated pressures at point “D”. However, only one can exist. The most
demanding pressure is the greater of the two or 18.2psi. Since the flow and pressure demands
are the same, it stands to reason that:
57.99√18.2 247.39 "D"
The total flow leaving at point “D”:
247.39 691.45 938.84
Step 16: Moving towards point “E”
Friction loss from point “D” to point “E”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 938.84GPM
d = 4.026”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 938.84 .
0.32
100 . 4.026 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.32 10 3.2
Pressure required at point “E”:
18.2 3.2
21.4
Step 17: Again, the next step is to determine the flow and pressure at sprinkler head no. 25.
The minimum flow and pressure are established at this point. Examining the system, note that
sprinkler head no. 25 through 30 are laid out exactly the same as heads no. 1 through 6.
The procedure for calculating heads 25 through 30 is identical and will results in exactly the
same as results in heads 1 through 6. The demand at reference point “E” is again 227.57GPM
and 15.4psi. This is the second time reference point “E” is reached in the calculation process.
There are two calculated pressures at point “E”. However, only one can exist. The most
demanding pressure is the greater of the two or 21.4psi. Since the flow and pressure demands
are the same, it stands to reason that:
57.99√21.4 268.26 "E"
The total flow leaving at point “E”:
268.26 938.84 1,207.1
Step 18: Moving towards point “F”
Friction loss from point “E” to point “F”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 1,207.1GPM
d = 4.026”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 1,207.1 .
0.51
100 . 4.026 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.51 10 5.1
Pressure required at point “F”:
21.4 5.1
26.5
Step 19: Again, the next step is to determine the flow and pressure at sprinkler head no. 31.
The minimum flow and pressure are established at this point. Examining the system, note that
sprinkler head no. 31 through 36 are laid out exactly the same as heads no. 1 through 6.
The procedure for calculating heads 31 through 36 is identical and will results in exactly the
same as results in heads 1 through 6. The demand at reference point “F” is again 227.57GPM
and 15.4psi. This is the second time reference point “F” is reached in the calculation process.
There are two calculated pressures at point “F”. However, only one can exist. The most
demanding pressure is the greater of the two or 26.5psi. Since the flow and pressure demands
are the same, it stands to reason that:
57.99√26.5 298.52 "F"
The total flow leaving at point “F”:
298.52 1,207.1 1,505.62
Step 20: Moving towards point “G”
Friction loss from point “F” to point “G”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 1,505.62GPM
d = 6.065”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
.
4.52 1,505.62
0.1
100 . 6.065 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.1 10 1.0
Pressure required at point “G”:
26.5 1.0
27.5
Step 21: Again, the next step is to determine the flow and pressure at sprinkler head no. 37.
The minimum flow and pressure are established at this point. Examining the system, note that
sprinkler head no. 37 through 42 are laid out exactly the same as heads no. 1 through 6.
The procedure for calculating heads 37 through 42 is identical and will results in exactly the
same as results in heads 1 through 6. The demand at reference point “G” is again 227.57GPM
and 15.4psi. This is the second time reference point “G” is reached in the calculation process.
There are two calculated pressures at point “G”. However, only one can exist. The most
demanding pressure is the greater of the two or 27.5psi. Since the flow and pressure demands
are the same, it stands to reason that:
57.99√27.5 304.1 "G"
The total flow leaving at point “G”:
304.1 1,505.62 = 1,809.72 GPM
Step 22: Moving towards point “H”
Friction loss from point “G” to point “H”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 1,809.72GPM
d = 6.065”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
.
4.52 1,809.72
0.15
100 . 6.065 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 10ft:
0.15 10 1.5
Pressure required at point “H”:
27.5 1.5
29
Step 23: At sprinkler head no. 43
0.34 100 34
√
34
9.22
11.2
Moving towards point “H”
Actua length (include fittings) = 1.7 + 1.64 + 3.56 = 6.9 ft
Le = 1.64 ft
Friction loss from sprinkler head no. 43 to point “H”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 34GPM
d = 3.068”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
4.52 34 .
0.003
100 . 3.068 .
Pressure loss due to friction @ actual length (L) = 6.9ft:
0.003 6.9 0.02
Pressure loss due to elevation @ H = 1.64ft:
0.433 1.64 0.71
Pressure required at point “H”:
9.22 0.02 0.71
9.95
K‐Factor at point “H”:
34
10.78
√9.95
This is the second time reference point “H” is reached in the calculation process. There are two
calculated pressures at point “H”. However, only one can exist. The most demanding pressure is
the greater of the two or 29psi. Since the flow and pressure demands are the same, it stands to
reason that:
10.78√29 58.05 "H"
The total flow leaving at point “H”:
58.05 1,809.72 1,867.77
Step 24: Moving towards point “I” (base of the riser)
Friction loss from point “H” to point “I”:
Using Hazen/Williams equation,
.
4.52
. .
Where:
Q = 1,867.77GPM
d = 6.065”
C = 100 (black steel – dry system including pre‐action)
.
4.52 1,867.77
0.16
100 . 6.065 .
LT = 232.5ft (include all fittings)
Le = 22.71ft (include all fittings)
Pressure loss due to friction @ LT = 232.5ft:
0.16 232.5 37.2
Pressure loss due to change in elevation @ H = 22.71ft
0.433 22.71 9.83
Pressure required at point “I” (base of the riser):
29 37.2 9.83
76
Additional residual pressure of 65psi, thus:
65 76
141
The demand at the base of the riser is 2000 GPM and 145 psi
Appendix Table 1_rev 01‐20‐17. Hydraulic calculation summary
Discharge density = 0.34GPM/ft2 over 4,243.2ft2 (additional 30% in protection area for dry pipe system)
Friction Pressure loss Pressure loss Required
Sprinkler Added Total Pipe ID Length Ref.
Fitting Elevation (ft) lost due to friction due to pressure
head no. GPM GPM (in.) (ft) pt.
(psi/ft) (psi) elevation (psi) (psi)
9.22
1 34.00 34.00 2.067 ‐ 10.00 0.70 0.02 0.20 0.30 9.72
2 34.92 68.92 2.067 ‐ 10.00 0.70 0.07 0.70 0.30 10.72
3 36.67 105.59 2.067 ‐ 10.00 0.70 0.14 1.40 0.30 12.42
4 39.47 145.06 3.068 ‐ 10.00 0.70 0.04 0.40 0.30 13.12
5 40.57 185.63 3.068 ‐ 10.00 0.70 0.06 0.60 0.30 14.02
6 41.94 227.57 3.068 ‐ 1.70 0.12 0.09 0.15 0.05 14.22
‐ 0.00 227.57 3.068 elbow 3.56 0.00 0.09 0.32 0.00 14.54 A1
‐ 0.00 227.57 3.068 ‐ 1.64 1.64 0.09 0.15 0.71 15.40 A2
‐ 0.00 227.57 4.026 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.02 0.20 0.00 15.60 B
227.57 from A2 15.40 A2
229.04 456.61 Adjusted flow 15.60 B
‐ 0.00 456.61 4.026 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.08 0.80 0.00 16.40 C
456.61 From B 15.60 B
234.84 691.45 Adjusted flow 16.40 C
‐ 0.00 691.45 4.026 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.18 1.80 0.00 18.20 D
691.45 From C 16.40 C
247.39 938.84 Adjusted flow 18.20 D
‐ 0.00 938.84 4.026 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.32 3.20 0.00 21.40 E
938.84 From D 18.20 D
268.26 1,207.10 Adjusted flow 21.40 E
‐ 0.00 1,207.10 4.026 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.51 5.10 0.00 26.50 F
1,207.10 From E 21.40 E
298.52 1,505.62 Adjusted flow 26.50 F
‐ 0.00 1,505.62 6.065 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.10 1.00 0.00 27.50 G
1,505.62 From F 26.50 F
304.10 1,809.72 Adjusted flow 27.50 G
‐ 0.00 1,809.72 6.065 ‐ 10.00 0.00 0.15 1.50 0.00 29.00 H
1,809.72 From G 27.50 G
58.05 1,867.77 Adjusted flow 29.00 H
‐ 0.00 1,867.77 6.065 ‐ 232.50 22.71 0.16 37.20 9.83 76.00 I
additional 65psi residual pressure 141.00
demand at base of riser are 1,867.77GPM at 141psi
Thus, the required duty condition of the fire pump shall be 2000GPM at 145psi.
