BIOCHEM LAB: CARBOHYDRATES
Contents: ‘General Tests Table,’ ‘Specific Tests Table,’ ‘Type of Glucose for Chicken liver, Carrageenan & Starch,’ ‘Tests w/
Dehydration,’ ‘Tests w/ Oxidation’
CARBOHYDRATES GENERAL TESTS
TEST PURPOSE REAGENTS POSITIVE RESULT PRINCIPLE INVOLVED
Molisch General test for α- naphtol Sugars with 4 or more -Dehydration using H2SO4
carbohydrates carbon
conc. H2SO4 Fufural or hydroxymethyl furfural
Purple/violet ring
-Condensation with α- naphthol
Iodine Test for Aq. solution of Blue-black – cold I2 gets
trapped in the helix of amylose to form
amylose iodine starch-iodine complex
present in Pink - hot
starch -helix form will become linear when heated
releasing the iodine
Fehling’s Reducing Alkaline solution Red to red orange to brick Oxidation of reducing sugars
sugars red ppt (precipitate)
A. CuSO4
-free aldehyde
B. Rochell salt
-terminal Cu++ -> CuO
dihydroxy NaOH ppt
ketone
Benedict’s Reducing sugar Alkaline solution Cu++ -> CuO Oxidation of reducing sugars
CuSO4 Quantitative based on the color
Sodium citrate
Na2CO3
Glucose- monomer
Carageenan- linear polymer of galactose
Chicken liver- glycogen- branched glucose
Starch amylose- linear α –glucose
Amylopectin- branched α –glucose
Cellulose- linear β- glucose
CARBOHYDRATES SPECIFIC TESTS (di ko pa nagagawa sorry)
Tests with Dehydration
Molisch H2SO4 violet all carbs
α- naphtol
Seliwanoff’s HCl resorcinol cherry red ketose
Bial’s HCl orcinol blue-green pentose
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TABLE
Glands Hormone Target Tissue Response Hyper- Hypo-
● Increase gene expression, breakdown of lipids, release of fatty
Anterior Growth Hormone Most Tissue acids Gigantism; Dwarfism
Pituitary ● Increase of blood glucose Acromegal
● Increase Thyroid hormone secretion
Thyroid-stimulating Thyroid Gland Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
hormone (TSH)
● Increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol)
Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal Cortex ● Increases skin pigmentation (high concentrations) Cushing Disease Hypoadrenalism
hormone (ACTH)
(adrenal
insufficiency)
● Increase melanin production (darker skin)
Melanocyte-stimulat Melanocytes Abnormally dark Abnormally light
ing hormone (MSH) skin pigment skin pigment
● Promotes ovulation and progesterone production
Luteinizing Ovary; Testes ● Promotes testosterone synthesis and support sperm cell No known Failure of sexual
Hormone (LH) or production effects maturation
interstitial
cell-stimulating
hormone (ICSH)
● Promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
Follicle-stimulating Follicles in ● Promotes sperm cell production No known Failure of sexual
hormone (FSH) ovary; effects maturation
Seminiferous
tubules in
males
● Stimulates milk production
Prolactin Ovary and ● Prolongs progesterone secretion Disrupt normal Poor milk
mammary ● Increases sensitivity to LH in males menstrual cycles production in
glands; Testis in females; female
Causes
impotence in
males
● Conserves water
Posterior Antidiuretic Kidney ● Constricts Blood vessels Edema; Frequent
Pituitary hormone (ADH) Hypertension urination
(diabetes
insipidus)
● Increases uterine contractions
Oxytocin Uterus; ● Increases milk letdown No known effects Weak labor
Mammary contraction
glands
● Increase metabolic rates
Thyroid Thyroid Hormones Most cells ● Essential for normal process of growth and maturation Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
(goiter or Graves’
disease)
● Decrease rate of bone breakdown
Calcitonin Primarily ● Prevents increase in blood Ca2+ level Affect normal balances of calcium
bones and phosphate
● Increase of bone breakdown by osteoclasts
Parathyroid Parathyroid Bone; Kidney ● Increase vitamin D synthesis Osteitis fibrosa Tetany
● Maintenance of normal blood calcium levels cystica
Hypocalcemia
Osteoporosis
● Prepares body for physical activity
Adrenal Epinephrine, Heart, blood ● Increase cardiac output Hypertension, No known effects
Medulla norepinephrine vessels, liver, ● Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart increased blood
adipocytes ● Increase of glucose and fatty acids glucose level ,
and high heart
rate
● Increase rate of sodium transport, potassium secretion
Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids Kidneys; ● Water retention Primary
intestine and aldosteronism Hypoaldosteronis
(aldosterone) sweat glands m
● Increase lipid and protein breakdown
Glucocorticoids Most tissues ● Increase glucose synthesis from amino acids Cushing’s Addison’s
● Increase blood nutrient levels syndrome disease
(cortisol) ● Inhibit inflammation and immune response
● Increase in female sexual drive, growth of pubic hair and axillary
Adrenal androgens Most tissues hair Gynecomastia Congenital
in males; adrenal
Hyperaldosteroni hyperplasia
sm
● Increase uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
Pancreas Insulin Liver, skeletal, Hyperinsulinism Diabetes
adipose tissue mellitus
● Increase breakdown of glycogen
Glucagon Liver ● Release of glucose into the circulatory system Glucagonoma Hypoglycemia
● Sperm cell production
Testes Testosterone Most tissues ● Maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sex Broad effects in male reproduction
characteristics, sexual behavior
● Uterine and mammary gland development and function
Ovaries Estrogen, Most tissues ● External genitalia structure Broad effects in female reproduction
progesterone ● Secondary sex characteristics
● Sexual behavior
● Menstrual cycle
● Mediate inflammatory responses
Uterus, ovaries, Prostaglandins Most tissues ● Increase uterine contractions and ovulation Unwanted
inflamed tissues inflammation;
More-severe
menstrual cramps
● Promotes immune system development and function
Thymus Thymosin Immune
tissues
● Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Pineal Gland Melatonin Hypothalamus ● Inhibits reproductions Reset circadian Difficulty
rhythms, bring on sleeping or
sleepiness and forgetfulness
lower core body
temperature