ARMY LISTS

BOOK ONE — 3000 BC — 75 AD

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FOR USE WITH WARGAMES RULES 3000 BC TO 1485 AD

WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP AUGUST 1981

 ARMY LISTS FOR USE WITH
WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP RULES 3000 BC to 1485 AD

BOOK I

Collections ofarmy lists suchasthisoriginated from theneed ofconvention organisers to impose some control on
entrants, butare now increasingly used for other competition battles aswell. Theyimprove trust between players
who may be strangers to each other by hindering the gamesmen specialising in gimmick armies, ensure that
armies bear at least a passing resemblance to their historical originals, provide a guide for thebeginner planning
his army with little previous knowledge, and provide a bench mark for further research. They have also in the
past encouraged figure manufacturers to introduce extra figure ranges that would not otherwise have appeared.
This collection differs from our original edition of April 1977 in being fully compatible with the current set of
rules, incorporating thelatest research, and in including many more armies. I have tried to provide contemporary
opponents for allthemore important armies tosuittheminority ofplayers who donot like fighting outofperiod.
Most ofthearmy lists are accompanied byfoot notes which split them into further historical sub-periods, explain
why particular definitions have been adopted, sketch the historical background of the more obscure armies, or
provide hints on tactics.

Not all the research involved has been my own. I gratefully acknowledge the help provided by a multitude of
contributors to Slingshot and correspondents who have sent scores of suggested listsand comments, often unfor
tunately incompatible with each other, and especially the help ofNigel Stillman and Nigel Tallis with the early
armies, Duncan Head with the Hellenistic armies, and Jim Webster with the hairy fringes. However, the final
decision has always been mine, and those worthies should not necessarily be blamed for the final result.

Noancient or medieval army isasfully documented asthose oflater periods, and there isoften ground for dispute
even with the best known. In such cases I have tried to reach a consensus with other researchers and usually
succeeded in most particulars. In some other cases, an army has had to be reconstructed from quite tenuous
literary or archaeological evidence combined with parallels from other armies. I have thentriedto produce a list
which, while consistent with all the evidence, has a distinctive flavour of its own. I have also tried to provide as
much variety and colour as possible, so you will find some lists include troop types which, though mentioned in
ancient literary sources, may very well be fictional. However, none of these are so dangerous or present in such
numbers as to much affect the army's prowess and allareeasily countered by a player who works out the correct
tactics.

These lists will certainly provoke discussion inSlingshot and we ourselves welcome letters ofcomment, though it
may not be possible to reply to these as fully as we might wish. Alternatively, my phone number is (021) 472
6207, or youcanbendmyearat Shows. Please try to appreciate, though, that a wargamer may view his favourite
army in a more rosy light than his friends. We are unlikely to please everybody, and must be content if we
achieve equality of dissatisfaction!

Despite fears expressed by some that publication of our original lists would inhibit private research, it is now
evident that, to thecontrary, it vastly increased it. Plenty ofscope remains, and not just for refining existing lists.
Unfortunately, it is not possible for us to provide additional lists by individual request. Each list takes several
days' work, and we just don't have the time.

Phil Barker

ABBREVIATIONS
Those used for troop types and reaction classes are already defined in the rules. P, A and S used in respect of
standards mean Personal, Army or Sacred respectively. JLS=Javelin or lightspear, D=Dart, B=Bow, S=Sling,
LB=Long Bow, CB=Crossbow, SS =StaffSling, HG=Hand Gun, L=Lance, P=Pike, LTS=Long Thrusting
Spear, HTW =Heavy Throwing Weapon, 2HCW=Two-Handed Cutting Weapon, 2HCT=Two-Handed Cut-
and-Thrust Weapon, 2SA=Two Side Arms, IPW=Improvised Peasant Weapon, Sh= Shield.
FORMATIONS
Wedge, African and Testudo formations can only be used by troops specified as able to do so by the lists.

FORTIFIED CAMPS
All armies are entitled to a fortified camp represented by defences in an arc of approximately 70 paces on their
base table edge, but must pay the requisite points. Those armies entitled to a larger camp or one in a different
position have it included in [Link] are likely to be armies thatmade an important useof suchacampin a
historical battle.

SPECIAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Armies that used casualty inflictingobstacles, dummy elephants, flaming pigsor similar tricks in response to an
unusual threat in a historical battle have them included in their list. They cannot employ them unless their oppo
nents have the option of using the weapons they were intended to counter. No other armies can use them.

SIEGES
In siege games, players may have more artillery than included in these lists, any special siege equipment they
require, and the defender will commence behind fortifications. Players must be able to demonstrate that their
army historically had the skills to use such artillery and special equipment and the opportunity to acquire them.

ARMIES INCLUDED:
1. SUMERIAN AND AKKADIAN. 3000 BC to 2000 BC.
>2. OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPTIAN. 3000 BC to 1580 BC.
3. NUBIAN. 3000 BC to 1400 BC.
4. EARLY LIBYAN. 3000 BC to 1250 BC.
5. MIDIANITE ARABS. 2300 BC to 700 BC.
6. EARLY SHANG CHINESE. 1720 BC to 1200 BC.
7. NORTHERN BARBARIANS. 1720 BC to 500 BC.
8. HYKSOS AND EARLY CANAANITE. 1650 BC to 1340 BC.
9. HITTITES AND NEO-HITTITE SUCCESSOR STATES. 1640 BC to 710 BC.
10. MYCENAEN AND MINOAN GREEK. 1600 BC to 1150 BC.
Ml. NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN. 1580 BC to 1085 BC.
12. EARLY ASSYRIAN. 1400 BC to 745 BC.
*13. EARLY HEBREW. 1250 BC to 1000 BC.
14. LIBYAN AND SEA PEOPLES ALLIANCE. 1230 BC to 1165 BC.
'15. PHILISTINE AND LATE CANAANITE. 1200 BC to 1000 BC.
>16. LATER SHANG, CHOU AND CH'IN CHINESE. 1200 BC to 200 BC.
17. DARK AGE AND GEOMETRIC GREEK. 1150 BC to 700 BC.
\18. NEW BABYLONIAN AND ALLIES. 1140 BC to 540 BC.
X19. LATE HEBREW. 1000 BC to 580 BC.
20. LIBYAN EGYPTIAN. 950 BC to 750 BC.
x21. INDIAN. 900 BC to 430 AD.
22. KUSHITE EGYPTIAN. 750 BC to 660 BC.
x23. NEW ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. 745 BC to 610 BC.
24. EARLY HOPLITE GREEK. 700 BC to 450 BC.
25. SKYTHIAN OR HSIUNG NU. 700 BC to 50 BC.
26. ILLYRIAN. 700 BC to 10 AD.
27. THRACIAN. 700 BC to 46 AD.
x28. EARLY ACHAEMENID PERSIAN. 670 BC to 420 BC.
A29. SAITIC EGYPTIAN. 660 BC to 525 BC and 405 BC to 335 BC.
 ARMIES INCLUDED (continued):

30. EARLY ITALIAN. 650 BC to 275 BC.

31. CARTHAGINIAN. 550 BC to 146 BC.
32. LATER HOPLITE GREEK. 450 BC to 275 BC.
>r 33. LATER ACHAEMENID PERSIAN. 420 BC to 330 BC.
x 34. SYRACUSAN. 410 BC to 210 BC.
35. GALLIC. 400 BC to 50 BC.
X36. ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN. 355 BC to 330 BC.
a37. ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL. 330 BC to 320 BC.
38. ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR. 320 BC to 300 BC.
,*39. LYSIMACHID. 320 BC to 280 BC.
40. MACEDONIAN EARLY SUCCESSOR. 320 BC to 260 BC.
A41. SELEUCID. 320 BC to 83 BC.
42. PTOLEMAIC. 320 BC to 40 BC.
^43. PYRRHIC. 300 BC to 275 BC.
44. ARMENIAN. 300 BC to 386 AD.
45. GALATIAN. 280 BC to 25 BC.
>46. CAMILLAN ROMAN. 275 BC to 105 BC.
47. HELLENISTIC GREEK. 275 BC to 146 BC.
48. PERGAMENE. 263 BC to 130 BC.
49. LATER MACEDONIAN. 260 BC to 148 BC.
x 50. BACTRIAN GREEK. 250 BC to 30 BC.
51. PARTHIAN. 250 BC to 225 AD.
52. SPANISH. 240 BC to 20 BC.
53. NUMIDIAN. 215 BC to 25 AD.
54. HAN CHINESE. 200 BC to 220 AD.
55. SARMATIAN. 200 BC to 375 AD.
v 56. MACCABEAN JEWISH. 168 BC to 104 BC.
57. EARLY GERMAN. 115 BC to 250 AD.
58. MITHRIDATIC. 110 BC to 47 BC
59. MARIAN ROMAN. 105 BC to 25 BC.
V60. ANCIENT BRITISH. 55 BC to 75 AD.

1. SUMERIAN AND AKKADIAN.

3000 BC to 2000 BC.

C-in-C with JLS in four-onager heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver
or alone, or on foot as LMI, JLS, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General with JLS in four-onager heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver or alone, or on foot as MI or LMI, JLS, @ 50 points. Up to 1
Ally-General withJLS in four-onager heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver or alone, @ 75 points. Up to 2
Image of city patron god as A standard to be carried by regular foot soldier, @ 20 points. Up to 1
Extra to upgrade A standard to SA, @ 120 points. Up to 1
Four-onager heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crewof unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @
20 points. *4 to 12
Bodyguard "Regular B" LMI, 2HCW, D, @ 5 points. Up to 12
Spearmen "Regular D" MI, LTS or JLS, @ 2 points. 54 to 243
Extra to give up to half spearmen in army Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 90
Archers "Regular D" LI, B, @ 2 points. 6 to 27
Extra to upgrade "Regular D" infantry to "Regular C", ® 1 point. Up to 180
Javelinmen "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. 32 to 108
Extra to upgrade javelinmen to "Irregular C", @ 1 point. Up to 54
Slingers "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. Up to 60
Martu or Guti javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 60
Extra to upgrade Guti to "Irregular A", @ 2 points. Up to 14
Extra to give Martu Sh, @ 1 point. All or none
Martu or Guti archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 30
Up to 9 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 9 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 3 irregular command factors @ 10 points to provide chariot units with detachment
of LI javelinmen.

Onagers are treated as if horses. Since theyare in fact somewhat weaker (though more vicious), and the chariots
are of clumsier construction than later, it has been thought best toclassify these as heavy despite thecrew's lack of
armour. Some chariots had an internal saddle-like seat for asingle rider to sitastride. We choose to interpret these
as command chariots. Large Sumerian armies had tobean amalgamation ofseveral citystates, hence thelisting of
allied generals. No ally general should command less than 5 chariots including his own, 27 spearmen and 9
javelinmen. Allied troops and mercenaries such as Martu and Guti regard an SA standard only as an A standard.
Martu are desert nomads, Guti Zagros mountaineers. Theycannot beused unless there are atleast 24"Regular
C" archers in the army. "Irregular A" Gutimust beaccompanied by aGuti subordinate general on foot. Martu
cannot have shields if thearmy has any chariots other than those carrying generals. The bodyguard are based on
figures with axe and boomerang-like throwing stick depicted accompanying rulers. They cannot be used with
Martu, Guti, ally generals, orwith less than 24 "Regular C" archers. The spear carried by MI is depicted by
reliefs as short, but the two-handed grasp has caused speculation that it was really a long one intended to halt
chariot charges, but which had to be shortened by the artist to fit his frame. MI spears must all be classed the
same, whichever theory oflength you prefer. MIare depicted marching inclose formations ofthe same type, but
it has been plausibly suggested that theyfought in combined formations of which onlythe front rank has shields.
Military archery isdepicted by some lesser known reliefs. Slingers are not depicted, butlarge quantities of sling
missiles have been found by archaeologists and the sling is still used by shepherds of the region. Minimum.;
marked * apply only if any troops of that type used.

2. OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPTIAN.

3000 BC to 1580 BC.

C-in-C on foot or mounted on an ass as HI or MI, @ 100 points. 1

Horus PA standard carried by bodyguard, @30 points. Up to 1
Sub-General on foot as MI, B, @50 points. Up to 2
Infantry "Regular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 60 to 180
Axemen "Regular C" MI, 2HCW, Sh, @ 4 points. 12 to 36
Extra to upgrade either of two above to "Regular A" as bodyguards, @2 points. Up to 24
Archers "Regular C" MI, B, @ 3 points. 60 to 180
Javelinmen "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 12
Skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 12
Medja Nubians "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. 12 to 36
Arabs "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Libyans "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @2 points. Up to 15
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 5 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Troops depicted by monuments as only carrying side arms are assumed to have javelins as well. A general
mounted on an ass is treated as if a mounted infantryman. Players should not despise the unshielded light
javelinman, who is both cheap and useful. From about 1800 BC onwards, the northern half of Egypt was
occupied by the Hyksos, but themilitary system of the southern halfprobably remained thesame until Khamose
reformed the army and started driving the Hyksos out.

3. NUBIAN.
3000 BC to 1400 BC.

C-in-C on foot (or on ass?) as LMI, B, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General on foot as LMI or LI, JLS or B, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Bodyguard "Irregular B" LMI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 14
Fanatics "Irregular A" LMI, 2 SA, @5 points. Up to 30
Warriors "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 20 to 40
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI,JLS, @2 points. Up to 50
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. 100 to 300
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
 A

Troops depicted by monuments as only carrying side arms are assumed to have javelins as well. A general
mounted on an ass is treated as if a mounted infantryman. The fanatics are tenuously justified by figures with a
spear in one hand and a club in the other, plus the later habits of the region. Nubia was annexed by Egypt in 1898
BC, but occasional trouble persisted as late as Amenhotep Ill's campaign of 1446 BC.

4. EARLY LIBYAN.
3000 BC to 1250 BC.

C-in-C on foot or mounted on ass as LMI or LI, JLS, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General on foot as LI, JLS, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Bodyguard "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, @ 3 points. Up to 15
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 200 to 500
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Up to 20 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

At first sight, an army composed almost entirely of unshielded light javelinmen appears to be of little value, and
this army was originally included only to provide an extra contemporary opponent for Egyptians. However,
playing experience with early period armies has shown that very large units of such troops in deep formations
which do not skirmish are very formidable opponents for light chariotry of much greater points cost. A general
mounted on an ass is treated as a mounted infantryman. After 1250 BC, the Libyans fought in conjunction with
the "sea peoples".

5. MIDIANITE ARABS.
2300 BC to 700 BC.

C-in-C on foot as LMI, JLS, or mounted on camel as MCm or LCm, B, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General on foot as LMI, JLS, or on camel as MCm or LCm, B, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Camelry "Irregular C" MCm, 2 with B, @ 6 points. Up to 100
Scouts "Irregular C" LCm, B, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 75 to 200
Extra to upgrade javelinmen to "Irregular B" LMI bodyguard if C-in-C on foot, @ 1 point. Up to 11
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. 50 to 75
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 50
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

The period specified is that of serious menace, rather than that of minor nuisance.

6. EARLY SHANG CHINESE.

1720 BC to 1200 BC.

C-in-C with B, 2HCT, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed
driver, or on foot as HI, B, @ 100 points. 1
PA standard to be carried in C-in-C's chariot or on foot, @ 30 points. 1
Sub-General with B, 2HCT, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver, @ 50 points. Up to 2
P standard to be carried in Sub-General's chariot or on foot, @ 10 points. For each
Halberdiers "Regular C" MI, 2HCT, @ 4 points. 72 to 144
Extra to provide halberdiers with Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 72
Spearmen "Regular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 72 to 120
Extra to upgrade spearmen to "Regular A", @ 2 points. Up to 24
Archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 12 to 72
Peasants "Irregular D" LMI, IPW, @ 1 point. Up to 100
Up to 12 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 4 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Evidence for this period is sketchy. Archaeology confirms the use of halberd, bow and spears, but as yet, no
chariots. I have therefore assumed an army much like the Later Shang, but with chariots rare even for generals
and halberdiers especially emphasised.
7. NORTHERN BARBARIANS.
1720 BC to 500 BC.

C-in-C on foot as LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1

Ally-General on foot as LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 75 points. Up to 2
P standard to accompany general, @ 5 points. All or none
Bodyguard "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 14 to 43
Warriors "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 120 to 300
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Extra to give archers shields, @ 1 point. All or none
Skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Extra to give skirmishers shields, @ 1 point. Up to 20
Slaves "Irregular D" LMI, JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 30
Extra to give slaves shields, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This list covers a number of races on the Chinese borders, some goat-herding foot nomads or hunter-gatherers,
others more settled. They were also present before 1720 BC, but had no one to fight before Chinese
expansionism. They started to be replaced by horsed nomad tribes from 1000 BC on, but the foot-fighting Rung
and Ti were still important enemies of China up to about 500 BC. No general can have a bodyguard ofmore than
15 figures including his own.

8. HYKSOS AND EARLY CANAANITE.

1650 BC to 1340 BC.

C-in-C with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver,
@ 100 points. 1
Sub-General with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Two horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, @ 16
points. 8 to 20
Two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B or JLS,
@ 16 points. 8 to 30
Extra to give up to half chariot archers JLS as well, @ 1 point. Up to half
Syrian spearmen "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 50
Syrian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 30 to 40
Syrian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Syrian archers "Irregular C" LMI, B, JLS, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Libyan javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Arab slingers "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Arab javelinmen "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 15
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

The Hyksos were a confederation of migratingchariot tribes and Syrian localrulers that conquered half of Egypt
about 1650 BC and held it until driven out by Ahmose in 1546 BC. The survivors were absorbed by the
Canaanite states of Syria, which spent the next 250 years fighting off Egyptian and Hebrew expansion with
varying success until incorporated in the Hittite empire about 1340 BC. Some of the enemy chariots shown by
Egyptian monuments are manned by javelinmen apparentlylackingbows, and these have in the past been inter
preted as Hyksos. Canaanite chariot representations depict the chariot warrior as an archer. Kings are depicted as
having a spear as well. "Syrian" is used as a general term encompassing all races of the area, including those
generally referred to as Canaanites, Phoenicians, Retennu, Amorites and Kharu.

9. HnTITES AND NEO-HITTITE SUCCESSOR STATES.

1640 BC to 710 BC.

C-in-C with B or JLS in two-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed
driver and 1 with JLS, @ 108 points. 1
Sub-General with B or JLS in two-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @ 58 points. Up to 2
Extra to provide general's chariot with P standard, @10 points. Up to 3
Hittite two-horse heavy chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B or
JLS and 1 with JLS, @ 26 points. 9 to 27
Extra to upgrade Hittite chariot to "Regular A", @ 2 points. Up to 17
Syrian two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew ofunarmed driver and 1 with B,
@ 16 points. 6 to 20
Extra to upgrade Syrian chariot to heavy by adding 1 with JLS, @6 points. Up to 6
Extra to give archer of light chariot JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 12
Syrian chariot runners "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 6 to 24
Syrian scouts "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 6
Neo-Hittite cavalry "Regular C" MC, JLS, @ 6 points. Up to 30
Extra to give Neo-Hittite cavalry Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Guards "Regular B" MI or LMI, JLS, Sh, or 2SA, @ 5 points. Up to 20
Anatolian allies "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 10 to 30
Syrian spearmen "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 20 to 50
Syrian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Syrian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 10 to 30

Neo-Hittite slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 15

Axemen or khepesh men "Irregular A" or "Regular B" MI, 2HCW, @4 points. Up to 10

Up to 5 regular command factors @ 10 points.

Up to 1 regular command factor @5 points to provide Elamite guard detachment for
C-in-C.
Up to 9 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 4 irregular command factors @ 10 points to provide Syrian chariot units with a
runner detachment.

Aproto-Hittite kingdom may have fought Akkad around 1200 BC, but the Hittites themselves thought ofthe
state as founded by Labarna around 1640 BC. Syria was incorporated inthe Hittite empire about 1340 BC. The
empire broke up under attack from the "sea peoples" about 1200 BC, and the last Neo-Hittite successor city state
fell to the Assyrians in about 710 BC. We use Syrian to include all the states allied orfeudatory to Hatti inthat
general area, such as Canaanites, Phoenicians, Retennu, Amorites and Kharu. They were sufficiently under the
thumbto be treated assubordinate rather thanallied. Troopsdescribed in the listas Neo-Hittite became available
only after the break-up ofthe empire. The axemen and khepeshmen on monuments are divinities but may also
represent guards or warrior priests. Neo-Hittite cavalry and slingers cannot be used together with irregular
chariots, chariot runners, guards or 2HCW men. Chariot runners must not exceed the number ofchariots inthe
unit they are attached toby more than 1. Shielded cavalry must not exceed the total number ofchariots in the
army including those ofgenerals. Unshielded cavalry must not exceed three times the total number ofchariots.
Neo-Hittite cavalry are depiaed with shields prior to750 BC, but not after, so seem tohave given them upatthe
same time as the Assyrians. They are not depicted with bows.

10. MYCENAEAN AND MINOAN GREEK.

1600 BC to 1150 BC.
C-in-C with LTS or JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed
driver, @ 100 points.
Sub-General with LTS or JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver, @50 points. UP t0 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with LTS or
JLS, @19 points. TT9t°^
Extra to upgrade chariot crew to "Regular A", @ 1 point. Up to 15
Cavalry "Regular B" HC, JLS, @9 points. UP t0 6
Spearmen "Regular D" or "Irregular C" MI, LTS or JLS, Sh, @3 points. 30 to 150
Extra to upgrade regular MI with JLS to HI, @2 points. UP to 80
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @2 points. 10 t0 30
Archers "Regular D" MI, B, @2 points. UP t0 50
Archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @1 point. 10 t0 50
Slingers "Irregular D" LI, S, @1 point. Up to 15
Extra to upgrade all "D" to "C", @1 point. AH or none
Up to 10 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 10 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Chariot crew with JLS, cavalry and HIcannot be used ifthere are any troops in the army with LTS. Regular MI
with LTS can be used alone or in mixed units with V4 or %archers. Archer MI cannot be used alone. The
transition from LTS to JLS took place about 1350 BC. Cavalrymen sit far back on the horse like Egyptians.

11. NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN.

1580 BC to 1085 BC.

C-in-C with B, JLS, in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew ofunarmed driver,
@ 100 points.
A standard carried in chariot or on foot, @ 20 points. Up to 1
Sub-General with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed
driver, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew ofunarmed driver and 1 with B, JLS, @
22 points. 4 to 17
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular B" crew ofunarmed driver and 1 with B,@ 19
points. 10 to 20
Chariot runners "Regular B" LMI or LI. Half each body with JLS, Sh, other halfwith
B, Sh, all @ 5 points. Up to 24
Scouts "Regular B" LC, B, @ 7 points. Up to 6
Egyptian Royal Guard "Regular A" HI, JLS, Sh, @8 points. Up to 12
Shardana Royal Guard "Regular B" HI, JLS, Sh, @7 points. Up to 12
Spearmen "Regular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 24 to 96
Axemen "Regular C" MI, 2HCW, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 24
Marines "Regular C" LMI. Halfeach unit JLS, Sh, @4 points, other halfB,@3
points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade marines to LHI, @ 2 points. All or none
Archers "Regular C" MI, B, @ 3 points. 36 to 60
Extra to upgrade archers to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 12
Light archers "Regular C" LI, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Javelinmen "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 12
Sea people or Asiatics "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 36
Nubians "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 24
Libyans "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Palestinians or Arabs "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 15
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10points.
Up to 4 regular command factors @ 5 points to provide chariot units with a runner
detachment.
Up to 10irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Troops depicted by monuments as only carrying side arms are assumed tohave javelins as well. The well-known
weighted axe is classed as atwo-handed cutting weapon because its shaft is long enough for atwo-handed grip and
the weight ofmuseum examples istoo great for them tobe effectively wielded with one. Chariot runners must not
exceed the number ofchariots in the unit they are attached to by more than 1. The Egyptians do not appear to
have used mixed bow and spear units to any great extent. The army standard can be the insignia ofthe patron god
ofthe army ofAmun, Ra, Ptah orSutekh carried in a chariot ifonly one ofthese is present, orthe Behet fans
carried by men ofa runner detachment escorting a Pharaoh's chariot orchariots if he is present.

12. EARLY ASSYRIAN.

1400 BC to 745 BC.

C-in-C with Band JLS in two-horse light, or Bin two to four-horse heavy chariot, carrying
ribboned spear as P standard, with "Regular A" crew ofunarmed driver, @110 points. 1
God symbol on pole as SA standard, to be carried in bodyguard chariot with full fighting crew
accompanying C-in-C's chariot, @140 points. Up to 1
Sub-General with Band JLS in two-horse light, orBin two to four-horse heavy chariot,
carrying ribboned spear as P standard, with "Regular A" crew ofunarmed driver, @60 points. Up to 2
Two-horse light or heavy chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, JLS,
@ 21 points. *9 to 45
Extra to add a "Regular A" shieldbearer with JLS to a general's or other heavy chariot, delete
archer's JLS and upgrade rest of crew to "Regular A", @ 7 points, or to upgrade a light
chariot's crew to "Regular A", @ 1 point. Up to 12
Extra for each horse used to increase teams of heavy chariots not carrying a general to three or
four horses, @ 3 points. Up to 90
Cavalry "Regular B" MC. Half each body JLS, Sh, @ 9 points, other half B, @ 7 points. 6 to 24
Armoured archers "Regular B" HI, B, @ 6 points. *12to 24
Armoured spearmen "Regular B" HI, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 18
Extra to upgrade cavalry or armoured infantry to "Regular A", @ 1 point. Up to 24
Asharittu "Regular C" MI. Half each unit JLS, Sh, @ 4 points, other half B, @ 3 points, or
equal numbers of both can be in separate units. 20 to 60
Extra to upgrade Asharittu to "Regular B", @ 1 point. All or none
Hupshu "Irregular C" LMI. Half each unit JLS, Sh, @ 3 points, other half B, @ 2 points, or
equal numbers of both can be in separate units. 20 to 96
Levy archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 60
Camel disguised as elephant with "Irregular C" crew of 2 with B, @ 56 points. Up to 3
Up to 10 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 3 regular command factors @ 5 points to give chariot units a cavalry detachment.
Up to 8 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

"Regular A" chariots can only be used to mount generals or in general's bodyguards. All must have the same
number of crew and horses. All "Regular B" chariots must have the same number of crew and horses, but can
have less than "Regular A" chariots. The existence of three-horse chariots is now doubted. Reliefs apparently
showing them may depict a four-horse chariot with a wounded horse cut out. The armoured infantry shown on
C9th reliefs of sieges are now thought to be dismounted charioteers. They cannot be used together with chariots
not carrying generals. Armoured archers can be used without armoured spearmen, but not vice versa. Ifboth are
used, they can be mixed equally in the same unit, or can be in separate units, in which case spearmen must not
exceed archers. They are not sufficiently armoured to qualify as EHI. Armoured infantry cannot be mixed with
unarmoured. Asharittu translates roughly as "elite troops", Hupshu as "peasant troops". The use of mixed spear
and bow unarmoured infantry units does not necessarily imply that they were raised as one unit, only that they
are now acting as one under a single commander. "Regular A" cavalry can only be used in detachments
supporting chariot units commanded personally by a general. Dummy elephants are dubiously stated to have
been used against an Indian army by Queen Semiramis, who is equated with Sammuramat, regent ofAssyria after
her husband's death in 810 BC. They can only be used against an army that could contain elephants. Minimums
marked * apply only if any troops of that type are used.

13. EARLY HEBREW.

1250 BC to 1000 BC.

C-in-C on foot as LHI, JLS, Sh @ 100 points. 1

Religious non-combatant group with Ark of the Covenant, @ 85 points. Up to 1
Sub-General on foot as LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Royal champion "Irregular B" LHI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points, or LI, S, @ 3 points. Up to 1
Picked men "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 15
Simeonites and Ephraimites "Irregular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. 20 to 60
Benjaminite archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. 10 to 30
Benjaminite slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. 10 to 30
Issachar scouts "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 10 to 30
Extra to give Benjaminites and Issachar Sh, @ 1 point. All or none
Gadites "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 10 to 30
Other 7 tribes "Irregular C" JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 60 to 210
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Players may like to distinguish picked men by giving a proportion trumpets or large jars in addition to their
weapons. The trumpets will look well in sieges as well as in night attacks! Simeonites and Ephraimites are
referred to as "mighty men of valour", Gadites as accustomed to spear and target and swift as roes upon the
mountain, and Issachar as expert scouts, and several other tribes as armed with spear and shield or with a mixture
of weapons suitable for close combat. Benjaminites were not only experts with bow and sling but were said to be
ambidextrous. They certainly carried shields at a later date. Lacking chariots oftheir own, Hebrew armies ofthis
period dealt with their exponents by striking first, usually with flank charges from difficult terrain.

14. LIBYAN AND SEA PEOPLES ALLIANCE.

1230 BC to 1165 BC.

Sea people C-in-C with JLS in two-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver and 1 with JLS, @ 106 points, or on foot as HI, JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Libyan ally-general with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver, or on foot as LMI, JLS, @ 75 points. 1
Sub-General of either nationality on foot, @ 50 points. Up to 1
Sea people two-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 2 with
JLS, @ 22 points. Up to 5
Sea people warrior "Irregular B" HI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. 19 to 50
Sea people follower "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 50 to 200
Sea people archer "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Sea people javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Libyan two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS,
@ 16 points. Up to 2
Libyan bodyguard "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, @ 3 points. Up to 14
Libyan javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 50 to 200
Libyan archer "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

The sea people appear to have been the dominant half of the alliance. They included Sherden, Peleset and
Weshwesh. They later founded the Philistine city states of southern Palestine. Players will find that unshielded
javelinmen used in very large units have surprising staying power and are especiallyuseful for absorbingchariot
charges.

15. PHILISTINE AND LATE CANAANITE.

1200 BC to 1000 BC.

C-in-C with B or JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, @
100 points. 1
Ally-General with B or JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver, @ 75 points. Up to 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B or JLS, @ 16
points. 4 to 17
Spearmen "Regular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 60 to 150
Extra to upgrade "Regular D" MI to "Regular C", @ 1 point. Up to 40
Extra to upgrade "Regular D" MI to "Regular B" HI, @ 4 points. Up to 20
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Javelinmen "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. 60 to 90
Slingers "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 20
Extra to upgrade "Irregular D" LI to "Irregular C", @ 1 point. Up to 30
Kharu archers "Irregular C" B, JLS, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This army is intendedto represent a consortium ofcities,somePhilistine andsome possiblynot. If more than one
generalis used, each general'stroops should reflecttheir different nationality as much as possible. For example,
bow-armed chariotsand unshielded infantry aremore likely to be Canaanite, and javelin-armed chariotsand good

10
shielded infantry are more likely to be Philistine. However, cities frequently employed foreign mercenaries, and
may sometimes have ruled rural populations ofmixed race or habits. No general should command less than 5
chariots including his own, 20 spearmen and 20 other infantry. Since Goliath had an armour bearer, is described
as "ofGath" and his army ran away at his death, I personally prefer to consider him ageneral rather than acham
pion. If you disagree, use one of the "Regular B" HI permitted.

16. LATER SHANG, CHOU AND CH'IN CHINESE.

1200 BC to 200 BC.

C-in-C with B in four-horse heavy chariot carrying PA standard with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver and 1 with 2HCT, JLS, @ 142 points. 1
Sub-General with B in four-horse heavy chariot carrying P standard with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver and 1 with 2HCT, JLS, @ 72 points. Up>to 2
Four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B and 1 with
2HCT, JLS, @ 36 points. *4 to 12
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular C" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B, 2HCT, JLS, @
26 points. Up to 20
Guard crossbowmen "Regular B" HI, CB, @ 6 points. *6 to 12
Cavalry "Regular C" HC, 2HCT, @ 10 points. *6 to 12
Cavalry "Regular C" LC, B, @ 6 points. Up to 80
Infantry "Regular D" MI, V» each unit P, Sh, @ 3 points, or 2HCT, Sh, @ 4 points, '/a B or
CB, @ 2 points, or 2HCT, Sh, @ 4 points. 48 to 96
Extra to upgrade Ch'in MI to HI, @ 2 points. All
Archers "Regular D" LI or LMI, B, @ 2 points. 10 to 48
Crossbowmen "Regular D" LMI or LI, CB, @ 2 points. Up to 72
Skirmisher supports "Regular D" JLS, Sh, or 2HCT, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 8 regular command factors @ 5 points to provide heavy chariot units with a detachment
of HC, HI or MI.

These dynasties overlapped and fought against each other. Chou had completely defeated Shang by 1025 BC but
split upinto separate warring states after 770 BC. Ch'in became aserious menace tothe Chou states by 320 BC
and had conquered thelast of them by 220 BC. A revolt in about 210 BC culminated in a Han victory over the
last remnants of Ch'in by 200 BC. Shang armies cannot include crossbows, cavalry or any heavy chariots except
those carrying generals. Chou armies must have at least as many heavy chariots as light chariots, at least as many
crossbows as bows, and no more cavalry figures than chariot models. Ch'in armies must have at least as many
heavy chariots as light chariots, and more cavalry figures than chariot horses. All these armies used chariots as
their main arm, supported primarily by LI archery inthe case of Shang, crossbows inthecase of Chou, and horse
archers in the case of Ch'in. Minimums marked * apply only if that troop type is not forbidden.

17. DARK AGE AND GEOMETRIC GREEK.

1150 BC to 700 BC.

C-in-C with JLS in two or four-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver,
or mounted on horse as HC, JLS, or on foot as HI, JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Ally-General with JLS in two or four-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver, or mounted on horse as HC, JLS, or on foot as HI, JLS, Sh, @ 75 points. Up to 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @ 16
points. Up to 21
Cavalry, "Irregular B" MC, JLS, @5 points. Up to 24
Spearmen "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 69 to 150
Extra to upgrade spearmen to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 150
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 10 to 90
Extra to provide javelinmen with Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 12
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. 5 to 20
Archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 15

11
Up to 20 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors @10 points to provide chariot units with an infantry
detachment.

Thetotal number ofchariot and ridden horses, including those ofgenerals, must not exceed 50. Chariots cannot
be used with HI. Cavalrymen still sit further back than usual. It is the warfare of this period that Homer
described, although he set his epic earlier. I have therefore made provision for players touse single chariot units if
they wish, each ofwhich can be accompanied by a detachment ofinfantry.

18. NEW BABYLONIAN AND ALLIES.

1140 BC to 540 BC.

Babylonian C-in-C with B in four-horse heavy chariot carrying P standard with "Regular A"
crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @ 118 points. 1
Babylonian Sub-General with B in four-horse heavy chariot carrying P standard with "Regular
A" crew ofunarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @68 points. Up to 1
Elamite, Median or Persian Ally-General with B,JLS, in four-mule heavy chariot if Elamite or
two-horse light chariot, with "Irregular B" crew ofunarmed driver, @75 points. Up to 1
Persian Sub-General responsible to Median Ally-General with B, JLS, in two-horse light chariot
with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used by
Persian cavalry, @50 points. Up to 1
Arab Ally-General mounted on camel as HCmor MCm, B, @ 75 points. *1
Lydian Ally-General mounted on horse as EHC or HC, L, @ 75 points. *1
Babylonian two-horse light chariot with "Regular C" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B,
JLS, @ 20 points. 3 t0 \2
Extra to upgrade Babylonian chariot to four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular C" crew of
unarmed driver, 1 with B, and 1 with JLS, @ 10 points. All or none
Extra to upgrade Babylonian heavy chariot to "Regular A", @4 points. Up to 4
Extra to add another man with JLS to generals' and all other Babylonian "Regular A" heavy
chariots, @ 8 points. All or none
Babylonian cavalry "Regular C" MC. Halfeach unit JLS, Sh or B, @8 points, other halfB,@
6 points. 10 to 24
Extra to upgrade Babylonian cavalry to EHC, @ 4 points. All or none
Babylonian Skythian mercenaries "Irregular C" LC, B, @4 points. Up to 10
Babylonian Chaldaean spearmen "Regular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 10 to 30
Babylonian archers "Regular D" MI, B, @ 2 points. 20 to 40
Babylonian Greek mercenary hoplites "Regular C" HI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @7 points. Up to 24
Elamite four-mule heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 3 with B, @ 32
points. *4 t0 8
Elamite two-mule light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, @ 16
points. Up t0 4
Elamite cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, B, @ 6 points. *5 to 10
Elamite archers "Irregular C" LMI, B, @ 2 points. *30 to 60
Median cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, B, @ 8 points. *10 to 20
Persian cavalry "Irregular C" HC, JLS, B, @7 points. Up to 10
Extra to give Median or Persian cavalry Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Median spearmen "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 50
Persian infantry "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, or B, Sh, or JLS, B, @ 3 points. *20 to 60
Extra to arm Persian infantry with JLS, B, Sh, @ 1 point. All or none
Lydian cavalry "Irregular B" HC, L, @ 7 points. *11 to 30
Extra to upgrade Lydian cavalry to EHC, @2 points. Any or all
Lydian two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @
16 points. Up to 6
Lydian Paphlagonian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @4 points. Up to 15
Lydian hoplites "Regular C" HI, JLS, Sh, @6 points. Up to 48
Extra to give Lydian hoplites LTS as well, @ 1 point. All or none
Lydian non-hoplite or Mysian foot "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. *5 to 40

12
Lydian Mysian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Lydian Egyptian mercenaries "Regular B" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 5 points. Up to 32
Lydian Thracian mercenaries "Irregular C" LMI, V2 JLS, V2 JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Arab scouts "Irregular C" LCm, B, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Arab camelry "Irregular C" MCm, 2 with B, @ 6 points. Up to 40
Arab foot "Irregular C" LI, % S, Vi S or B, @ 2 points. Up to 30
Up to 8 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 16 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Up till 610 BC, the Babylonians fought against the Assyrians, sometimes with Elamite and/or Arab allies, and
finally as part of a successful consortium of Babylonians, Medes, Persian vassalsof the Medes, and Arabs. They
then combined with Persians against Medes, then with Lydians and Arabs against Persia. A final revolt against
Persian rule found them fighting alone. Minimums marked * apply only if any troops of those nations are used.
Mercenaries and subject nations count in this respect as belonging to the nation employing them. Persians must
have a Sub-General if used with Medes, otherwise a Persian ally general. Elamites and Lydians cannot be used
together, or with Medes or Persians. Babylonian light chariots cannot be used with Babylonian EHC, Medes,
Persians, Lydians or Skythians. BabylonianEHC and Skythianscannot be used with Babylonian light chariots or
Elamites. Elamite chariots were very like British, the larger variety being scaled up and having 12 or 16 spoked
wheels instead of 8. The crew often squatted instead of standing. Mules are treated as horses.

19. LATE HEBREW.

1000 BC to 580 BC.

C-in-C with B in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver, or on foot
or mounted on ass as LHI or HI, JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General with B in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver, or on
foot as LHI, JLS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Ally-General with B in two-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and
1 with JLS, @ 75 points. Up to 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, @ 20 points. Up to 17
Extra to convert light chariot to heavy by adding 1 with JLS @ 8 points, or to double-arm light
chariot archer with JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 9
Runners before "Regular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 10
Horsemen "Regular C" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 30
Gibborim "Regular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. 15 to 30
Philistine and "sea people" mercenaries "Regular C" HI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. 15 to 30
Spearmen "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 60 to 90
Archers "Irregular C" LMI, B, Sh, @ 3 points. 30 to 60
Ally two-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with JLS and 1 with
B, @ 22 points. Up to 8
Ally spearmen "Regular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points, or LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 60
Arabs "Irregular D" MCm, 2 with B, @4 points. Up to 10
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 5 points to give chariot units detachment of runners or
horsemen.
Up to 8 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This is the army of David,Solomon and their successors. Since Solomon got his horses from Egypt, I assume he
started with Egyptian style chariots. Gibborim "mighty men" are the home-grown part of the regular infantry.
Any allies that are used must be accompanied by an ally general. No ally general must command less than 5
chariots including his own and 20 spearmen.

13
20. LIBYAN EGYPTIAN.
950 BC to 750 BC.

C-in-C with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver, or
mounted on horse as HC or LC, JLS, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver,
@ 50 points. Up to 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, JLS, @
22 points. 3 to 12
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular C" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, @ 18 points. Up to 10
Extra to give chariot archer JLS in addition, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Chariot runners "Regular C" LMI or LI. Half each body JLS, Sh, other half B, Sh, all @ 4
points. Up to 18
Cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. 6 to 12
Cavalry "Regular C" LC, B, @ 6 points. 6 to 18
Shardana Royal Guard "Regular B" HI, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. 12 to 24
Egyptian Royal Guard "Regular C" HI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. 6 to 12
Sea peoples "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 20 to 50
Libyans "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 20 to 50
Nubians "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. 10 to 24
Egyptian spearmen "Regular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 48
Egyptian archers "Regular D" MI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade Egyptian archers to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 12
Egyptian axemen "Regular D" MI, 2HCW, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Palestinians or Arabs "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 15
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 3 regular command factors @ 5 points to give chariot units a runner detachment.
Up to 8 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

The successors of Ramesses III were weak rulers, and the kingdom split into northern and southern domains.
The priests of Amungained control of the south and Egyptian kings in the north were unable to resist waves of
Libyan immigration that augmented the Libyans and sea peoples allowed to settle earlier in return for military
service. Eventually, a Libyan chieftain called Shesonk made himselfPharaoh over the whole of the north. The
nextthree dynasties were all of Libyan descent but largely Egyptian culture. They managed to re-assert Egyptian
influence in Syria, which had long been abandoned for the Philistines and Hebrews to fight over, and sacked
Jerusalem after defeating King Rehoboam in 925 BC. They were unable to gain control over southern Egypt,
which was under the influence of the Kushite rulers of Nubia and further south. A last attempt to do so led to
theirown overthrow. The army of this period depended heavily on sea people and Libyanmercenaries, andthe
native Egyptian part of the army lost status in consequence. However, the army was now much stronger in
cavalry than under the New Kingdom, and seems to have been quite effective. Chariot runners mustnot exceed
the chariots in the unit they are attached to by more than 1.

21. INDIAN.
900 BC to 430 AD.

C-in-C with JLS mounted astride elephant with "Irregular B" crew of driver with JLS, @ 106
points, or with LB and JLS in elephant howdah with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and
unarmed man with umbrella PA standard, @ 115 points. 1
Sub-General with LB in four-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of 2 drivers with
JLS, 1 with LB, and 2 with JLS, @ 80 points. Up to 1
Ally-General with LB and JLS in elephant howdah with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver
and unarmed man with umbrella P standard, @ 80 points. Up to 2
Extra to provide P standard of other form for general lacking umbrella carrier, @ 5 points. All or none
Elephants with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 2 with JLS or LB, @ 42 points. Up to 8
Extra to give unarmed elephant drivers or umbrella carriers JLS, @ 6 points. Up to 14
Two-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of driver with JLS, 2 with LB, @ 30 points. Up to 8
Extra to upgrade chariot by adding 2 extra horses, extra driver with JLS, and 2 extra warriors
with JLS, @ 24 points. Up to 8

14
Cavalry "Irregular C" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. 20 to 40
Cavalry "Irregular C" HC, JLS, Sh, @ 9 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade "Irregular C" MC or HC to "Regular C", @ 2 points. Up to 30
Cavalry "Irregular B" EHC, L @ 10 points. Up to 30
Arjunayana mercenaries "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 20
Skythian mercenar|esA"Irr^gjdar C" LC, B, @4 points. Up to 15
Bactrian mercenaryheplites "Regular C" HI, LTS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 24
Infantry "Regular D" or "Irregular C" MI, LB, 2HCW, @ 3 points. 40 to 100
Infantry "Regular D" or "Irregular C" MI, JLS, 2HCW, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 50
Extra to upgrade MI to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, LB, 2HCW, @ 3 points. Up to 15
Skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, 2HCW, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 10
Maiden guard "Regular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 12
Up to 8 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 10 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

An army of 800 BC to 320 BC cannot have howdahs, regulars, EHC, HC, LC, HI or LMI. An army of 320 BC
to 220 BC cannot have two-horse chariots, EHC, LC or hoplites. An army of 220 BC to 50 AD cannot have 2
chariots, EHC or regulars other than maiden guard and hoplites. An army of 50 AD onwards cannot have -•/
chariots or any regulars except maiden guard. No army may have more chariots than elephants. The chief
difference in dress from 50 AD onwards is that unarmoured Indian cavalry and infantry often add a brightly
coloured upper garment resembling a shrunken tee shirt exposing 6" of midriff. The maiden guards were
originally recruited from Greek girls. They are depicted with bare bosom, necklaces and bangles and carry a small
round shield. Several of the Minifigs Aureola Rococo 25mm fantasy range women warriors convert quite well
with a long wraparound skirt of tinfoil. For EHC of the Kushan period, use Parthian SHC riders, but mount
them on horses with partial metal armour in front only. The best and most realistic tactic with Indians is to use
the elephants as the main offensive arm, supported by archery, and to use chariots on the wings to support the
cavalry. Skythians can fight in wedge.

22. KUSHITE EGYPTIAN.

750 BC to 660 BC.

Kushite C-in-C with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver, @ 100 points. 1
Kushite Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Egyptian Ally-General with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver, @ 75 points. *1
Kushite two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, JLS,
@ 17 points. 4 to 9
Kushite cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, Sh, @ 9 points. 8 to 30
Kushite cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 30
Extra to upgrade Kushite chariots and cavalry to "Irregular A", @ 1 point. All or none
Kushite archers "Irregular C" LMI or LI, B, @ 2 points. 50 to 96
Kushite javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 20 to 60
Kushite slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. 10 to 36
Extra to give slingers shields, @ 1 point. All or none
Extra to upgrade all Kushite infantry to "Irregular A", @ 2 points. All or none
Egyptian two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, JLS,
@ 22 points. *4 to 9
Egyptian cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. *6 to 12
Egyptian cavalry "Regular C" LC, B, @ 6 points. *6 to 18
Egyptian spearmen "Regular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. * 12 to 36
Egyptian archers "Regular D" MI, B, @ 2 points. *12 to 48
Egyptian axemen "Regular D" MI, 2HCW, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Up to 12 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

15
The Kushites were the descendants of the wild tribes south of Nubia, reinforced by immigration from the
Egyptianised population ofNubia. Their kings had adopted many ofthe trappings ofEgyptian kingship and were
fanatically devoted to the Egyptian religion. When theLibyan Pharoah Tefnakht attempted to extend hiscontrol
to southern Egypt, till then ruled by the priests of Amun, the Kushite King Piankhy retaliated by sending a
crusading army down the Nile to restore the decadent northerners to godliness, defeated their combined armies
andbecame Pharoah of all Egypt.A series of wars with Assyria for control of Syria followed, with eventual defeat
for the Kushites, who were driven right out of Egypt to found the Kingdom of Meroe in the Sudan. A native
Egyptian dynasty thenruled from acapital atSais, initially as vassals of Assyria, but gaining independence when
Assyria fell. I suggest using Egyptian figures painted as negroes for Pharaoh and charioteers and Blemye and
Nubian figures for other Kushites. Blemye HC can have their armour painted ascrocodile skin instead of copper
scales to makethem MC. Troops marked * are compulsory only ifany Egyptian troops are used. If Egyptians are
used, Kushites cannot be "Irregular A". I assume that Kushite relations with Egyptian puppet commanders
would be subject to some strain, so have given the latter inferior ally status.

23. NEW ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.

745 BC to 610 BC.

C-in-C with B in four-horse heavy chariot carrying P standard with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @ 118 points. 1
Sub-General with B in four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and
1 with JLS, @ 58 points. Up to 2
S standard in four-white horse vehicle led by non-combatant priests, @ 85 points. Up to 1
Four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B and 1 with JLS,
@ 32 points. 2 to 9
Extra to upgrade chariot to "Regular A" as Qurubuti Sha Shepi, @ 2 points. Up to 5
Extra to provide chariot with extra crewman with JLS, @ 8 points if Qurubuti, @ 7 points if
not. All or none
Cavalry "Regular C" MC. Half each body JLS, B, @ 8 points, other half B, @ 6 points. 10 to 48
Extra to upgrade cavalry to "Regular A" Qurubuti Sha Pithalli HC, @ 4 points. Up to 18
Extra to upgrade cavalry to "Regular B" Kisir Sharruti MC, @ 1 point. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade all cavalry except Qurubuti to HC, @ 2 points. All or none
Extra to upgrade all HC to EHC, @ 2 points. All or none
Quradu "Regular B" HI, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 20
Line infantry "Regular C" MI. Half each unit JLS, Sh, @ 4 points, other half B, @ 3 points. 20 to 40
Extra to upgrade all of line infantry unit to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 30
Slingers "Regular C" LHI, S, @ 5 points. Up to 10
Archers "Regular B" LHI. Half unit B, Sh, @ 7 points, other half B, @ 6 points. Up to 10
Auxiliary infantry "Regular C" LMI. Half each unit JLS, Sh, @ 4 points, other half B, @ 3
points. 20 to 60
Extra to upgrade auxiliary infantry to "Regular B", @ 1 point. Up to 20
Auxiliary slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Auxiliary archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 40
Dikut Mati "Irregular D" MI. Half each unit JLS, Sh, @ 2 points, other half B, @ 1 point, or
all of first type. *20 to 40
Extra to upgrade Dikut Mati to "Regular D", @ 1 point. All or none
Elamites "Irregular C" LMI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Skythians "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. *5 to 15
Arabs "Irregular D" MCm, 2 with B, @ 4 points, or LCm, B, @ 2 points. Up to 5
Up to 12 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 3 regular command factors @ 5 points to give generals in chariots a Qurubuti Sha Pithalli
cavalry detachment.
Up to 8 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

16
The army was divided into Qurubuti "household troops", Kisir Sharruti "royal standing army", Sab Sarri
"kingsmen" who were equivalent to our territorials, andvarious levies and mercenaries. We class Qurubuti as
"A", Kisir as "B" and Sab Sarri as "C", except that no chariots are classed as worsethan "B". Auxiliary is our
term for the lighter infantry depiaed in cross belts and does not correspond to an Assyrian term. Such troops
were mostly Sab Sarri but could be Kisir. Quradu "heroes" were Kisir. Dikut Mati were emergency levies
hurriedly equipped from royal arsenals. The "Regular D" option recognises that they could improve during an
extended campaign. The unarmoured Assyrian cavalry formerly considered LC are now thought to be MC
predating the introduction of cavalry armour. The reliefs justifying the mixed elite LHI archer unit has alterna
tively been explained as a young prince accompaniedby a shield bearer. The use of mixed spear and bow infantry
units does not necessarily imply that they were raised as one unit, only that they are operating as one under a
single commander. For example, reliefs sometimes show Gurraya auxiliary spearmen alternating with or backed
by a second rank of Itu'a archers in a single body. Three-man chariots, HC, MC and line MI cannot be used with
four-man chariots, EHC, Dikut Mati or Skythians. Qurubuti Sha Pithalli can only be used in detachments
supporting a chariot unit including a general. Minimums marked * apply only if any figures of either type are
used. Skythians can fight in wedge.

24. EARLY HOPLITE GREEK.

700 BC to 450 BC.

C-in-C on foot or mounted on horse as HI, LTS, JLS if used by hoplites, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Greek Ally-General on foot or mounted on horse as HI, LTS, JLS if used by hoplites, Sh, @ 75
points. Up to 4
Thessalian Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. Up to 1
Spartan Sub-General on foot as HI, LTS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Hoplites "Regular C" HI, LTS. Sh, @ 6 points. 69 to 200
Extra to give hoplites JLS or upgrade Spartan hoplites to "Regular B", Spartiates, @ 1 point. Up to 180
Extra to make hoplites mounted infantry, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Thessalian nobles "Irregular B" HC, JLS, @ 7 points. Up to 5
Thessalian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 24
Theban cavalry "Regular C" MC, JLS, @ 6 points. Up to 12
Other Greek cavalry "Irregular C" MC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade MC to HC, @ 2 points. Up to 18
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 18
Extra to upgrade Athenian archers to "Regular C", @ 1 point. Up to 12
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 6 to 48
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 12
Extra to give javelinmen or slingers Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 48
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, % JLS, Vi JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Up to 8 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

An army including Spartans must have a Spartan C-in-C. An army including Thebans must include a Theban
general, if Thessalian nobles or more than 12 Thessalians a Thessalian general, and if Athenians an Athenian
General. A junior general, other than a Spartan, of the C-in-C's nationality is assumed to be sufficiently disloyal
to qualify as an ally rather than a subordinate. An allied general must control at least 23 hoplite or cavalry figures.
Generals should normally accompany a unit of their own type and nationality and fight in its front rank. At least
half the Spartan hoplites present must be Spartiates classed as "Regular B", the rest other Laconians classed as
"Regular C". The mid-6th century Spartan poet Tyrtaeus describes hoplites lacking JLS at a time when other
nations' hoplites still used them. The Spartans cannot have cavalry. If any hoplites have JLS, Thracians and HC
cannot be used and LI cannot have shields. Thessalian horsemen can fight in wedge.

17
25. SKYTHIAN OR HSIUNG NU.
700 BC to 50 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC or EHC, JLS, B, Sh, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as LC, HC or EHC, JLS, B, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
P standard for general, @ 5 points. Up to 3
Noble cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, B, @ 8 points. Up to 21
Extra to upgrade Skythian noble cavalry to EHC, @ 2 points. Up to 11
Horse archers "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. 60 to 200
Extra to provide horse archers with JLS in addition, @ 1 point. Up to lA
Extra to give noble cavalry or up to V2 Hsiung Nu horse archers Sh, @ 2 points. Up to 60
Foot archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. *30 to60
Foot spears "Irregular D" LMI or LI, JLS, @ 1 point. *40 to80
Foot axes "Irregular D" LMI, 2HCW, @ 1 point. *10 to20
Extra to provide foot spears or axes with Sh, or axes with B, @ 1 point. Up to V2
70 paces of set-up wagon laager @ 70 points, or 3 carts each with 1 yoke of oxen totalling 30
points, or 1 wagon with 2 yoke of oxen @ 20 points. Up to 6
Up to 24 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Skythians fought Medes, Persians, Macedonians, Bactrian Greeks and Indians very successfully, but were
defeated and absorbed by Sarmatians and Parthians. Their nationsincluded Dahae, Sakae and Massagetae. The
related Hsiung Nu fought China. Foot on or behind carts or wagons or behind oxen count as defending a linear
obstacle and in partial cover from shooting. Enemy following up a recoil count as crossing an obstacle. Men in
wagons, but not carts, count as on higher ground. A set-up laager consists of wagons or carts already in position,
with or without animals. Other wagons or carts must be moved into position. Animals can be shot down,
destroying both obstacle and cover, and wagons and carts can be set on fire. Armed females can be included.
Minimums marked * apply only if any foot are used. All horsemen can fight in wedge while mounted.

26. ILLYRIAN.
700 BC to 10 AD.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC or LC, JLS, Sh if used by cavalry, or on foot as HI or LHI,

JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General mounted on horse as HC or LC, JLS, Sh if used by cavalry, or on foot as LHI,
JLS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Syracusan Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. *1
Cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, @ 5 points. Up to 15
Extra to give cavalry Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Warriors "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 80 to 200
Extra to give warriors LTS in addition, @ 1 point. Up to 120
Slaves "Irregular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 2 points. 20 to 200
Archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Slingers "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. Up to 20
Javelinmen "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 30
Extra to give LI Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 60
Extra to upgrade LI to "Irregular B" if assumed to be Illyrian rather than slave, @ 2 points. Up to 60
Illyrians equipped by Syracuse as hoplites "Irregular B" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. *24
Mercenary Gauls "Irregular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. *20 to 60
Mercenary Spaniards "Irregular C" LMI, HTW, Sh, @ 3 points. *20 to 48
Mercenary hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 48
Mercenary Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Mercenary Greek cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @ 8 points. Up to 6
Extra to upgrade HC to "Regular A", @ 2 points. Up to 2
Mercenary Greek or Italian light cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, @ 6 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Italian LC Sh, @ 2 points, as Tarantines. Up to 6
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 18 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

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The Illyrians' most aggressive period was from 450 BC tothe subjugation ofmost ofthe tribes by the Romans in
148 BC. I haveclassed native Illyrians as "Irregular B" to bring out their historical propensity for gettingthem
selves into tight places by rash behaviour. I have leftopenthe question of whether their LI were slaves, native or
a mixture. The mercenaries and Syracusan arms weresupplied by Dionysius I for a campaign against Epiros in
385 BC. Minimums marked * apply only if any mercenariesor Syracusan-suppliedarms are used, in which case
Illyrian cavalry cannot have shields. The maximum number of mercenary figures allowed is 100.

27. THRACIAN.
700 BC to 46 AD.

Thracian C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used by cavalry, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used by cavalry, or on foot as LHI, JLS, Sh,
@ 50 points. Up to 2
Greek Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. *1
Noble cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, @ 7 points. Up to 15
Light horse "Irregular B" LC, Vi JLS, '/JLS or B, @ 5 points. 24 to 84
Extra to give JLS-armed cavalry Sh, @ 2 points. Any or all
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 20 to 60
Peltasts "Irregular C" LMI, V2 JLS, V2 JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. 75 to 200
Extra to give peltast 2HCW as well as JLS, @ 1 point. Any or all
Extra to upgrade javelinmen or peltasts to "Irregular B", @ 1 point. Up to 24
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Extra to give javelinmen or slingers Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 50
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. 10 to 40
Greek hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. *12 to 60
Greek peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 36
Extra to give Greek peltasts LTS as well as JLS, @ 1 point. All or none
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 24 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 3 irregular command factors @ 10 points to provide cavalry units with a detachment of
javelinmen.

Junior Thracian generals are classed as subordinate instead of allied because if they had the freedom of choice
associated with allies, they would not have come! Herodotus said that the Thracians would have conquered the
world if they had only combined,but they enjoyed fighting eachother too much to bother. He alsosaid that they
were at their most bloodthirsty when things were going their way, which I take as indicating that they are best
classed as "Irregular C". The best way of getting them into an impetuous charge on the wargames table will
therefore be for the general to lead the way with his heavy cavalry and provide an encouraging enemy rout.
Thracians paint up very prettily, love difficult terrain and will usuallyoutscout the opposition. Famous Greek
mercenary generals in Thracian service included Xenophon and Iphicrates, the possible creator of the new style
peltast with longshield and armed with longthrusting spear as well as javelins. The minimums marked * apply
only if any Greeks are used. If so, cavalry cannot have Sh or peltasts 2HCW. Thrace became a Roman client
kingdom in about 25 BC, and a Roman province in 46 AD. Troops raised in the province wereidentical to other
Roman auxiliaries. All Thracian cavalry can fight in wedge.

28. EARLY ACHAEMENID PERSIAN.

670 BC to 420 BC.

C-in-C with B and JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or
mounted on horse equipped as cavalry bodyguard, @ 100 points. 1
PA standard to be carried by cavalry bodyguard, @ 30 points. Up to 1
S standard in four-white horse vehicle with non-combatant priest, @ 85 points. Up to 1
Sub-General mounted on horse equipped as cavalry bodyguard, ® 50 points. Up to 2

19
Guard cavalry "Regular A" HC, JLS, B, @ 12 points. Up to 10
Persian or Median cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, B, @ 8 points. 10 to 30
Extra to give guard, Persian and Median cavalry Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Bactrian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, B, @ 5 points. Up to 10
Skythian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 18
Theban cavalry "Regular C" MC, JLS, @ 6 points. *6
Extra to upgrade Theban cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Any or all
Thessalian cavalry "Irregular D" LC, JLS, @ 3 points. *12
Immortals "Regular A" HI, JLS, Sh or B, @ 8 points. 20 to 50
Persian or Median infantry "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, or JLS, B, or B, Sh, g> 3 points. 30 to 80
Extra to upgrade Persian or Median infantry to HI, @ 2 points. Any or all
Extra to uparm Immortals and Persian and Median infantry to JLS, B, Sh, (§ 1 point. All or none
Assyrian and Chaldaean infantry "Regular D" MI, xh unit JLS, Sh, @ 3 points, other V2 B, @ 2
points. Up to 20
Bactrian infantry "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, B, @ 3 points. Up to 40
Skythian infantry "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Mysian, Mares or Colchian infantry "Irregular D" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Paphlagonian, Pisidian, Cabelees, Moschi or Tibareni infantry "Irregular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @
2 points. Up to 30
Carduchian infantry "Irregular D" LI, LB, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Milyae infantry "Irregular D" LI, V2 unit JLS, other V2 B, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Ethiopian infantry "Irregular D" LI, JLS, B, @ 2 points. Up to 10
East Ethiopian infantry "Irregular D" LI, B, Sh, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Arab, Caspi, Paricanii and similar infantry "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. Up to 20
Libyan infantry "Irregular D" LI, JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Indian infantry "Irregular D" MI or LI, LB, 2HCW, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade any "Irregular D" infantry except Arabs to "Irregular C", @ 1 point. Up to 40
Thracian infantry "Irregular C" LMI, V2 JLS, Vi JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Lydian and Medizing-Greek hoplites "Regular D" HI, LTS, Sh, @ 5 points. *24 to 48
Extra to upgrade hoplites to "Regular C", as Thebans, @ 1 point. Up to V2
Egyptian marines "Regular D" LMI, LTS or 2HCW, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Phoenician marines "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 30
Lycian marines "Irregular C" LHI, JLS, B, @ 5 points. Up to 10
Arab camelry "Irregular D" LCm, B, @ 2 points. Up to 5
Indian two-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of driver with JLS and 2 with LB, @
30 points. Up to 1
Libyan four-horse light chariot with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @
19 points. Up to 2
Extra to upgrade Libyan chariot to heavy chariot by adding 1 with JLS, @ 5 points. All or none
Cyrus' camelry "Irregular C" HCm, 2 with B, JLS, @ 15 points. **5 to 15
Cyrus' four-horse scythed heavy chariot with "Irregular A" crew of unarmed driver, @ 24
points. **2 to 6
Cyrus' mobile towers drawn by 4 oxen and manned by "Irregular C" crew of 5 with B, @ 105
points. **1 to 3
Up to 10 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 30 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

The PA standard can be an antique shield on a pole or vexillum bearing the Ahura-Mazda symbol, or a golden
image of an eagle killing a snake. The S standard is a golden sun disc on a pole mounted in a sacred chariot. It
influences only Persians, Medes and Bactrians. Most of the troops mentioned above are taken from Herodotus'
list of those taking part in Xerxes invasion of Greece. Other troops specified by him as equivalent can be substi
tuted if desired. Conventional opinion follows Herodotus in assuming that generals, Guards, Immortals and
Persian and Median cavalry and infantry all carried spear, bow and shield. This has recently been questioned as
inconsistent with representations in contemporary art. The alternative view is that cavalry were unshielded, and
that only the front rank of infantry carried large shields, rear ranks being primarily archers, though often carrying
spear or shield in addition. Minimums marked * or ** apply only if troops so marked are used. Those marked **
are ascribed by Xenophon to Cyrus the Great. The scythed chariots and towers are probably fictional, but since
the camelry improvised with baggage camels are also mentioned by Herodotus, all three gimmicks are included
on the off-chancethat they were used. The camelry gimmick is the only one of the three that can be used without

20
the other two. Ifany are used, the only other troops the army can include are Guard, Persian and Median cavalry
and Immortal, Persian, Median, Assyrian and Paphlagonian infantry, as theempire had notspread far enough to
include any ofthe other races, even the Skythians that Xenophon describes as present. The towers are said to
have had 20 archers and to have been drawn by 8 yoke of oxen. The version specified here takes account of the
different troop scales specified by the rules for figures and models. The number of scythed chariots must not be
morethan doublethat of towers. Persiancavalry shieldsare attestedby an Akkadian letter of 423 BC, and Indians
withmassive swords aredepicted at Persepolis. Immortals andotherPersian and Median infantry are recorded as
having propped up large shields to shoot from in partial cover behindthem, so are allowed to do so under the
rules. Thessalian and Skythian cavalry can fight in wedge.

29. SAITIC EGYPTIAN.

660 BC to 525 BC and 405 BC to 335 BC.

C-in-C with B in four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with
JLS, @ 108 points, or mounted on horse as HC, B, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General with B in four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and
1 with JLS, @ 58 points, with B, JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of
unarmed driver, @ 50 points, or mounted on horse as HC, B, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B and 1 with JLS,
@ 34 points. Up to 4
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with B, JLS, @ 21
points. Up to 10
Chariot runners "Regular C" LMI. Half body JLS, Sh, other half B, Sh, all @ 4 points. Up to 12
Escort cavalry "Regular A" HC, B, @ 10 points. Up to 4
Cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 12
Cavalry "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 20
Guard spearmen "Regular C" MI, LTS or JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 12 to 24
Guard archers "Regular C" MI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade guard to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 24
Levy spearmen "Regular D" MI, LTS or JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 48 to 96
Levy archers "Regular D" MI, B, @ 2 points. 12 to 36
Levy javelinmen "Regular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Marines "Regular C" LMI, LTS, or JLS or 2HCW, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 12
Nubians "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Libyans "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Remnant Assyrian cavalry "Regular D" EHC. Half unit JLS, B, @ 11 points, other half B, @ 9
points. Up to 12
Remnant Assyrian infantry "Regular D" HI. Half unit JLS, Sh, @ 5 points, other half B, @ 4
points. Up to 12
Greek Ally-General on foot as HI, LTS or JLS, @ 75 points. Up to 1
Ionian Greek hoplites "Regular C" HI, LTS or JLS, @ 6 points. 12 to 47
Up to 12 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 1 regular command factor @ 5 points for runner detachment.
Up to 6 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

The only monumental depiction of chariots from this period is fragmentary, but seems to show a vehicle similar
to earlier Egyptian chariots. However, a burial of a four-horse chariot team is known and a heavy chariot wheel
has also been found, so I assume some larger chariots existed and were similar to four-horse chariots elsewhere.
The chariot runners must be in a detachment supporting a heavy chariot unit. Escort cavalry can be used only as
bodyguards for generals mounted on horses instead of in chariots. Ionian hoplites were later than mainlanders in
adopting the long thrusting spear. The Egyptian infantry probably adopted it after seeing its use by Greeks, and
it was certainly in use by 480 at the latest, probably before 525. Egyptians can use LTS only if there are no
chariots not carrying generals and no Assyrians, in which case hopHtes must use LTS. The Egyptian guard
infantry are the two regiments of Hermotybies and Kalasyries mentioned by Herodotus. If only some are to be
armoured, the archers must have priority. Egyptian infantry were not organised in mixed spear and archer units.
The Assyrians are the remains of garrisons stranded after the fall of the Assyrian empire. A Greek allied general
must be used if there are more than 12 hoplites. He cannot command Egyptians. Egypt was conquered by the
Persians in 525, but a native dynasty regained control in 405. The Persians regained the country in 343, lost it
briefly to a revolt in 335, then permanently to Alexander in 331.

21
30. EARLY ITALIAN.
650 BC to 275 BC.

Roman, Etruscan, Samnite, Volscian or Greek C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used
by nation's cavalry, or Etruscan C-in-C with JLS in four-horse light chariot with "Regular A"
crew of unarmed driver, or Greek C-in-C mounted on horse or on foot as HI, LTS, JLS if used
by hoplites, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Roman, Etruscan, Samnite, Umbrian, Volscian, Apulian, Campanian, Lucanian or Greek Ally-
General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used by nation's cavalry, or Gallic Ally-General
with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or Greek Ally-
General mounted on horse or on foot as HI, LTS, JLS if used by hoplites, Sh, @ 75 points. Up to 3
Roman equites "Regular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 9 points. *8 to 34
Extra to upgrade Roman equites to "Regular A", @ 1 point. Up to 6
Roman 1st class "Regular B" HI, LTS, Sh, @ 7 points. *20 to 80
Roman 2nd class "Regular B" LMI or MI, LTS, Sh, @ 5 points. *10 to 40
Roman 3rd class "Regular C" LMI or MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. *10 to 40
Roman 4th class "Regular C" LI, LTS, JLS, @ 4 points. *10 to 40
Roman 5th class "Regular C" LI, S, @ 3 points. *14 to 60
Etruscan four-horse light chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS,
@ 26 points. Up to 6
Etruscan cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, Sh, @ 10 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade Etruscan cavalry to "Regular A", @ 2 points. Up to 4
Etruscan hoplites "Regular D" HI, lh LTS, V2 LTS or HTW, Sh, @ 5 points. *36 to 200
Etruscan javelinmen "Irregular C" or "Regular D" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Etruscan archers "Irregular C" or "Regular D" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Samnite or Umbrian cavalry "Regular B" MC, JLS, @ 7 points. Up to 15
Extra to upgrade Samnite or Umbrian cavalry to "Regular A" HC, @ 3 points. Up to 4
Samnite or Umbrian infantry "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. *40 to 300
Extra to upgrade Samnite infantry to LHI, @ 2 points. Up to V2
Volscian cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, @ 7 points. Up to 9
Volscian spearmen "Irregular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. *30 to 300
Extra to upgrade Volscian spearmen to LHI, @ 2 points. Up to V2
Volscian skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, V2 JLS, V2 JLS or B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Extra to give Volscian skirmishers Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Campanian, Lucanian or Apulian cavalry "Regular B" MC, JLS, @ 7 points. *20 to 40
Extra to upgrade Campanian or Lucanian cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Up to 4
Campanian or Apulian hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. *12 to 48
Extra to upgrade Campanian or Apulian hoplites to HI, @ 2 points. lh to all
Other Campanian, Lucanian or Apulian foot "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. *10 to 30
Greek cavalry "Regular C" MC, JLS, @ 6 points. *6 to 12
Extra to upgrade Greek cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Any or all
Greek hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. *24 to 48
Extra to upgrade Greek hoplites to HI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. All or none
Greek javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. *6 to 12
Gallic two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS,
@ 16 points. Up to 5
Gallic cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade Gallic cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Up to V2
Gallic foot warriors "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. *30 to 50
Extra to upgrade Gallic foot warriors to "Irregular A", @ 2 points. Any or all
Gallic skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Up to 20 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

22
This list covers all the warring nations of Italy from the reorganisation ofthe Roman army by Servius Tullius
until that attributed toCamillus and probably dating tobetween 400 and 340 BC. It then covers all nations except
the Romans up till 285 BC. Ofthose nations not specifically mentioned, treat Latins as Romans, Sabines as
Umbrians, and Aequians or Hernicians as Volscians. The Greeks are those ofGreek colonies in Italy, principally
Cumae. Historical alliances included Roman with Greek, Etruscan with Greek, Etruscan with Sabine, Roman
with Samnite, Roman with Hernician, Samnite with Etruscan, Samnite with Etruscan, Umbrian and Gallic, and
Etruscan with Gallic. Not all the members of analliance necessarily turned up on the same battlefield, though
they could have and sometimes did. Romans, Etruscans, Samnites, Volscians, Greeks and Gauls also fought
alone, the latter two having separate lists providing alarger choice than here. All assistant generals are treated as
allies rather thansubordinates. In most cases, this is because large armies were made up by a number ofcities or
sub-tribes. In thecase ofthe Romans, we assume it tobetheresult ofpolitics, thetwo generals possibly being the
two consuls ora dictator and his master ofhorse. Every nation used must provide a general. Minimums marked *
apply only ifany troops ofthat nation are used. IfEtruscans use chariots, Etruscan hoplites must all be armed
with LTS, and the only allies allowed are Greeks, whose hoplites must be HI. The main source for this period has
to be Livy, supplemented by archaeology. It is not clear from his account whether 2nd and 3rd class Roman
infantry formed up in one body with the hoplite-equipped 1st class, or separately in looser formation, as is now
the fashionable opinion. He is quite clear that the 4th class did not have shields. However, he describes both
Roman cavalry and Volscian infantry as shielded. I have taken his description ofthe Etruscans as "effeminate,
lazy, greedy and pleasure loving" as license to downgrade their infantry to "Regular D". Their cavalry were their
best troops. My reasons for classing the various unshielded Oscan cavalry as MC instead ofLC are firstly, that
many ofthe representations in art show unarmoured riders on horses which are partially armoured, and secondly,
that during the Hannibalic War, Roman allied cavalry recruited from those nations were unable to cope with
skirmishing Numidian LC. Finally, itis worth pointing out that aplayer with the troops for this list would have
all those needed for a wargames campaign involving up to a dozen players.

SUPPLEMENT FOR ROMANS AFTER CAMILLAN REFORMS.

Roman skirmishers attached to hastati "Regular B" LI, LTS, JLS, @ 5 points. 5 to 15
Roman hastati "Regular B" HI, HTW, Sh, @7 points. 40 to 150
Roman principes "Regular C" HI, all HTW or all LTS, Sh, @6 points. 50 to 150
Roman triarii "Regular B" HI, LTS, Sh, @7 points. 15 to 45
Rorarii "Regular C" HI, LTS, Sh, @6 points. *15 to 45
Accensi "Regular D" HI, LTS, Sh, @5 points. *15 to 45
Incendiary pigs, @5 points. UP t0 4
2-axle wagon drawn by 2 yoke of oxen, equipped with anti-elephant devices and fire pot, and
carrying 4 "Regular C" LI, Sor B, @41 points total. Up to 4
Up to 3 regular command factors @10 points to provide hastati units with detachment of
skirmishers.

Hastati, principes and triarii replace the 1st, 2nd and 3rd classes ofthe Tullian army. Hastati have been upgraded
since they were initially the pick ofthe youth. Triarii are upgraded as veterans. It is not certain that rorarii and
accensi were HI with LTS. An alternative explanation isthat the rorarii are the former 4thclass, andaccensi the
former 5th. Livy says rorarii were untried youths and accensi the least efficient and reliable part of the
population. Minimums marked *apply only ifeither type so marked is used, in which case Roman 4th and 5th
classes are banned inthe same way as the 1st to 3rd. Incendiary pigs and anti-elephant wagons were used by the
Romans with little success against Pyrrhus. They are permitted only ifthe opposing army could have elephants.
The cart value includes the costof one section of caltrops to simulate the effect of the spears, scythes, swinging
spiked beams and other nasties with which they were festooned. Elephants charging them count as passing over
caltrops and shot at with fire. Cart crews must observe an E target priority in their shooting.

23
31. CARTHAGINIAN.
550 BC to 146 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse equipped as noble cavalry, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse equipped as noble cavalry, @50 points. Up to 1
Sicilian Greek Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. *1
Numidian Ally-General mounted on horse as LC or HC, JLS, Sh, @75 points. Up to 1
Noble cavalry "Regular A" HC, JLS, @ 10 points. Up to 5
Other Poeni cavalry "Regular B" HC, JLS, @9 points. Up to 12
Spanish cavalry "Irregular C" %MC, %MC or LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Spanish cavalry to "Regular C", @ 2 points. All or none
Extra to give noble, other Poeni, or Spanish cavalry Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Numidian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. 10to 50
Extra to upgrade Numidian cavalry to "Irregular B" as Numidian Ally-General's bodyguard,
@1 point. Up t0 9
Gallic cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @7 points. Up to 30
Extra to upgrade Gallic cavalry to HC, @2 points. Up to V4
Campanian cavalry "Regular B" MC, JLS, @7 points. Up to 12
Greek mercenary or allied Sicilian cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @8 points. *2 to 8
Extra to upgrade Sicilian HC to "Regular A" as Sicilian Ally-General's bodyguard, @ 2 points. Up to 3
Allied Sicilian light cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, @6 points. Up to 8
Extra to give Campanian, Greek or Sicilian cavalry Sh, @2 points. Any or all
Poeni citizen infantry "Regular B" MI, LTS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Poeni citizen infantry to HI, @ 2 points. All or none
Libyan spearmen "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. 30 to 60
Extra to upgrade Libyan spearmen to HI with captured Roman armour, @2 points. Up to 48
Spanish scutarii "Irregular D" LMI, HTW, Sh, @2 points. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade Spanish scutarii to "Irregular B" as Celtiberians, @2 points. Up to lh
Spanish caetrati "Irregular D" LI, JLS, Sh, @2 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Spanish scutarii or caetrati to "Regular C", @ 2 points. Up to 36
Balearic slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, @3 points. Up to 18
Extra to upgrade Balearic slingers to "Regular C", @1 point. Up to 12
Libyan, Moorish or Numidian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 10 to 50
Ligurian and Sardinian javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 40
Moorish, Numidian or Sardinian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @2 points. Up to 10
Gallic infantry "Irregular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 20
Gallic infantry "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 60
Allied Sicilian citizen hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS, Sh, @3 points. *24 to 48
Mercenary hoplites, hired by Carthage ora Sicilian ally "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @4 points. *24 to 48
Mercenary peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, LTS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 24
Campanian, Bruttian or other Italian infantry "Regular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, or MI, LTS, Sh,
@3 points. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade Italian infantry to "Regular C", @ 1 point. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Italian LMI to LHI or MI to HI, @2 points. Up to %each type
Roman deserters and Italians armed in Roman style "Regular D" HI, HTW, Sh, @5 points. Up to 12
Carthaginian four-horse light chariot with "Regular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1with JLS,
@ 25 points. 4 to 8
Extra to upgrade chariot to heavy chariot by adding 1with JLS, @7 points. All or none
African or Indian elephant with "Irregular C" crew of driver with JLS, @35 points. Up to 4
African elephant with "Irregular D" crew of driver with JLS, @34 points. Up to 8
Extra to increase elephant crew to unarmed driver and 2 in tower with JLS, @ 5 points if
"Irregular C" or 4 points if "Irregular D". All or none
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3,@30 points. Up to 2
Up to 20 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 24 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

24
This list covers the earlier wars in Sicily and elsewhere as well as the Hanniballic war. A Numidian Ally-General
must be used if the total of Numidian cavalry plus Libyan, Moorish and Numidian LI exceeds 40 figures. An
army of before 275 BC cannot have any shielded cavalry except Numidians, "Irregular C" Gallic infantry,
elephants, peltasts, captured Roman armour, Roman deserters or Italians armed in Roman style, Poeni MI not
upgraded to HI, or Italian infantry except upgraded Campanian LMI. An army of after 275 BC cannot have
chariots, unshielded Poeni or Spanish cavalry, or "Irregular A" Gallic infantry. It cannot have both "Irregular
C" and "Irregular D" elephants, or both peltasts and captured Roman armour, deserters or Roman-armed
Italians. Minimums do not apply if the troop typein question is not permitted. Minimums marked * applyonly if
any type so marked or any other Sicilians are used. Poeni is used to mean those Carthaginians of Phoenician or
mixed Libyan andPhoenician descent. Spanish troops other than Celtiberians andveteran mercenaries are down
graded because of theirpropensity for treachery and desertion. The Gauls had lost their fanaticism by thetime of
the Roman-Punic wars. Suggestions that the Carthaginiansused armoured horsesor that their infantry used pikes
are pure imagination, backed by no evidence whatever, and inherently most unlikely. The Macedonian infantry
said by Livy to have been at Zama are discounted because they are not mentioned by other sources, and because
their king was at peace with Rome, had not helped the Carthaginians when they were winning, could not spare
troops, and could not have transported them across a firmly Roman controlled sea, especially as his fleet was fully
engaged elsewhere at the time. It is also unlikely that Rome's contact with phalangites in the Macedonian war
would have been such a shock if such troops had recently been met in Africa. I have assumed that Carthaginian
chariots are generally equivalent to Libyan types,but manned by Poeni nobles and organised into regular units. I
personally favour the single fighting man hypothesis, but see the remarks under list no. 34. Celtiberian scutarii
can fight in wedge. I assume that they would cease to use this formation and lose any special elan on becoming
regular.

32. LATER HOPLITE GREEK.

450 BC to 275 BC.

C-in-C on foot or mounted on horse as HI, LTS, Sh, or as HC, JLS, @ 100 points. 1
Greek Ally-General on foot as HI, LTS, Sh, @ 75 points. Up to 4
Syracusan Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. M

Spartan Sub-General for Spartan C-in-C on foot as HI, LTS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. 69 to 240
Extra to upgrade Theban hoplites to "Regular A" as Sacred Band, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Extra to upgrade Spartan hoplites to "Regular A" as Spartiates, @ 2 points. Up to 120
Extra to upgrade all other Theban and Spartan hoplites to "Regular B", @ 1 point. All or none
Extra to upgrade Elean, Argive or Arcadian elite hoplites to "Regular B", @ 1 point. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade a tyrant's bodyguard to "Regular A", @ 2 points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade hoplites to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 24
Peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 60
Extra to upgrade some Phokian peltasts to "Regular B", @ 1 point. Up to 12
Extra to give peltasts LTS as well, @ 1 point. All or none
Cretan archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 24
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. 12 to 240
Extra to give Cretans, slingers or javelinmen Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Extra to upgrade slingers or javelinmen to "Regular C", @ 1 point. Up to 36
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, l/j JLS, »/a JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 30
Extra to give Thracians 2HCW in addition to JLS, @ 1 point. Up to 6
Paphlagonian foot "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Syracusan Gauls "Irregular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. *20 to 50
Syracusan Spaniards "Irregular C" LMI, HTW, Sh, @ 3 points. *20 to 50
Greek cavalry "Regular C" MC or LC, JLS, @ 6 points. 5 to 24
Extra to upgrade MC to HC, @ 2 points. Up to 18
Extra to upgrade Theban or Thessalian HC to "Regular B", @ 1 point. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Athenian cavalry from HC to EHC, @ 2 points. Up to 3
Athenian mercenary horse archers "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 10

25
Thracian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, @ 5 points. Up to 12
Paphlagonian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 20
Phokian 10 mina stone-thrower with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 6
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

An army must include a general of each nationality contributing at least 23 hoplite or any Theban, horse archer,
"Regular B" peltast or artillery figures. An army including artillery must be commanded by a Phokian C-in-C,
must have three times as many LI as artillery crew figures, and cannot include Thebans or Thracians. An army
without a Phokian C-in-C and containing Spartian army units must have a Spartan C-in-C. Paphlagonians were
employed by Aegesilaus in Asia. They cannot be used unless all the army's generals arc Spartans. Minimums
marked * apply only if any Syracusan figures are used, in which case Thebans cannot be used and the C-in-C
must be Spartan. The Athenian EHC are taken from Xenophon's recommendations in his "On Horsemanship".
There is no evidence that the Athenians actually took any notice, and it is likely that such equipment was rare, if
used at all. The Phokians employed massed artillery to the discomforture of Philip of Macedon in 353 BC, and
this performance has been emulated by at least one wargames Phokian army. However, it must be pointed out
that theywere an exceptionally impious nation, robbing the shrineat Delphi to pay mercenaries, and so incurring
the detestation of the whole of Greece except their less than scrupulous Spartan and Athenian allies. The owner
ofsuch an army should not expect too much from his dice! Thcssalian and Thracian cavalry can fight in wedge.

33. LATER ACHAEMENID PERSIAN.

420 BC to 330 BC.

C-in-C with B and JLS in two or four-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
driver, or mounted on horse as HC or EHC, JLS, @ 100 points. 1
PA standard to be carried by cavalry bodyguard, @ 15 points. Up to 1
S standard in four-white horse vehicle with non-combatant priests, @ 85 points. Up to 1
Persian Sub-General mounted on horse as HC or EHC, JLS, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Greek Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 50 points. Up to 1
Guard cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, or L, @ 7 points. Up to 10
Rebel guard cavalry "Irregular A" EHC, JLS, @ 10 points. Up to 9
Guard infantry "Regular B" HI, JLS, B, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 10
Persian cavalry "Irregular C" HC, JLS, @ 6 points. 30 to 55
Extra to upgrade Persian HC to "Irregular B" as satraps' guard, @ 1 point. Up to 10
Armenians and Kappadokians "Irregular B" EHC, JLS, @ 9 points. Up to 15
Paphlagonians, Arachosians and similar "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. 15 to 25
Bactrians "Irregular B" EHC, JLS, B, @ 10 points. Up to 5
Bactrians "Irregular C" LC, JLS, B, @ 5 points. Up to 30
Skythians "Irregular B" EHC, JLS, B, @ 10 points. Up to 10
Skythians and Parthians "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 20
Greek mercenary hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 60
Greek mercenary peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 12
Extra to give peltasts LTS in addition, @ 1 point. All or none
Kardakes "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 100
Extra to give Kardakes B in addition, @ 1 point. All or none
Egyptians, Carians or Ionian hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 60
Hillmen "Irregular C" LMI, JLS or LTS, @ 3 points. Up to 20
Persian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Persian slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Persian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Cretan mercenary archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 6
Extra to give Cretans Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, '/a JLS, V2 JLS or LTS. Up to 10
Levy and camp servants "Irregular D" LI. Half each unit JLS, Sh, @ 2 points, a quarter S, @
1 point, remaining quarter B, @ 1 point. Up to 200

26
Four-horse scythed heavy chariot with "Irregular A" crew ofunarmed driver, @24 points. Up to 6
Elephant with "Irregular C" crew astride ofIndian driver with JLS and either 2 Indians with
JLS or LB or 2 Persians with B, @45 points. Up to 1
Indian cavalry "Irregular C" MC, JLS, Sh, @7 points. Up to 10
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Irregular C" crew of3, @50 points. Up to 4
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 26 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
The PAstandard can be an antique shield on a pole or a vexillum bearing the Ahura-Mazda symbol, or a golden
image ofan eagle killing a snake. The S standard is a golden sun disc on a pole mounted ina sacred chariot. It
does not influence Armenians, Kappadokians, Paphlagonians, Skythians, Greeks, Egyptians, Hillmen, Cretans,
Thracians, Indians or elephant crews. Persian isused here to include also Medes, Parthians, and military settlers
from older parts ofthe empire such as Babylonia and Syria. Artillery was used to defend the Persian Gates pass
against Alexander. If rebel guard are used, the army cannot include any other cavalry except Persian "Irregular
C"and Paphlagonians, Kardakes, Egyptians, scythed chariots, elephants, Indians, artillery orguard infantry, and
hoplites, peltasts, Thracians and Cretans are compulsory. This represents Cyrus' army at Cunaxa. If guard
cavalry are armed with lance, Kardakes, Egyptians, Thracians and Cretans cannot be used, the maximum
number ofhoplite figures permitted is24, and the King ofKings inhis chariot, guard infantry and the elephant
are compulsory. This represents Darius' army at Gaugamela. Kardakes must never exceed twice the total of
hoplites and Egyptians.

34. SYRACUSAN.
410 BC to 210 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used by HC, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh if used by HC, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Mercenary bodyguard "Regular B" HI, LTS, Sh, @7 points. Up to 24
Greek mercenary hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. 30 to 60
Syracusan and allied hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS. Sh, @3 points. 30 to 80
Campanian hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 24
Other Campanian or Samnite foot "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 36
Extra to upgrade Campanians or Samnites to HI or LHI. Up to '/a each type
Etruscans "Regular C" HI, '/a LTS, l/a LTS or HTW, Sh, @6 points. Up to 24
Gauls "Irregular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 20
Ligurians or Sikels "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 20
Spaniards "Irregular C" LMI, HTW, Sh, @3 points. Up to 20
Archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 8 to 24
Slingers "Regular C" LI, S, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Javelinmen "Regular C" LI, JLS, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Extra to give javelinmen, slingers or Cretan archers Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Greek cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @8 points. 6 to 24
Greek cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, @6 points. 6 to 30
Extra to give Greek cavalry Sh,@ 2 points. Any or all
Campanian cavalry "Regular B" MC, JLS, @7 points. Up to 12
Numidian cavalry "Irregular D" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. Up to 20
Libyan four-horse light chariot with "Irregular D" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @
18 points. *4 to 25
Extra to upgrade light chariot to heavy chariot by adding "Irregular D" crewman with JLS, @
4 points. A11 or none
Libyan infantry "Irregular D" LI, JLS. Sh, @2 points. *30 to 100
Extra to upgrade Numidian cavalry or Libyan chariot fighting crewman to "Regular C", @ 1
point. Up to 40
Gastraphetoi "Regular C" LI, CB, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3,@ 30 points. Up to 8
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 10 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

27
This list represents the armies of the Syracusan tyrants from Dionysius I until the annexation of Syracuse by
Rome. If Numidians or Libyans are used, asby Agathocles' in Africa, Spaniards, Ligurians, Sikels, Campanian
hoplites and cavalry, shielded Greek HC, Gastraphetoi and artillery cannot be used. Minimums marked *apply
onlyif any Libyans are [Link] three-man chariot depends on a passage in Diodoros whichtranslates as "A 100
chariots and more than 300 charioteers and men to fight beside them". This could alternatively be taken as
implying that the extra men fought on foot. Such artistic evidence as there is favours two-man chariots.
Campanian cavalry are classed as MC and not LC because, although riders are usually depicted unarmoured,
their horses are often partly armoured on head and chest. Greek cavalry adopted the shield about 275 BC,
probably as a result of contact with the shield-using Tarentines in Pyrrhus' Italian campaigns. Dionysius I took
artillery into the field and used them in support of his fleet at Motya in 397 BC.

35. GALLIC.
400 BC to 50 BC.

C-in-C with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or
mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or on foot as HI if Helvetian, LHI if not, JLS, Sh, @ 100
points. 1
Sub-General with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or
mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or on foot as HI if Helvetian, LHI if not, JLS, Sh, @ 50
points. Up to 1
Ally-General with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or
mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or on foot as HI if Helvetian, LHI if not, JLS, Sh, @ 75
points. Up to 2
Two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @ 16
points. Up to 12
Noble cavalry "Irregular B" MG, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. 10 to 60
Extra to upgrade noble cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Up to xh
Extra to upgrade noble cavalry to "Irregular A" as soldurii bodyguard for C-in-C, @ 1 point. Up to 11
Warriors "Irregular C" MI if Helvetian, LMI if not, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 95 to 200
Extra to upgrade warriors to "Irregular A" as soldurii bodyguard for C-in-C, @ 2 points. Up to 19
Extra to upgrade warriors to "Irregular A" as gaesati, @ 2 points. Any or all
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 10 to 30
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Elderly, slaves, women, children, unfit or unwilling "Irregular D" LMI, JLS or IPW, @ 1
Point. Up to 100
Extra to give Sh to those not already provided with them, @ 1 point. Up to V2
70 paces of plashing for wood edge or set-up wagon laager, @ 70 points. Up to 4
Up to 16 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

In general, the western Celts referredto here as Gauls fought in looser formation than the eastern Celts referred
toasGalatians. This isprobably because theformer's habitat was wooded or hilly instead oftheDanubian plains.
The Helvetian confederacy may have been an exception, asJulius Caesar describes them fighting massed in very
close formations. He describes other Gallic nations as charging swiftly, passing easily through woods and on
occasion skirmishing with javelins, all of which characteristics fit LMI rather than MI. Earlyon, whenchariots
were still the main Gallic mobile arm rather than cavalry, Gallic and Galatian foot warriors were famous for
fighting naked and disregarding wounds, so deserve classification as "Irregular A". After their initial run of
victories expired, theybecame less confident, andonly a proportion, if anyshould be so classed. Thesecould be
grouped in one unit, as at Telamon in 225 BC,or form the front rankof a "C" class unit. By Caesar's time,the
only units entirely of fanatics would be the soldurii, bodyguards sworn not to survive their chieftain, though
behaviour which could be simulated by mixed units isoccasionally seen. If anychariots areused, including those
ofgenerals, ridden horses must notexceed chariot horses. Since theminimum number ofcavalry is 10, there must
therefore be at least 5 chariots. Helvetians cannot have non-Helvetians, chariots, more than lh of its warriors
"Irregular A" or more than 20cavalry, and must have a wagon laager defended by a unit of "D" class. Anarmy
using plashing cannot have chariots, more than Vt ofits warriors "Irregular A",any MI,or more than 10cavalry.
If there are insufficient woods to plash, surplus plashing is lost. Armies with more than 30cavalry cannot have
any"Irregular A" troops otherthansoldurii. This isa good army fora bold, attacking player, but will not do well
for a player who is cautious or undecisive.

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36. ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN.
355 BC to 330 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 50 points. Up to 1
Companions "Regular A" HC, L, @ 10 points. 11 to 23
Prodromoi "Regular B" LC, L, @ 7 points. 6 to 12
Thessalians "Regular B" LC or MC, JLS, @ 6 points. 11 to 18
Extra to upgrade Thessalians to HC, @ 2 points. All or none
Paionians or Asiatic Hippakontistai "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 6
Thracian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, @ 5 points. Up to 12
Greek allied or mercenary cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @ 8 points. Up to 12
Hypaspists "Regular B" LMI, LTS, Sh, or MI, P, Sh, @ 5 points. 12 to 36
Phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 24 to 144
Agrianian, Illyrian or Thracian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 12 to 36
Agrianian slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 6
Extra to upgrade all Agrianians to "Regular C", @ 1 point. Up to 18
Rhodian slingers "Regular C" LI, S, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 6
Cretan or Macedonian archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 6 to 24
Extra to provide Cretans with Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 12
Greek allied hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 80
Greek mercenary peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 60
Thracian peltasts "Irregular C" LMI, Vi JLS, Va JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 48
Extra to give Greek peltast LTS or Thracian 2HCW as well as JLS, @ 1 point. Any or all
Macedonian specialists "Regular C" LI, CB or SS, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 2
10 mina stone-thrower with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 1
Up to 24 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 8 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This list covers the period from Philip's reforms to Alexander's Skythian campaign. Prodromoi are the troops
formerly known as Sarissophoroi. The old views that these were Thracian irregulars and that the Companions
were armed with a 6 foot spear are no longer tenable. Prodromoi and Companions were both armed with a 12 foot
spearand dressedsimilarly exceptthat the formerworethe non-metallic spolasor no armour insteadof a corselet.
Players with Thracian sarissophoroi figures are advised to cut their weapons down to javelin size. Opinions as to
the proper classification of Thessalian cavalry differ. There is overwhelming evidence that in earlier times they
were LC, but some later literary evidence that suggests that they may then have been better adapted to close
fighting than skirmishing. Their performance in guarding Alexander's left wing against superior numbers of
Persian cavalryis equally explicableby both theories. I admit that I am now in the minority in preferring the LC
interpretation! The evidence for Hypaspists being armed differently than phalangites is purely circumstantial,
but there is no evidence for the contrary as yet. Players must choose one interpretation or the other. Companions,
Prodromoi, Thessalians and Thracians can fight in wedge.

37. ALEXANDRIAN IMPERIAL.

330 BC to 320 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Indian Ally-General with JLS mounted astride elephant with "Irregular B" crew of driver with
JLS, @ 81 points. *1
Companions "Regular A" HC, L, @ 10 points. 11 to 46
Thessalians "Regular B" LC or MC, JLS, @ 7 points. Up to 6
ThraciaA| "Irregular B" LC, JLS, @ 5 points. Up to 30
Extra to upgrade Thessalians or Thracians to HC, @ 2 points. Up to 6
Hippakontistai, Arachosians and Paropamisadae "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. 6 to 18
' Bactrians and Sogdians "Irregular C" LC, JLS, B, @ 5 points. Up to 24
Skythians "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 10

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 Hypaspists "Regular B" LMI, LTS, Sh, @ 5 points. 12 to 36
Macedonian phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 24 to 144
Extra to upgrade hypaspists to LHI and any phalangites to HI, @ 2 points. All or none
Agrianians "Regular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 12 to 24
Cretan and Macedonian archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 12 to 24
Extra to give Cretan archers Sh, @ 1 point. Up to 12
[Link] hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 pointer! Up to 12
Greek mercenary peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 36
Thracian peltasts "Irregular C" LMI, % JLS, '/a JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Extra to give Greek peltast LTS or Thracian 2HCW as well as JLS, @ 1 point. Any or all
Macedonian specialists "Regular C" LI, CB or SS, @ 3 points. Up to 6
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 2
• 10 mina two-armed stone-thrower with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 1
Elephant with "Irregular C" crew sitting astride of Indian driver with JLS and Macedonian
with P, @ 40 points. Up to 3
Indian ally elephant with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 2 with JLS or LB, @ 42
points. *2to 5
Extra to arm elephant driver with JLS, @ 6 points. All or none
Indian ally four-horse heavy chariot with "Irregular B" crew of 2 drivers with JLS, 2 with LB,
and 2 with JLS, @ 54 points. Up to 6
Indian ally cavalry "Irregular C" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. *10to 20
Indian ally archers "Irregular C" MI or LI, LB, 2HCW, @ 3 points. *20 to 50
Indian ally javelinmen "Irregular C" MI, JLS, 2HCW, Sh, @ 4 points. *10to 15
Persian phalangites "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 72
Persian missilemen "Regular D" MI if in mixed phalanx, otherwise "Irregular C" LI, JLS, or
S, Sh, @ 3 points or B, @ 2 points. Up to 144
Up to 20 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 18 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This list covers the period from the death of Daraios to the end of the first phase of the Wars of the Successors.
Thessalians cannot be used together with Thracian cavalry, LHI Hypaspists, HI phalangites or Persian
phalangites or missilemen. Indian allies cannot be used together with Persian phalangites or missilemen.
Minimums marked * apply only if Indian alliesare used. Alexander had trained Asiatic pikemen before his death
and also experimentedwith mixed formations of Macedonian phalangites and missile-armed Asiatics. The latter
can be simulated by a unit with 1st and 4th ranks with P, 2nd with JLS, and 3rd with B. The upgrading of
Hypaspists and phalangites with metal armour is still a matter of dispute. Companions, Thessalians, Thracian
cavalry and Skythians can fight in wedge.

38. ASIATIC EARLY SUCCESSOR.

320 BC to 300 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L or equipped as agema, or on foot as HI, P, Sh, @ 100
points. 1
Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 50 points. Up to 1
Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, L, or on foot as HI, P, Sh, @ 75 points. Up to 3
Agema "Regular A" HC, L, @ 10 points. 2 to 12
Extra to upgrade agema to EHC, L or JLS, as Eumenes Kappadokians, @ 2 points. Any or all
Companions "Regular B" HC, L, @ 9 points. 5 to 24
Colonist cavalry "Regular C" HC, L, @ 8 points. 5 to 16
Greek mercenary or allied cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @ 8 points. Up to 8
Tarantines "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 20
Persian cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, @ 7 points. Up to 12
Arachosians, Paropamisadae, Medes, Parthians "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. 5 to 18
Thracian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, @ 5 points. Up to 8
Medes or Parthians "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 10
Argyraspids "Regular A" MI, P, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 32
Macedonian phalangites and hypaspists "Regular B" MI, P, Sh, @ 5 points. 31 to 64

30
Pantodapoi phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 32 to 64
Greek mercenaries "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, or LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. 24 to 72
Extra to upgrade any troops with P to HI, @ 2 points. Any or all
Extra to give mercenary LMI, LTS as well, @ 1point. Any or all
Lycians or Pamphylians "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Cretans Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Persian missilemen "Irregular C" LI, xh B, @ 2 points, V2 S, Sh, @ 3 points. 20 to 60
Javelinmen or pirates "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 40
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew astride of Indian driver with JLS and Macedonian with P,
@ 40 points. Up to 4
Eudamos' Indian elephants with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver and 2 with JLS or LB,
@ 40 points. Up to 8
Eudamos' Indian cavalry "Irregular D" MC. JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 10
Eudamos' Indian archers "Irregular D" LI, LB, 2HCW, @ 2 points. Up to 15
Extra to upgrade Indian cavalry or archers to "Irregular C", @ 1 point. Up toI V2
Greek democratic volunteer hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 60
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 2
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 16 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This list represents the armies of all the Asia-based early successors to Alexander except Ptolemy and Seleucus,
the most important of which were Antigonos One-Eye, his son Demetrios the Besieger, and his great enemy
Eumenes. Most assistant generals were unreliable allies, often rival satraps, and there was a high incidence of
treachery and desertion. Antigonos is the only C-in-C who can have a Sub-General, his son Demetrios, who at
that stage in his career was a rash cavalry commander, his father now commanding the phalanx, often on foot.
Pyrrhus of Epiros was for a time a subordinate ally of Antigonos and may have commanded the weaker wing of
cavalry and light troops at Ipsus. Only Antigonos or Demetrios can have Lycians, Pamphylians, Pirates,
Tarantines, Medes, Parthians or Greek volunteers. Only Eumenes can have EHC agema, argyraspids or Indians.
The argyraspids must be commanded by an ally-general who fights with them on foot and controls no other
troops. Indians must be commanded by another ally-general, Eudamos, but he can control other troops as well.
Eumenes cannot use any elephants except those provided by Eudamos. Colonist cavalry are Greeks and
Macedonians settled by Alexander in Asia, ancestors of the later Seleucid cavalry. Pantodapoi are mostly Persians
and other asiatics with Macedonian and Greek officers and file leaders. Some mercenaries were phalangites and
some peltasts, the proportion of each being unknown. The Argyraspids and Hypaspists were separate contingents
at Paraitakene, but it seems to have been at this time that the need for good pikemen to stiffen the asiatics led to
the hypaspists being rearmed. No "Regular C" pikemen can be up-armoured to HI unless all "Regular B"
pikemen are HI. The Indians are downrated because they are probably part of the army formerly belonging to
Poros, treacherously slain by Eudamos. HC agema, companions, colonists and Thracians can fight in wedge.

39. LYSIMACHID.
320 BC to 280 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Thracian allied general mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. *1
Bodyguard cavalry "Regular A" HC, L, @ 10 points. 2 to 5
Other Macedonian cavalry "Regular B" HC, L, @ 9 points. 6 to 18
Greek heavy cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @ 8 points. Up to 12
Greek light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 8
Extra to upgrade Greek light cavalry to "Regular C", @ 2 points. Any or all
Thracian noble cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, @ 7 points. *2 to 5
Thracian or Paeonian light horse "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. 12 to 30
Extra to upgrade Thracian light horse to "Irregular B", @ 1 point. *Up to 24
Macedonian or other phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 48 to 96
Extra to upgrade Macedonian phalangites to "Regular B", @ 1 point. 48 or none
Extra to upgrade any phalangites to HI, @ 2 points. Up to 96

31
Mercenary Greek peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 24
Extra to give peltasts LTS as well, @ 1 point. Any or all
Coastal Greek subject hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade hoplites to "Regular C" mercenaries, @ 1 point. Up to 12
Mercenary archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Cretan archers Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Mercenary light troops "Regular C" LI, JLS or S, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Thracian peltasts "Irregular C" LMI, % JLS, % JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. 30 to 100
Extra to give Thracian peltast with JLS 2HCW as well, @ 1 point. Any or all
Thracian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. *10 to 15
Thracian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. *10 to 30
Extra to upgrade Thracian javelinmen to "Irregular B', @ 1 point. *Up to 10
Thracian slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Illyrians "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 20
Extra to give Illyrians LTS as well, @ 1 point. Any or all
Lycians, Pamphylians, Mysians or similar "Irregular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. **20 to 60
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew sitting astride of Indian driver with JLS and Macedonian
with P, @ 40 points. Up to 2
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 2
Up to 16 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 18 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 1 irregular command factor @ 10 points to give Thracian noble cavalry a detachment of
"Irregular B" javelinmen.

Lysimachus was governor of Thrace when Alexander died, and later took over Macedon, Paionia and western
Asia Minor. Thracians can be from the areas he controlled or subjects of an allied Thracian prince. Some of his
phalangites may have been Thracians. Minimums marked * apply only if at least 60 Thracian figures are used.
Options so marked are allowed only if 60 Thracian figures are used. Minimums marked ** apply only if any
elephants are used. This is the ideal army for a paranoid player who thinks his troops hate him. Many of the
troops have been downgraded to take account of Lysimachus' extreme unpopularity. The combination of
phalangites with very large numbers ofThracians makesit a colourfularmy, and one that might be quite nasty to
meet. All Macedonian and Thracian cavalry, and any Thessalians among the Greek cavalry, can fight in wedge.

40. MACEDONIAN EARLY SUCCESSOR.

320 BC to 260 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L, or with JLS on elephant with "Irregular B" crew of
unarmed driver, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Athenian oligarch Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. *1
Aetolian Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. Up to *1
Agema "Regular A" HC, L, @ 10 points. 2 to 5
Companions "Regular B" HC, L, @ 9 points. Up to 12
Greek mercenary heavy cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, @ 8 points. 6 to 12
Greek mercenary light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 6
Extra to upgrade Greek mercenary LC to "Regular C", @ 2 points. All or none
Extra to upgrade "Regular C" Greek cavalry to "Regular B" as Thessalians, @ 1 point. Up to 6
Aetolian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, @ 5 points. *5 to 6
Macedonian veteran phalangites "Regular B" MI, P, Sh, @ 5 points. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade Macedonian veteran phalangites to HI, @ 2 points. All or none
Infirm, home service, newly recruited or mercenary phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4
points. Up to 48
Mercenary peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, ® 4 points. 48 to 96
Extra to give mercenary peltasts LTS as well, @ 1 point. Any or all
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, '/2 JLS, >/2 JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Thracian 2HCW as well as JLS, @ 1 point. Any or all

32
 Archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 12to 24
Extra to give archers Sh, as Cretans, @1point. Up to 12
Javelinmen "Irregular,C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 12 to 48
Slingers "Regular C" LI, S, Sh, @4 points. Up to 12
Athenian hoplites "Regular D" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 3 points. *24 to 36
Other allied hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 24
Aetolian foot "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 50
Galatians "Irregular A" MI,JLS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 50
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew astride of Indian driver with JLS and Macedonian with P,
@40 points. Up to 4
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver astride and 2 withJLS in tower, @ 40
points. Up to 2
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of3, @30 points. Up to 2
10 mina stone-thrower with "Regular C" crew of 3, @30 points. Up to 2
Caltrops to cover frontage of4 close formation figures, @4 points. Up to 12
Up to 18 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 10 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This list represents those early successors to Alexander whose main power base was in Macedonia, even ifthey
did not manage to retain it continuously. They include Polyperchon, Queen Olympias, Cassander, Ptolemy
Keraunos and Antigonos Gonatas "Knock-Knees", but not the latter's father Demetrios Poliorcetes "The
Besieger". Only Polyperchon, Olympias, Cassander and Keraunos can use elephants without towers. Only
Gonatas can use elephants with towers, or Galatians. Only Polyperchon can use Aetolians. Only Cassander can
have Athenian oligarch allies. Only Keraunos can ride an elephant. Minimums marked *apply only ifany troops
ofthat nationality are used. Caltrops represent the hidden anti-elephant obstacles introduced by Cassander's
Megapolitan ally on the advice ofa Macedonian veteran. They are not allowed to an army that is either using
elephants or is opposed by an army that could not have elephants. Agema, Companion and Thessalian cavalry can
fight in wedge.

41. SELEUCID.
320 BC to 83 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse and equipped as Companions, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse and equipped as Companions, @50 points. Up to 2
Companions "Regular A" HC, L, @ 10 points. 5 to 7
Agema "Regular B" EHC, L, @ 11 points. 6 to 8
Line cavalry "Regular C" HC, L, @ 8 points. Up to 32
Extra to upgrade companions and/or line from HC to EHC, @ 2 points. All or none
Extra to upgrade agema and line from EHC to SHC, @4 points. All or none
Extra for HC or EHC to replace L with JLS, Sh, @ 2 points. Any or all
Tarantines "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 6
Civic militia cavalry "Regular D" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 12
Galatian cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 15
Extra to upgrade Galatian cavalry from MC to HC, @2 points. Up to 6
Skythians "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 10
Argyraspids "Regular B" MI, P, Sh, @ 5 points. 24 to 48
Extra to upgrade argyraspids to "Roman Argyraspids" HI, HTW, Sh, @2 points. V2 or none
Phalanx "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 24 to 96
Extra to upgrade argyraspids and/or phalangites from MI to HI, @2 points. Up to 144
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew sitting astride of Indian driver with JLS and Macedonian
with P, @ 40 points. Up to 10
Elephants with unarmed driver astride, and 1 with P, 1with JLS, 1with B, or 3 with B, in
tower, @ 45 points. Up to 4
Elephant escorts "Irregular C" LI, '/2 with B, V2 with S, @2 points. Up to 40
Four-horse scythed heavy chariot with "Irregular A" crew ofunarmed driver, @24 points. Up to 6
Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. Up to 12
Persian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Miscellaneous Arabs and asiatics "Irregular D" LI, B or JLS, @ 1 point. 20 to 50

33
Cyrtii "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. Up to 20
Extra to give elephant escorts, Cretans, Arab foot or Cyrtii Sh, © 1 point. Any or all
Arab camelry "Irregular D" LCm, B, @ 2 points. Up to 10
Cappadocians and other hillmen "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 20
Galatians "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 20
Extra to upgrade Galatians to "Irregular A", © 2 points. Any or all
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, 2HCW, JLS, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 18
Thorakitai "Regular C" LHI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 12
Peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. Up to 24
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, © 30 points. Up to 2
Up to 10 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 20 irregular command factors © 25 points.
Up to 5 irregular command factors © 10 points to give elephant units escort detachment.

The basic historical assumption used for cavalry is that the companions were originally the same in all respects as
Alexander's companions and remained the senior guard unit. Theagema and line cavalry are thesuccessors ofthe
Iranian and Greek cavalry with which he supplemented them, the agema being a picked Iraniarihguard unit of
secondary status. The current state of research indicates that during the 2nd century BC, the companions still
used Macedonian armour dress and long lance, but added extra protection for the arms and neck and rode partly
armoured horses, while agema and line probably became very similar to Parthian cataphracts. I am no longer
convinced that the shield was generally adopted by Seleucid cavalry as it was by other Hellenistic nations, but
have kept the option for players with existing armies or who disagree. If "Roman Argyraspids" are used,
companions must be EHC and agema and line SHC. If agema or line are uparmoured, the other one and the
companions must also be uparmoured. Elephants without towers cannot be used together with elephants with
towers, uparmoured cavalry, Tarantines, Galatians or"Roman Argyraspids". Pike-armed argyraspids musthave
atleast the same proportion of HIas does the phalanx. Civic militia cavalry are thetype previously referred to as
Seleucid light cavalry. The attribution is far from certain. Elephant escorts and Thracians are classed as irregular
because theydid not fight in formal order. The Galatians settled in Asia Minor may have kept their delusions of
invincibility longer than others, so are allowed the option ofall being "Irregular A". Companions and Skythians
can fight in wedge.

42. PTOLEMAIC.
320 BC to 40 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, armed as Companions, © 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, armed as Companions, © 50 points. Up to 2
Companions "Regular A" HC, L, © 10 points. 2 to 5
Cleruch cavalry "Regular C" HC, L, @ 8 points. 6 to 24
Extra to provide HC with JLS, Sh, in exchange for L, © 2 points. All or none
Tarantine mercenary cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @8 points. Up to 12
Aetolian mercenary cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 6
Agema "Regular B" LMI, LTS, Sh, or MI, P, Sh, © 5 points. Up to 24
Macedonian phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @4 points. 48 to 200
Egyptian phalangites "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 150
Extra to upgrade Agema or phalangites from LMI to LHI or MI to HI, © 2 points. Up to 150
Peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 24
Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, © 3 points. Up to 24
Extra to give Cretans Sh, @1 point. Any or all
Galatians "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Galatians to "Irregular A",@2 points. Up to xh
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, 2HCW, JLS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 24
Aetolian javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI or LI,JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 50
Egyptian or Syrian archers and slingers "Irregular D" LI, V2 B, V2 S, © 1 point. Up to 36
Egyptian, Arab or Jewish javelinmen "Regular D" LI,JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 24
Arab camelry "Regular D" LCm, JLS or B, Sh, © 9 points. Up to 6
Libyan four-horse light chariot with "Irregular D" crew of unarmed driver and 1 withJLS, ©
18 points. Up to 3
Extra to upgrade light chariot to heavy by adding 1 with JLS, @4 points. All or none

34
Indian elephant with "Irregular C" crew astride of Indian driver with JLS and Macedonian
with P, © 40 points. Up to 1
African elephant with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver astride and 1 with P or JLS, 1
with B or JLS, @ 40 points. Up to 6
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, © 30 points. Up to 2
Caltrops to cover frontage of 4 close formation figures, © 4 points. Up to 6
Gabinian or Antonine remnant legionaries "Regular D" HI, HTW, Sh, © 5 points. Up to 40
Rioting mob "Irregular D" LMI, IPW, © 1 point. Up to 150
Up to 20 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 18 irregular command factors © 25 points.

This covers the armies of Macedonian Egypt from the death of Alexander to the deaths of Cleopatra and Marcus
Antonius. Arabs and Jews were used for internal security, but there is no record of them being used in a major
battle. Libyan chariots could have been provided by the vassal city of Cyrene, but there is no record of the
Ptolemies calling for them, possibly because they certainly would have been unenthusiastic even if not actively
disloyal. However, the fact that there is no record does not prove that these troops were not used, and the
capability to do so did [Link] Hellenistic heavy cavalry betweenprobably281 BC and 168
BC, but the new type of cavalry did not completely replacethe unshielded lancer. All known representations of
Ptolemaiccavalryshow long lance and no shield, the latestof these dating from around 200 BC. Indian elephants
cannot be used together with African elephants, Galatians, Egyptian phalangites, legionaries, rioters, or shielded
HC. Legionaries cannot be used with elephantsor with more than 48 [Link] phalangitesmust not
exceed Macedonian phalangites. Chariots cannot be used with legionaries or rioters. Caltrops represent the
hidden obstacles used at Gaza. They cannot be used unless the opposing army could use elephants. HC with L
can fight in wedge.

43. PYRRHIC.
300 BC to 275 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L, or HC, JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, or HC, JLS, or HC, JLS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Agema "Regular A" HC, L, © 10 points. 5 to 12
Epirot or Macedonian cavalry "Regular B" HC, L, © 9 points. Up to 12
Extra to provide HC with JLS, Sh, in exchange for L, © 2 points. Any or all
Thessalian or Greek ally cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, © 8 points. Up to 12
Aetolian, Acarnanian and Athamanian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, © 4 points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade Thessalian or Aetolian cavalry from "C" to "B", © 1 point. Up to 12
Extra to provide Thessalian, Greek ally, Aetolian, Acarnanian or Athamanian cavalry with Sh,
© 2 points. Any or all
Oscan cavalry "Regular A" HC, JLS, @ 10 points. Up to 2
Oscan cavalry "Regular B" MC, JLS, @ 7 points. *6 to 12
Tarantine cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. *6 to 12
Epirot or Macedonian phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 48 to 72
Tarantine phalangites "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, @ 3 points. *48 to 60
Oscan, Italiote or Greek ally hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. *12 to 60
Extra to upgrade Oscan hoplites to HI. Up to 12
Oscan javelinmen "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 48
Extra to upgrade Oscan javelinmen to LHI, @ 2 points. Up to V2
Galatians "Irregular A" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. Up to 30
Archers "Regular C" LI, B, © 3 points. 12 to 24
Extra to give archers Sh as Cretans, © 1 point. Any or all
Slingers "Regular C" LI, S, Sh, @ 4 points. 6 to 12
Greek or Italian javelinmen "Regular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 12
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver astride and 2 with JLS in tower, @ 40
points. 2 to 4
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 2
Up to 18 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 6 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

35
Pyrrhus of Epirus was probably responsible for the spread of shield use among Hellenistic cavalry, having
become familiar with the use of shields by his Tarantine allies. Since Italian cavalry were all javelin-armed, it is
likely that his own javelin cavalry converted first. For what it is worth, Plutarch's account of his final battles
suggests he fought with a lance and did not have a shield, though another account mentions his shield becoming a
victory trophy! Italiotes are from the other Greek cities of southern Italy and Sicily. Oscans are Italians from the
central spine. Those used by Pyrrhus included Samnites, Lucanians and Bruttians, but probably not Apulians or
Campanians. Minimums marked * apply only if any Oscans are used. The total of hoplites, Tarantine phalangites
and Oscan LMI or LHI must not exceed 144. Galatians cannot be used with Tarantine phalangites, Italiotes or
Oscans. Lance-armed and Thessalian cavalry can fight in wedge.

44. ARMENIAN.
300 BC to 386 AD.

C-in-C mounted on horse and equipped as cataphracts, © 100 points.

Sub-General mounted on horse and equipped as cataphracts, © 50 points. Up to 1
Ally-Generals from Media Atropatene and Adiabene mounted on horses and equipped as
cataphracts, @ 75 points. *2
Gordyenian Ally-General mounted on horse and equipped as cataphracts, or as HC, JLS, Sh, or
on foot as LHI, JLS, Sh, @ 75 points. **Up to 1
Armenian cataphracts "Irregular C" EHC, all JLS or all L, © 8 points. 10 to 36
Extra to upgrade Armenian cataphracts to "Irregular B", @ 1 point. Up to 14
Median and Adiabenian cataphracts "Irregular B" EHC, L, © 9 points. *10 to 22
Gordyenian, Cappadocian and Albanian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 18
Extra to upgrade Gordyenian LC to "Irregular B" HC, @ 3 points. Up to 5
Iberian cavalry "Irregular A" HC, L, @ 8 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade Gordyenian or Iberian HC to EHC, L, @ 2 points. Any or all
Extra to convert all EHC to SHC, L, © 4 points. All or none
Extra to give all unconverted HC and EHC Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Armenian horse archers "Irregular C" LC, B, © 4 points. 10 to 40
Median and Adiabenian horse archers "Irregular D" LC, B, @ 3 points. *10 to 30
Mardian horse archers "Irregular B" LC, B, © 5 points. Up to 10
Arab cavalry "Irregular D" LC, JLS, Sh, © 6 points. **Up to 10
Arab camelry "Irregular D" MCm or LCm, B, © 2 points. **Up to 10
Armenian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, © 2 points. 15 to 50
Allied or Arab archers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. **Up to 30
Armenian or Gordyenian javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. 10 to 100
Extra to upgrade Armenian javelinmen to "Regular C" LMI as Pontic-trained imitation Italians,
© 1 point. **Up to 72
Extra to further upgrade imitation Italians to "Regular C" HI, HTW, Sh, @ 2 points. **Up to 48
Ex-Seleucid or ex-Greek phalangites "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, © 3 points. *24 to 48
Armenian slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Allied or Arab slingers "Irregular D" LI, S, © 1 point. **Up to 15
Extra to give any slingers Sh, © 1 point. Up to 30
Iberians, if infantry, "Irregular B" LMI, LTS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 30
Albanian infantry "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 50
Pioneers and camp servants "Irregular D" LI, IPW, © 1 point. *10 to 30
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 26 irregular command factors © 25 points.

This list covers Armenia from its foundation as an independent kingdom to its final partition between Rome and
Sassanid Persia. Minimums marked * apply only if anytroops so marked are used. AH suchtrooptypes relate to
the short-lived empireof Tigranes the Great, whichlasted only from 83 BC to 69 BC. Options marked **cannot
be chosen unless minimums marked * are used. OnlyoneArmenian Sub-General is allowed, sinceonlythe crown
prince or a similar close relation is likely to besufficiently trusted. Ally-Generals mustnot be voluntarily specified
as rash. Sincethe Gordyenian king is known to have negotiated secretly with the enemy, I suggest that he might
be specified as cautious. Armenian and neighbouring cataphracts seem to have started as shieldless EHC with

36
JLS. By Tigranes' time, they had exchanged JLS for L and had probably become SHC. They later reverted to
shielded EHC. Armenians were a somewhat dour race, so I have downgraded their cataphracts to "Irregular C".
This is in keeping with their historical performance. Their Iberian neighbours were exuberant extroverts and
were noted for their long spears, whether cavalry or infantry. Their cavalry may have been lighter than the
Armenian cataphracts. Gordyenians were Kurds. The imitation Italians were to be organised and armed "As
nearly as possible according to the Italian system", suggesting that full legionary equipment was not available for
all. Armenia survived by playing off her powerful neighbours against each other, and by never being so heavily
committed to a stronger ally as to be unable to realign when that ally lost or looked like taking excessive risks.
This might therefore be a good army for a player of cautious temperament. However, while Tigranes earned his
disaster by over-confidence, the final end of Armenia might plausibly be blamed on Roman and Persian
exasperation with Armenian slipperyness!

45. GALATIAN.
280 BC to 25 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or with JLS in two-horse light chariot with
"Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, © 100 points. 1
Galatian Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or with JLS in two-horse light chariot
with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, @ 75 points. Up to 2
Greek Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, @ 75 points. *1
Two-horse light chariots with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, © 16
points. Up to 12
Cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. 10 to 40
Extra to upgrade cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Up to lA
Warriors "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 80 to 200
Extra to upgrade warriors to HI with captured armour, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Extra to upgrade MI, but not HI, warriors to "Irregular A", © 2 points. Any or all
Skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 10
Greek cavalry "Regular B" LC or MC, JLS, @ 7 points. *2 to 8
Extra to upgrade Greek cavalry to "Regular A" bodyguard, @ 1 point. Up to 2
Extra to upgrade Greek cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Any or all
Greek infantry "Regular C" LI or LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. *12 to 24
Extra to give Greek LMI, LTS in addition, @ 1 point. Any or all
Greek slingers "Regular C" LI, S, Sh, © 4 points. *6 to 12
Four-horse scythed heavy chariots with "Irregular A" crew of unarmed driver, @ 24 points. Up to 4
Cappadocians or Paphlagonians "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 36
Imitation legionaries "Regular C" HI, HTW, Sh, © 6 points. Up to 72
Up to 4 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 12 irregular command factors © 25 points.

The eastern Celts referred to here as Galatians seem to have fought in closer formation than the western Celts
referred to as Gauls. This is probably because their migration route had led over the Danubian plains instead of
wooded and hilly country. They displayed fanatic fervour and indifferenceto wounds in their invasion of Greece
in 279 BC. The incidence of this probably declined with time, but their foot were still fighting nude, a hallmark
of Celtic fanatics, against Rome in 189 BC. The Greeks are the Thessalian and Aenianian nobles and followers
recorded as joining the invasion of 279 BC. Aenianians provided javelinmen and slingers; Thessalians cavalry and
peltasts. Captured scythe chariots and infantry armour are described by Lucian in a battle against the Seleucids in
273 BC. Armour was disdained by fanatic infantry. Cappadocians and Paphlagonians helped against Rome in 189
BC. Two imitation legions raised by the tetrarch Deiotarus in the 1st century BC fought with the Romans against
Pharnaces of Pontus, and were formed into Legio XXII Deiotariana when Galatia became a Roman province in
25 BC. Minimums marked * apply only if any troops so marked are used. Scythed chariots and captured armour
cannot be used with Greeks, Cappadocians, Paphlagonians or imitation legionaries. There must always be at least
twice as many light chariots than scythed chariots. Imitation legionaries cannot be used with chariots, Greeks,
Cappadocians, Paphlagonians, captured armour, or if more than half the warriors used have been upgraded to
"Irregular A". Cappadocians and Paphlagonians cannot be used with Greeks, scythed chariots, captured armour
or legionaries. Galatians make a dangerous attacking army in good terrain, but were historically vulnerable in
rough terrain and sometimes when opposed intelligently with elephants. Thessalian cavalry can fight in v -l
Imitation legionaries can fight in testudo.

37
46. CAMILLAN ROMAN.
275 BC to 105 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse 'as HC, JLS, Sh, © 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 50 points. Up to 1
Roman Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. Up to 1
Numidian Ally-General mounted on horse as LC or HC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. *1
Aetolian Ally-General mounted on horse as LC or HC, Sh, © 75 points. Up to 1
Pergamene Ally-General mounted on horse as HC or EHC, L, @ 75 points. **1
Roman cavalry "Regular B" HC, JLS, Sh, © 11 points. 5 to 12
Extra to upgrade Roman cavalry to "Regular A"bodyguard, © 1 point. Up to 5
Italian allied cavalry "Regular C" MC, JLS, Sh, © 8 points. 6 to 24
Extra to upgrade Italian allied cavalry to HC, © 2 points. Any or all
Extra to upgrade Italian allied cavalry to "Regular B" as extraordinarii, © 1 point. Up to 6
Gallic cavalry "Irregular D" MC, JLS, Sh, @5 points. Up to 6
Spanish cavalry "Irregular C", >/2 MC, V2 MC or LC, JLS, Sh, @6 points. Up to 12
Numidian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @6 points. Up to 30
Extra to upgrade Numidian LC to "Irregular B" bodyguard, @ 1 point. *5 to 9
Aetolian or Illyrian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 10
Pergamene cavalry "Regular C" HC, L, @ 8 points. **6 to 12
Extra to upgrade Pergamene HC to EHC, @2 points. Up to 8
Pergamene or Italian Tarentine light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @8 points. Up to 6
Roman velites "Irregular C" LI, all JLS, Sh, or all LTS, JLS, © 4 points. 10 to 30
Roman hastati "Regular C" HI, HTW, Sh, © 6 points. 20 to 60
Roman principes "Regular C" HI, HTW, Sh, © 6 points. 20 to 60
Roman triarii "Regular B" HI, LTS, Sh, © 7 points. 10 to 30
Extra to upgrade all velites, hastati and principes notionally belonging to the same legion, or a
velite detachment ofa Roman cavalry unit, to "Regular B", @1 point. Up to 100
Velites ofpenal legion "Regular D" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 10
Hastati, principes or triarii of penal legion "Regular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 50
Italian allied infantry "Regular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 50
Extra to upgrade Italian allied infantry to LHI, © 2 points. Up to V2
Extra to upgrade Italian allied infantry to "Regular B"as extraordinarii, © 2 points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade any remaining Italian allied infantry to "Regular C", © 1 point. All or none
Gallic infantry "Irregular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @2 points. Up to 20
Spanish scutarii "Irregular D" LMI, HTW, Sh, © 2 points. Up to 50
Extra to upgrade Spanish scutarii to "Irregular B"as Celtiberians, @2 points. Up to 12
Spanish caetrati "Irregular D" LI, JLS, Sh, © 2 points. Up to 25
Numidian javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. *15 to 30
Numidian archers or slingers "Irregular C" LI, Bor S,© 2 points. Up to 10
Extra to give Numidian slingers Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Aetolian foot "Irregular C" LMI or LI,JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 40
Illyrian foot "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Illyrian foot LTS in addition, © 1 point. Any or all
Pergamene or Achaean peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 5 points. **12 to 24
Cretan archers "Regular C" LI, B, @3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Cretans Sh, @ 1 point. All or none
Trallian slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, @3 points. Up to 12
Syracusan slingers "Regular C" LI, S, Sh, @4 points. Up to 12
Macedonian and Thracian volunteers "Regular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 12
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver astride and 2 in tower with JLS or B, ©
40 points. ***] t0 2
Up to 16 regular commandfactors © 10 points.
Up to 6 regular command factors © 5 points to provide Roman cavalry, hastati, or mixed hasti,
principes and triarii units with a detachment of velites.

38
Up to 6 irregular command factors © 25 points.
Up to 3 irregular command factors © 10 points to give elephant units a detachment of xh
Numidian archers, xh Numidian slingers, or to give Numidian cavalry units a detachment of
Numidian javelinmen.

This list covers the period of the Roman wars with Carthage, Macedonia and the Seleucids. The option to
provide a Roman Ally-General accounts for the situation in which both consuls are present and commanding on
alternate days. Roman legionaries can be organised in separate, usually small, units of hastati, principes or triarii,
or with all three types combined in cohort-type units. True velites were probably not introduced until 211 BC,
the LTS and JLS shieldless variety substituting earlier. I assumed that Latin allies are indistinguishable from
Romans, but that other Italian allies fought in traditional looser formation. A penal legion was formed during the
2nd Punic war from bad characters equipped with Gallic weapons captured at Telamon. This offers a challenge
to figure converters! Gauls and Spaniards are downgraded for potential treachery. The option to upgrade
Pergamene cavalry to EHC covers the unlikely possibility that the armour on the Pergamene monuments is
Pergamene rather than captured Seleucid. Macedonian and Thracian volunteers guarded the camp at Magnesia.
Up to 12 slingers, 12 Cretans and 10 Numidian LC can be used with any other allies; Aetolians, Pergamenes and
Macedonian and Thracian volunteers can be used with each other; otherwise only one nationality of non-Italians
can be used in an army. Minimums marked * apply only if any troops so marked except up to 10 Numidian LC
are used. Those marked ** apply only if any troops so marked are used. That marked *** applies only if any
troops marked * or ** are used. Celtiberian scutarii can fight in wedge.

47. HELLENISTIC GREEK.

275 BC to 146 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, or L, Sh if used by cavalry, @ 100 points. 1

Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS or L, Sh if used by cavalry, © 75 points. Up to 2
Citizen or mercenary thureophoroi "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 5 points. 24 to 200
Extra to upgrade mercenary thureophoroi serving Spartan tyrants to "Regular B", © 1 point. Up to 36
Citizen phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 200
Extra to upgrade Achaean phalangites to HI, © 2 points. Up to 96
Unreformed hoplites "Regular C" MI, LTS, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 72
Achaean thorakitai "Regular C" LHI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 36
Archers "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 12 to 24
Slingers "Regular C" LI, S, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Extra to provide slingers or Cretan archers with Sh, © 1 point. Any or all
Javelinmen "Regular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 4 points. 12 to 48
Aetolian foot "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 48
Illyrians "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 4 points. Up to 36
Extra to give Illyrians LTS in addition, © 1 point. Up to 24
Cavalry "Regular C" HC, L if Achaean or Athenian, JLS if not, © 8 points. 5 to 18
Extra to upgrade cavalry to "Regular A" bodyguard, © 2 points. Up to 5
Aetolian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, © 5 points. Up to 12
Thracian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, © 5 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Sh to JLS-armed cavalry lacking them, © 2 points. Any or all
Tarantine cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, © 8 points. 6 to 12
Heavy bolt-shooters with "Regular C" crew of 3, @ 30 points. Up to 2
Incendiary pigs, @ 5 points. Up to 4
Up to 24 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 10 irregular command factors © 25 points.

This list covers the period during which the Greek states progressively abandonedthe traditionalhoplite, first for
peltasts carrying the long shield called the thureos, then for Macedonian-style pike phalanxes. Boeotia adopted
the thureos about 270 BC and changed to pikes about 245. The Achaean League used the thureos till 208 before
changing to pikes. Sparta started to change directly from hoplites to pikes in 225. An Army's combined total of
thureophoroi, thorakitai, phalangites and hoplites must not exceed 300 figures. Aetolians can fight only for Elean,
Spartan or Boeotian C-in-C's, either as mercenaries, or as allies under their own general. Illyrians and Thracians

39
can fight only for an Achaean C-in-C, as mercenaries. Incendiary pigs were used by Megara against Antigonos
Gonatas in imitation of theirusea few years earlier against Pyrrhus' elephants by the Romans, so thetrickwould
be generally known. Pigs canbe used only if the opposing army could include elephants. Mostcavalry adopted
shields in imitation of the Tarantines shortly after the start of this period. I am not yet convinced that this
extended to cavalry armed with lances. Literary sources describe Achaeans using lances. Monuments show an
Athenian with lance but no shield, and a Boeotian with shield and javelin.

48. PERGAMENE.
263 BC to 130 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC or EHC, L, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC or EHC, L, @ 50 points. Up to 1
Achaean Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, L, © 75 points. *1
Cappadocian Ally-General mounted on horse as EHC, JLS, Sh, @ 75 points. **i

Pergamene lancers "Regular C" HC, L, @ 8 points. 12 to 36

Extra to upgrade Pergamene lancers to "Regular A" bodyguard, © 2 points. Up to 11
Extra to upgrade Pergamene lancers to EHC, @ 2 points. Up to 24
Pergamene light cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, Sh, © 8 points. Up to 12
Achaean bodyguard "Regular A" HC, L, © 10 points. *2to5
Cappadocian cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, Sh, © 9 points. **20 to 40
Extra to upgrade Cappadocian HC to EHC, @ 2 points. Up to 20
Cappadocian light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 15
Ex-Seleucid cavalry "Regular D" SHC, L, @ 13 points. ***6 to 12
Galatian cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Galatian cavalry to HC, © 2 points. Up to X/2
Mercenary peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 5 points. 60 to 96
Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, © 3 points. 12 to 36
Extra to give Cretans Sh, @ 1 point. All or none
Trallians "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, @ 3 points. 12 to 24
Pergamene citizen infantry "Regular D" MI, P or LTS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 100
Achaean peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. *24 to 48
Cappadocian infantry "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. **30 to 60
Cappadocian archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. **5 to 10
Ex-Seleucid phalanx "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, @ 3 points. ***24 to 48
Galatian foot "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 40
Extra to upgrade Galatian foot to "Irregular A", @ 2 points. Any or all
Mysians or Masdyenes "Irregular C" LI or LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 60
Ex-Seleucid elephants with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver astride and 1 with P, 1 with
JLS, 1 with B, or 3 with B, in tower, © 45 points. ***1 to 4
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, © 30 points. Up to 4
30 mina stone-thrower with "Regular C" crew of 4, © 40 points. Up to 2
Up to 12 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This army represents the army of Pergamon from Eumenes I's assumption of independence until Attalus III
bequeathed the kingdom to Rome. Achaeans were allied in 190 BC, and Cappadocians in 183-179 BC and 155
BC. The Seleucids aresettlers from Lydia andPhrygia, taken over after thebattle ofMagnesia in 190 BC. They
probably became a permanent part of the army, but the elephants were not replaced as theydiedoff, so would
have reduced rapidly in numbers after 150 BC. Masdyenes were probably Paphlagonian mercenaries. Trallians
were probably from Caria, but it has also been suggested they might be Thracian. The Galatians were probably
from those settled in Thrace, still uncowed by defeat. Theprovision for upgrading Pergamene cavalry to EHC is
in case the horse and limb armour on the Pergamene reliefs is in fact Pergamene, rather than, as probable,
captured from the Seleucids. Minimums marked *, ** or *** apply only if any troops so marked are used.
Achaeans cannot be used with Cappadocians or ex-Seleucids.

40
49. LATER MACEDONIAN.
260 BC to 148 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 50 points. Up to 2
Macedonian elite cavalry "Regular A" HC, JLS, Sh,@ 12 points. 2 to 6
Macedonian and Thessalian cavalry "Regular B" HC, JLS, Sh, @ 11 points. 6 to 12
Greek heavy cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, Sh, @ 10 points. Up to 6
Greek light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @6 points. Up to 6
Illyrian cavalry "Irregular B" LC, JLS, Sh, @7 points. Up to 10
Galatian cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade Galatian MC to HC, © 2 points. Up to xh
Thracian elite cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, Sh, © 9 points. Up to 12
Thracian elite infantry "Irregular B" LI, JLS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 12
Elite hypaspists "Regular B" LMI, LTS, Sh, @5 points. 6 to 12
Hypaspists "Regular C" LMI, LTS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 18
Phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, © 4 points. 48 to 120
Thorakitai "Regular C" LHI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 12
Peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @5 points. 6 to 48
Thracian mercenaries "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, 2HCW, Sh, © 4 points. Up to 24
Agrianians or similar "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 20
Illyrian infantry "Irregular B" LMI, JLS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 20
Extra to give Illyrian infantry LTS as well, © 1 point. Any or all
Galatian infantry "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade Galatian infantry to "Irregular A", © 2 points. Any or all
Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, @ 3 points. 12 to 24
Extra to give Cretans Sh, © 1 point. Any or all
Heavy bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 3, © 30 points. Up to 2
Up to 15 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 6 irregular command factors © 25 points.
Up to 2 irregular command factors © 10 points to provide Thracian cavalry units with a
detachment of Thracian elite LI.

This listcovers the period from the presumed death from oldage of the last Macedonian elephants to the incor
poration ofMacedonia as a Roman province. The latest mention ofMacedonian elephants isin270 BC, bywhich
time theyoungest ofthose brought back by Alexander would be 60 years old. The normal life span is 60 to 70
years, few reaching 80. There had been no reinforcements since, and elephants rarely breed in captivity.
Hypaspists may now have been obsolete, those troops now being referred toas peltasts by contemporaries. Tradi
tional peltasts were now called Thureophoroi, or if armoured, Thorakitai. I have retained the former names to
avoid confusion. Greek allies provided phalangites, thorakitai or thureophoroi instead of hoplites. I have not
distinguished between these and those provided byMacedonians and mercenaries. Macedonian, Thessalian and
Thracian cavalry can fight in wedge.

50. BACTRIAN GREEK.

250 BC to 30 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, L, B, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, L, B, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Saka Ally-General mounted on horse as EHC, L, © 75 points. *1
Indian Ally-General with LB, JLS, in howdah on elephant with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed
**i
driver astride and unarmed man with umbrella PA standard, @ 90 points.
Bodyguard "Regular A" HC, JLS or L, B, © 12 points. 3 to 12
Cavalry "Regular B" HC, L, B, @ 11 points. 12 to 60
Extra to upgrade "Regular B" HC to EHC, @ 2 points. Up to y2
Bactrian light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, B, © 5 points. Up to 20
Arachosian or similar light cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, @ 4 points. Up to 20

41
 Saka nobles "Irregular B" EHC, L, © 9 points. *9 to 14
Saka horse archers "Irregular C" LC, B, @4 points. *15 to 50
Indian cavalry "Irregular C" MC,JLS, Sh,@7 points. **5 to 40
Phalanx "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. 24 to 72
Pisidian colonists and peltasts "Regular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @4 points. Up to 24
Extra to give peltasts LTS in addition, @ 1 point. Any or all
Cretans "Regular C" LI, B, © 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Cretans Sh, © 1 point. All or none
Hillmen "Irregular C" LI or LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 20
Hillmen "Irregular C" LI, B, © 2 points. Up to 15
Indian archers "Irregular C" MI, LB, 2HCW, © 3 points. **20 to 100
Indian javelinmen "Irregular C" MI, JLS, 2HCW, Sh, @4 points. **10 to 20
Elephants with "Irregular C" crew ofdriver with JLS astride and 2 in tower with JLS, © 45
points.
2 to 6
Indian elephants with "Irregular B" crew astride ofunarmed driver, 1with JLS, and 1with
JLS or LB, @ 42 points. **2 to 4
Extra togive all elephant drivers and umbrella man JLS, © 6 points. All or none
Indian four-horse chariots with "Irregular B" crew of2drivers with JLS, 2 with LB, 2 with
JLS, © 54 points. **1 to 2
Up to 10regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 16irregular command factors © 25 points.

This list covers all armies ofthe Greek states in Bactria and India. The bodyguard are assumed to be ofHellenic
descent and are based on a coin of 75 to 55 BC showing a man in Greek dress and helmet mounted on an
unarmoured horse with ajavelin and bow together in acase. The remaining heavy cavalry are assumed to be local
Iranian nobles transformed into regulars holding land on the Seleucid cleruch system. They are based on afigure
from a 3rd or 2nd century BC silver bowl showing abare-headed warrior in Iranian dress plus Greek muscled
corselet, holding along spear in both hands and with abow in its case. He rides an unarmoured horse. The option
to make such troops EHC rests on analogy with the Bactrian's Parthian and Saka neighbours. The Saka were a
Skythian people. The nobles are assumed to be similar to the Kushan EHC described under list No. 22. The
Hillmen are Gandarians, "shaven-headed Kamboja", and possibly native Bactrians or Sogdians. Minimums
marked *apply only ifany troops so marked are used, orifmore than 10 Saka horse archers are used. Minimums
marked ** apply only ifIndian elephants, chariots or general are used, or ifmore than 40 Indian infantry are
used. More than 10 Saka cannot be used with more than 40 Indians. Saka can fight in wedge.

51. PARTHIAN.
250 BC to 225 AD.

C-in-C mounted on horse as SHC, L, orwith Bon elephant with "Irregular B"crew of
unarmed driver, © 100 points. 1
Sub-General mounted on horse as SHC, L, @50 points. Up to 1
Armenian Ally-General mounted on horse and equipped as Armenian cataphract, @75 points. *1
Parthian cataphracts "Irregular B" SHC, L, © 13 points. 14 to 58
Parthian horse archers "Irregular C" LC, B, @4 points. 40 to 180
Parthian cataphract camels "Irregular A" EHCm, L, © 15 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade cataphract camels to SHC, © 5 points. All or none
Armenian cataphracts "Irregular D" EHC, L, © 7 points. *9 to 15
Extra to upgrade Armenian cataphracts to "Irregular B", © 2 points. *2 to 7
Extra to convert Armenian cataphracts to SHC, @4 points. All or none
Extra to give unconverted Armenian EHC Sh, © 2 points. All or none
Armenian horse archers "Irregular D" LC, B,@ 3 points. *10 to 20
Armenian archers "Irregular D" LI, B, © 1 point. *10 to 20
Armenian javelinmen "Irregular D" LMI orLI, JLS, Sh, @2 points. *15 to 40
Extra to upgrade any Armenians from "Irregular D" to"Irregular C", © 1point. Up to 30
Tapurians and similar "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @3 points. Up to 15
Greek city militia or Seleucid Jews "Regular D" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @4 points. ** &*** 12 to 24
Parthian city dwellers "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. **10to30
Other city dwellers "Irregular D" LI, xh JLS, '/2 JLS or S, Sh, © 2 points. **10 to 30
Seleucid cataphracts "Regular D" SHC, L, @ 13 points. ***6 to 12

42
Seleucid tarentines or militia cavalry "Regular D" LC, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. ***6 to 12
Seleucid phalangites "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, © 3 points. ***24 to 48
Extra to upgrade phalangites to HI, © 2 points. All or none
Seleucid light infantry "Irregular D" LI, xh B, xh S, © 1 point. ***10 to 24
Extra to give Seleucid LI Sh, © 1 point. Any or all
Up to 6 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 20 irregular command factors © 25 points.

This list covers all armies from the foundation of the Parthian kingdom to the replacement of the Arcasid dynasty
by the Sassanid Persians. There are no historical references to the use of elephants in battle, but King Vologeses
is recorded as havingcrosseda river on one whilereturningfromcampaign. I now prefer the SHCm classification
to EHCm for Parthian camels, but have retained the latter for players with existing armies. The grading of the
riders as "Irregular A" is because they were special volunteers. Armoured camels are recorded on only one
occasion and failed disastrously. The Armenian Ally-General is assumed to be a puppet whom the Parthians are
trying to put on the throne. His men are assumed to be torn between personal loyalty to him and dislike of
Parthians. Tapurians are similar to other mountain tribes. Greek city militia are the descendants of military
settlerstaken over by the Parthians. Seleucids represent the capturedarmy of Antigonos Sidetes,used againstthe
Skythians after his death. It demonstrated its lack of enthusiasm by changing sides. Minimumsmarked *, ** or
*** apply only if any troops so markedare used. Elephants, Armenians, Tapurians, city militiaor dwellers, and
Seleucids, cannot be used together. A Parthian army's strength depends primarily on the close co-operation
betweencataphracts and horse archers. If this is lacking, its horse archers will be chased off or ridden down by
javelin cavalry, and the cataphracts tempted into vaincharges and taken in flankor rear. If it is present, the army
is extremely formidable. A cataphract charge properly prepared by archery has a good chance even against
phalangites. The army's weakest point is its lack of reliable infantry, whichcan be a sourceof difficulty in rough
terrain.

52. SPANISH.
240 BC to 20 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 100 points. 1

Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. Up to 2
Long shield cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 17
Extra to upgrade long shield cavalry to HC, @ 2 points. Up to xh
Round shield cavalry "Irregular C" all MC or all LC, JLS, Sh, © 6 points. 15 to 30
Extra to upgrade round shield cavalry to "Irregular B", © 1 point. All or none
Extra to upgrade "Irregular B" cavalry to "Irregular A" as general's companions sworn to
devotio, © 1 point. 3 to 9
Scutarii "Irregular C" LMI, HTW, Sh, @ 3 points. *50 to 200
Extra to upgrade scutarii to "Irregular B" as Celtiberians, @ 1 point. Up to 50
Caetrati "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. 30 to 100
Extra to upgrade caetrati to "Irregular B" if in detachment belonging to "Irregular B" cavalry
unit, © 1 point. Up to 36
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 20
Fire pots to ignite tow-wrapped HTW, © 5 points. Up to 10
Up to 20 irregular command factors © 25 points.
Up to 6 irregular command factors @ 10 points to provide cavalry units with a detachment of
caetrati.

This list extends from the Carthaginian expansion into Spain until the last Spanish revolt against Roman rule.
Assistant generals are classified as allies rather than subordinates because large armies were made up from coali
tions of tribes. Surviving art shows more representations of cavalry with small round shields than with long.
Althoughinfantry with the same round caetra wereskirmishers, as opposed to those with the long scutum, who
fought at close quarters, the analogy may not hold good for cavalry. Hannibal seems to have used his Spanish
cavalry in the same way as his Gauls and Poeni, rather than for skirmishing like his Numidians. Livydescribes
Spanish cavalry with attached caetrati as beating Numidian cavalry and Moorish infantry because of greater
"strength and daring", which could be held to justify classing the Spaniards as "Irregular B" or making their
cavalry MC. A Spanish chieftain's bodyguard was sworn to "devotio", which meant dying with their leader

43
rather than flee or surrender. Plutarch adds thatthis led to them having very small bodyguards! Spanish cavalry
were often teamed with detachments of caetrati, who rode double withthemuntilgoing intoaaion. A "B" class
cavalry unit can have a "B" or "C" caetrati detachment. A *C" class cavalry unit can only have a "C" class
caetrati detachment. The combined unit and detachment counts as mounted infantry when riding double.
Celtiberian scutarii are upgraded because they were acknowledged as more warlike than the other tribes and
frequentlyservedthem as mercenaries. Most tribesused two-thirds scutariito one-thirdcaetrati,the Lusitanians
being theexception in using only caetrati. The minimum marked * therefore applies only ifanyscutarii areused.
Note that as the Spaniards in this list are fighting for their own leaders, they have not been downrated for
treachery as when they appear in other lists. Spanish scutarii are recorded as using their falarica HTW as an
incendiary missile both in sieges and in open battle. Since HTW count as hand-to-hand rather than shooting
weapons, hand-to-hand casualties are halved in lieu of shooting casualties. The recipients count as shot at by
incendiary weapons forreaction anddisorder. Any disorder caused takes immediate effect anddowngrades enemy
hand-to-hand effect that period. If anyofa unit's figures fighting thesame enemy bodyuseincendiaries, allmust.
The previous period has to bespent with noother activity except preparing themissiles, but thisdoes notprevent
charging or countercharging during the period of use. One firepot is needed per unit. This is a very powerful
attacking army for rough terrain. Celtiberian scutarii can fight in wedge.

53. NUMIDIAN.
215 BC to 25 AD.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC or LC, JLS, Sh, © 100 points. 1

Numidian Sub-General mounted on horse as HC or LC, JLS, Sh, @ 50 points. Up to 2
Moorish Ally-General mounted on horse as LC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. Up to 1
Numidian, Moorish or Gaetulian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. 40 to 120
Extra to upgrade Numidian cavalry to "Irregular B" bodyguard, @ 1 point. Up to 19
Juba's Gallic and Spanish bodyguard "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, © 7 points. *5 to 19
Extra to upgrade Juba's guard to HC, @ 2 points. All or none
Numidian or Moorish javelinmen "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. _ 40 to 150
Syphax' Roman-trained infantry or Jugurtha's Gaetuli "Regular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. *20 to 80
Juba's and Tacfarinas' imitation legionaries "Regular D" HI, HTW, Sh, © 5 points. *24 to 96
Extra to upgrade Tacfarinas' imitation legionaries to "Regular C", © 1 point. All or none
Jugurtha's Roman deserters "Regular B" HI, HTW, Sh, © 7 points. **6 to 12
Jugurtha's Ligurian deserters "Irregular C" or "Regular D" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. **12 to 24
Jugurtha's Thracian deserters "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. **6 to 12
Numidian archers or slingers "Irregular C" LI, B or S, © 2 points. Up to 20
Extra to give Numidian slingers Sh, © 1 point. All or none
African elephants with "Irregular C" crew of unarmed driver astride and 2 with JLS or B in
tower, © 40 points: Syphax or Tacfarinas. 0
Jugurtha. Up to 2
Juba. 1 to 8
Others. Up to 1
Up to 8 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 24 irregular command factors © 25 points.
Up to 4 irregular command factors © 10 points to give LC units a detachment of javelinmen, or
elephant units a detachment of xh archers, '/2 slingers.

This list covers the period from just before the first Roman mission to train King Syphax' infantry till the sup
pression of Tacfarinas' revolt. It includes Jugurtha's wars against Rome at the end of the 2nd century BC, and
Juba's army as involved in the Roman civil wars of the 1st century BC. Troops noted as belonging to specific
generals cannot be used by other generals. Minimums marked * apply only to the generals mentioned in that
entry. A Numidian army offers an interesting combination of plentiful light cavalry and light infantry with a solid
striking force of elephants and/or heavy infantry. Thracian cavalry can fight in wedge.

44
54. HAN CHINESE.
200 BC to 220 AD.

C-in-C with B in four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with
2HCT, JLS, @ 112 points, or with B, 2HCT and JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Regular
A" crew of unarmed driver, @ 100 points, or mounted on horse as HC armed as bodyguard, ©
100 points.
PA standard in C-in-C's chariot or carried by soldier, @ 30 points.
Sub-General with B in four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular A" crew of unarmed driver and
1 with 2HCT, JLS, @ 62 points, or mounted on horse as HC armed as bodyguard, @ 50
points. Up to 2
P standard for Sub-General, in his chariot or carried by soldier, @ 10 points. For each
Four-horse heavy chariot with "Regular C" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B or CB, 1 with
2HCT, JLS, @ 34 points. Up to 6
Two-horse light chariot with "Regular C" crew of unarmed driver, 1 with B, 2HCT, JLS, ©
24 points. Up to 4
Heavy cavalry "Regular C" HC, L or JLS, @ 8 points. 12 to 20
Heavy cavalry "Regular C" HC, 2HCT, © 10 points. 6 to 16
Heavy cavalry "Regular C" HC, CB, © 8 points. 6 to 16
Extra to upgrade "Regular C" HC to "Regular B", <g 1 point. Up to 24
Extra to upgrade "Regular B" HC to "Regular A", <§ 1 point. Up to 11
Light cavalry "Regular C" LC, B, © 6 points. 10 to 36
Light cavalry "Regular C" LC, L, © 6 points. 5 to 12
Light cavalry "Regular C" LC, JLS, @ 6 points. Up to 12
Halberdiers "Regular B" HI, 2HCT, Sh, © 8 points. Up to 24
Infantry "Regular D" MI. Half each unit LTS, Sh, <£ 3 points, other half CB, © 2 points. 48 to 96
Crossbowmen "Regular D" LI, CB, @ 2 points. Up to 12
Archers "Regular D" LI, B, @ 2 points. 12 to 24
Swordsman "Regular D" HI, 2HCW, © 4 points. Up to 24
Swordsman "Regular D" LMI, 2SA, © 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to upgrade "Regular D" infantry to "Regular C", 1 point. Up to 24
Convicts "Irregular D" LI, JLS, © 1 point. Up to 20
Ch'ih-hsing convicts "Irregular C" LI, JLS, @ 2 points. Up to 12
Extra to provide Ch'ih-hsing with shields, @ 1 point. All or none
Tribal cavalry "Irregular C" LC, B, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. Up to 40
Tribal infantry "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 10
Caltrops to cover frontage of 4 close formation figures, © 4 points. Up to 5
Light bolt-shooter with "Regular C" crew of 2, @ 20 points. Up to 4
Larger bolt-shooter or light stone-thrower with "Regular C" crew of 3, © 30 points. Up to 2
Up to 20 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 2 regular command factors @ 5 points to provide LMI swordsman detachment for LI
archers or crossbows.
Up to 8 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

Chinese weapons combining points, blades and hooks on a long shaft have been classed as LTS or 2HCT
according to their primary usage. Men depicted with sword in one hand anda three-pointed parrying weapon in
the other have been classed as having two side arms and no shield. They can be organised in units or as
detachments of regular skirmisher units. Light chariots must notoutnumber heavy chariots, andmay in fact have
disappeared. Caltrops canbe used only if the opposing army could have chariots. Han armies used infantry as a
holding pivot while attacking on the flanks with cavalry supported by heavy chariots.

45
55. SARMATIAN.
200 BC to 375 AD.

C-in-C mounted on horse as EHC or HC, L, B if used by lancers, © 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as EHC or HC, L, B if used by lancers, © 50 points. Up to 2
PA standard to accompany C-in-C, @ 15 points, and P standard for each Sub-General, © 5
Poims. All or none
Lancers "Irregular B" MC, L, @ 5 points. 45 to 147
Extra to give lancers B in addition, @ 1 point. All or none
Extra toupgrade MC to HC, © 2 points. Any or all
Extra to upgrade lancers with B from HC to EHC, @2 points. Up to 72
Adolescent scouts "Irregular C" LC, B, © 4 points. Up to 20
Extra to upgrade adolescents to "Irregular A" as head-hunting girls, © 2 points. Up to xh
Early Rhoxolani cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, B, Sh, @7 points. *60 to 120
Alan cavalry "Irregular B". All MC or all LC, JLS, B, Sh, © 7 points. Up to 120
Greeks "Regular C" MI or LMI, LTS, Sh, © 4 points. **12 to 48
Extra to upgrade Greeks from MI to HI, or LMI to LHI, © 2 points. All or none
Extra to give Greek LHI or LMI JLS in addition, © 1 point. All or none
Black Sea javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. **30 to 60
Black Sea or Alan archer "Irregular C" LI, B, © 2 points. Up to 20
Trans-Danubian peasants or wagon guards "Irregular D", Vi LI, B, @ 1 point, % LMI,
2HCW, or LI, B or S, @1 point, XA LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @2 points. Up to 60
Alan axemen "Irregular C" MI or LMI, 2HCW, © 3 points. Up to 40
70 paces of set-up wagon laager, @70 points. Up to 3
Up to 4 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 20 irregular command factors @ 25 points.

This list covers all the Sarmatian tribes from the time they first began to depart from the Skythian model until
their incorporation inthe Hunnic empire. The main tribal groupings covered are the Rhoxolani, the Iazyges, the
Black Sea Sarmatians and the Alans. An army must be modelled on one of these. The lance seems to havebeen
acquired before anything better in the way of armour than rawhide became common. Except for the Black Sea
Sarmatians, metal armour was confined to the richest nobles. Horn scale armour was usually substituted, and
rawhide remained in useby aminority. The Rhoxolani were slow incompleting thechange to thehorn-armoured
lancer, and Strabo describes them during the 1st century ADstill mainly armed with light spear, bow and shield,
and armoured in hide. The Alans never completed the change, many of them lacking any armour atall at theend
ofthe period covered. Arrian describes them as charging cavalry at the start ofthe 2nd century AD, butthe tactics
herecommends against them depend so heavily onmissiles as toimply they lacked armoured horses. Bythe 4th
century AD, they appear mainly as light skirmishing cavalry, often in armies of other tribes or nations. The
Iazyges were the first to complete the change to armoured lancers with a high proportion of armoured horses.
They retained the bow but placed little reliance on it. The Black Sea Sarmatians are shown in art as armoured
lancers, lacking bows, onunarmoured horses. The option for "Irregular A" girls is based on the custom in some
tribes of not permitting agirl to marry unless she had slain a foe in battle. This may well have been obsolete. Sar
matians are described by contemporaries as fearsome in the charge but useless andtimid on foot. The Black Sea
Sarmatians had access to better infantry, having settled down as overlords of the Black Sea coast and its Greek
cities. The Alans made uselong after our period of good axemen, and may just have had them earlier. Minimums
marked * or**apply onlyif anytroops somarked are used. Black Sea Sarmatians cannot have lancers withbows,
EHC, Trans-Danubians, wagon laager, or any Alans except up to 20 LC. Alans cannot have lancers without
bows,more than 12EHC, Greeks, or Black Sea LMI or LI. They can have Alanaxemen andarchers, or Trans-
Danube peasants and wagon guards, notboth. Iazyges and Rhoxolani cannot have lancers without bows, Greeks,
Black Sea LMI orLI, orany Alans other than up to 15 [Link] Rhoxolani can have early Rhoxolani MC, and
they cannot use them with Alans. It would be historically appropriate to specify all Sub-Generals as rash. The
best Sarmatian tactic is a massed impetuous charge as soon as the enemy come within reach. The troops will
probably do this anyway, so you might as wellorder it andaccept the credit for its success. Sarmatians are handi
capped by very dense terrain, cunning opponents, and sometimes by elephants.

46
 56. MACCABEAN JEWISH.
168 BC to 104 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC or EHC, JLS or L, Sh, or on foot as LHI, JLS, Sh, © 100
points. i
Sub-General mounted on horse as HC or EHC, JLS or L, Sh, or on foot as LHI, JLS, Sh, ©
50 points. Up to 3
Great standard of the people, PA standard to accompany C-in-C, © 30 points. *1
Standards of the camps, P standard to accompany Sub-Generals, © 10 points. All or none
Religious contingent of non-combatant priests and blowers of sacred trumpets, © 85 points. Up to 1
Guerillas "Irregular B" LC, JLS, B or Sh, @7 points. Up to 5
Guerillas "Irregular D" LMI, JLS, © 1 point. 30 to 100
Guerillas "Irregular D" LI, JLS, © 1 point. 10 to 200
Guerillas "Irregular D" LI, B, @ 1 point. 20 to 60
Guerillas "Irregular D" LI, S, @ 1 point. 10 to 30
Extra to give guerillas Sh, © 1 point. Up to 100
Extra to upgrade guerillas to "Irregular A", © 3 points. Up to 80
Extra to upgrade all remaining guerillas to "Irregular C", @ 1 point. All or none
Cavalry of the army "Regular B" EHC, L, Sh, © 13 points. *12 to 28
Cavalry of the phalanx "Regular C" LC. JLS, B, @ 5 points. *10 to 30
Foot of the phalanx "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. *48 to 144
Extra to upgrade cavalry or foot of the phalanx to "Regular B" and cavalry of the army to
"Regular A", © 1 point. All or none
Up to 14 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 6 regular command factors © 5 points to provide foot phalanx units with a cavalry of the
phalanx detachment.
Up to 18 irregular command factors © 25 points.

This list covers the period from the initial revolt against the Seleucids until the death of John Hyrcanus. The
limited number ofshields available for guerillas represents the initial difficulty inobtaining an adequate supply of
weapons. Armour would then be limited to officers. The varied morale of the guerillas is based on the rapid
shrinking of the army from 3,000 to 800 men on sighting the enemy at Elasa. The course of other later battles
implies the presence of more solid troops, and it has been suggested that these might initially have been supplied
by ex-cleruchs from the Ptolemaic and other Hellenistic armies. Although phalanxes are mentioned by the
sources, it is probable thatthe word is used to mean bodies of formed infantry, rather than pikemen. The Jewish
regulars here aretaken from a description ofan ideal army'sequipment, organisation and tactics in the DeadSea
Scrolls, now available ina Penguin translation. The only infantry described, who make upthe mass ofthe army,
are armed with 12 foot spear and 7 javelins each and carry a long oval shield. They can be taken as equivalent to
the standard Hellenistic peltast. There isalso apassing reference toslingers passing through the ranks. Twotypes
of cavalry are described, the older men being in the armoured cavalry stationed on the armies wings, and the
younger in smaller bodies of unarmoured cavalry supporting each infantry unit. The text covering the heavier
cavalry is slightly corrupt, but appears to mention bodyarmour for manandhorse, helmet,greaves, asmall shield
anda 12foot spear. HC units are 700strong, LC 200, andLMI 1,000. Prayer, exhortation andblasts from sacred
trumpets figure prominently. One set of trumpets are called "trumpets of massacre". The great standard is 14
cubits long, standards of the camps 13, unit standards 10. The army's main heraldic symbol seems to beanear of
wheat, so this might appear on the standard, but there was a great deal of writing on them as well. Minimums
marked *apply only if any troops so marked as used. No difficulty should be found ingetting aMaccabean army
charging impetuously. The ideal terrain for it would benarrow valleys between steep orwooded hills, but it is far
from helpless in the open.

47
57. EARLY GERMAN.
115 BC to 250 AD.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or on foot as HI, JLS or LTS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1
Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, or on foot as HI, JLS or LTS, Sh, © 50
points. Up to 2
Noble cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. 14 to 32
Extra to upgrade noble cavalry to "Irregular A", @ 1 point. All or none
Extra to upgrade noble cavalry to HC, © 2 points. Up to xh
Foot warriors "Irregular C" MI. Up to Vz each unit LTS, rest JLS, Sh, © 3 points. 100 to 300
Extra to upgrade proportion of Chatti foot warrior unit to "Irregular A" as front rank "iron
collar-wearers" armed with JLS, @ 2 points. Up to XA
Foot skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 10 to 60
Extra to upgrade skirmishers to "Irregular B" if in detachment belonging to noble cavalry unit,
© 1 point. Up to 35
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, © 2 points. Up to 25
Axemen "Irregular C" LMI, 2HCW, © 2 points. Up to 15
Batavian deserters "Regular B" HC, JLS, Sh, © 11 points. *6 to 12
Batavian deserters "Regular C" LHI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. *48 to 96
Extra to upgrade "Regular C" LHI to "Regular B", © 1 point. All or none
Extra to give XA of each LHI unit S in addition to JLS, © 1 point. All or none
Sarmatians "Irregular B" HC, L, B, @ 8 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade Sarmatians to EHC, © 2 points. Any or all
70 paces of set-up wagon laager, © 70 points. Up to 3
Up to 5 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 3 irregular command factors © 10 points to provide noble cavalry units with a
detachment of "Irregular B" LI.

This list covers the period from the first Roman encounter with Germans until the cumulative effect of contact
with Rome on military techniques had become significant. Noble cavalry are classed as MC rather than LC
because Tacitus tells us that elaborate manoeuvreswere not practised, and because they easily rode down Gallic
cavalry. The "Irregular A" option is justified by the effect on the Gauls, and because we are told that they
considered cavalry with saddles effeminate and ALWAYScharged them on sight! Some tribes had the front rank
of their foot warbands armed with long spears. Others had all ranks armed with the light framea. German foot
fought in closer formation than Gauls. Axemenare assumed to be carrying felling axes to cut through defensive
obstacles. One ala and four cohortes of Roman-trained and equipped Batavian auxiliaries spearheaded Civilis'
revolt of 69 AD, fighting in conjunction with untamed Germans. Minimums marked * apply only if Batavian
deserters are used. If they are, the C-in-C must be a big man with one eye, dressed as a Roman general, but with
long bright red hair, foot warriors must have front ranks armed with LTS, and Sarmatians cannot be used.
Sarmatians cannot be used if any infantry have LTS, or with Chatti. The strongest point of an Early German
army is that it refuses to go away. It can continue exerting pressure on the enemy and accepting punishment until
he finally cracks. The skilled use of supporting LI detachmentsand timely impetuous charges can cope well with
much heavier or more numerous cavalry. Foot warriors can fight in wedge.

58. MITHRIDATIC.
110 BC to 47 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 50 points. Up to 2
Armenian Ally-General mounted on horse and equipped as Armenian cataphract, © 75 points. *1
Pontic cavalry "Irregular B" HC, JLS, Sh, © 9 points. 5 to 15
Cappadocian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, © 6 points. 10 to 20
Skythian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, B, @ 4 points. Up to 20
Bosporan cavalry "Irregular B" HC, L, © 7 points. Up to 15
Rhoxolani nobles or Iazyges "Irregular B" HC, L, B, © 8 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade Rhoxolani nobles or Iazyges to EHC, © 2 points. Any or all
Rhoxolani cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, B, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 20

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Bastarnae cavalry "Irregular A" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 6
Armenian cataphracts "Irregular C" EHC, L, @ 8 points. *9 to 19
Extra to convert Armenian cataphracts to SHC, © 4 points. All or none
Extra to give unconverted Armenian EHC Sh, @ 2 points. All or none
Extra to upgrade Armenian cataphracts to "Irregular B", © 1 point. Up to xh
Brazen shields "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, © 4 points. *24 to 32
Extra to upgrade brazen shields to HI, © 2 points. Any or all
Ex-slave phalangites "Regular D" MI, P, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 24
Peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 5 points. 24 to 48
Imitation legionaries "Regular C" HI, HTW, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 24
Javelinmen "Irregular C" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. Up to 60
Archers "Irregular C" LI, B, @ 2 points. 10 to 40
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 10
Galatian subjects "Irregular D" MI, JLS, Sh, @ 2 points. Up to 30
Thracians "Irregular C" LMI, '/2 JLS, xh LTS or JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give Thracians with JLS 2HCW in addition, @ 1 point. Any or all
Bastarnae foot "Irregular A" LI, JLS, or LMI, JLS or 2HCW, @ 4 points. Up to 16
Extra to give Bastarnae foot Sh, @ 1 point. Any or all
Four-horse scythed chariots with "Irregular A" crew of unarmed driver, @ 24 points. **2 to 6
Up to 6 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 18 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 1 irregular command factor © 10 points to provide Bastarnae cavalry unit with equal
sized detachment of Bastarnae LI.

This list extends from the accession of Mithridates the Great to the throne of Pontus until the final defeat of his
son Pharnaces, first by Julius Caesar ("Veni, vidi, vici") and then by Asander. I incline towards Armenian
cataphracts being SHC at this time and the brazen shields being MI. The Bosporans are Black Sea Sarmatians, so
lack horse armour and bows. Mithridates' Galatian subjects disliked him intensely and ended by revolting.
Bastarnae are referred to both as Celts and Germans, but were under heavy Thracian influence and later became
an allied sub-group of the Dacians. Appian calls them "the bravest nation of all". They are depicted on monu
ments wielding a two-handed falx, and in poetry as using the rhomphaia, probably indicating that the two
weapons are one. Minimums marked * apply only if any troops so marked are used. Minimums marked ** apply
only if any troops marked * or ** are used. Brazen shields, slave phalangites, Galatians and Armenians cannot be
used with imitation legionaries or Bastarnae. The strength of a Mithridatic army lies in it having ample good
cavalry of a wide range of types, a strong assault force of scythed chariots, some good close formation infantry,
and plenty of useful foot for rough terrain work. Its weakness is that half the army is useless in dense terrain and
the other half too vulnerable in the open. Unusual care is therefore required in terrain choosing and deployment.

59. MARIAN ROMAN.

105 BC to 25 BC.

C-in-C mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, @ 100 points. 1

Sub-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 50 points. Up to 2
Roman Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, @ 75 points. Up to 1
Numidian Ally-General mounted on horse as HC or LC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. Up to 1
Bithynian Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, L, or as HC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. *1
Armenian Ally-General mounted on horse and equipped as Armenian cataphract, © 75 points. **1
Red vexillum PA standards accompanying C-in-C and any Roman Ally-General, © 30 points. All or none
Legionary eagle A standard, @ 20 points. Up to 1
Roman bodyguard cavalry "Regular A" HC, JLS, Sh, © 12 points. Up to 6
Praetorians "Regular A" HI, HTW, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 12
Legionaries "Regular C" HI, HTW, Sh, © 6 points. 72 to 120
Extra to upgrade elite legionaries to "Regular B", © 1 point. Up to 40
Raw or Galatian imitation legionaries "Regular D" HI, HTW, Sh, © 5 points. Up to 80
Gallic cavalry "Irregular B" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 7 points. 5 to 20
Spanish cavalry "Irregular C" MC or LC, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. Up to 10

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German cavalry "Irregular A" MC, JLS, Sh, @ 8 points. Up to 10
Extra to upgrade Gallic, Spanish or German MC to HC, © 2 points. Up to xh each
Numidian, Thracian or Cappadocian cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, © 6 points. Up to 15
Macedonian cavalry "Regular B" HC, JLS, Sh, © 11 points. Up to 6
Syrian horse archers "Irregular D" LC, B, @ 3 points. Up to 10
Arab mercenaries "Irregular D". Up to xh LCm, JLS or B, Sh, © 4 points, rest LC, JLS, Sh,
© 6 points. Up to 30
Balearic, Greek or Numidian slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, © 2 points. Up to 12
Cretan archers "Regular C" LI, B, © 3 points. Up to 12
Extra to give slingers or Cretans Sh, © 1 point. Any or all
Numidian, Syrian, Gallic, Greekor Pontic archers "Irregular C" LI, B, © 2 points. Up to 12
German, Numidian, Greek, Bithynian or Spanish caetrati "Irregular C" LI, JLS, Sh, © 3
points. Up to 20
Extra to upgrade German or Spanish caetrati to "Irregular B" if in detachment belonging to
cavalry unit. All
Rhaetian or Spanish scutarii "Irregular C" LMI, HTW or JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 50
Illyrian or Thracian infantry "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 20
Extra to give Illyrians LTS or Thracians 2HCW in addition, © 1 point. Any or all
Galatian tribesmen "Irregular C" MI, JLS, Sh, © 3 points. Up to 30
Bithynian cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, Sh, © 10 points, or L, © 8 points. *5 to 15
Extra to upgrade Bithynian cavalry to "Regular A" bodyguard, @ 2 points. Up to 5
Bithynian phalangites "Regular C" MI, P, Sh, @ 4 points. *24 to 48
Extra to upgrade Bithynian phalangites to HI, © 2 points. All or none
Bithynian peltasts "Regular C" LMI, LTS, JLS, Sh, © 5 points. *12 to 36
Armenian cataphracts "Irregular D" EHC, L, @ 7 points. **9 to 15
Extra to upgrade Armenian cataphracts to "Irregular B", @ 2 points. **2 to 7
Extra to convert Armenian cataphracts to SHC, @ 4 points. All or none
Extra to give unconverted Armenian EHC Sh, © 2 points. All or none
Armenian horse archers "Irregular D" LC, B, @ 3 points. **10 to 20
Armenian archers "Irregular D" LI, B, © 1 point. **10 to 20
Armenian javelinmen "Irregular D" LMI or LI, JLS, Sh, @ 2 points. **15 to 40
Extra to upgrade any Armenians from "Irregular D" to "Irregular C", © 1 point. Up to 30
African elephants with "Irregular C" crewof unarmed driver astride and 2 with JLS or B in
tower, @ 40 points. Up to 4
Light bolt-shooters with "Regular C" crew of 2, @ 20 points. Up to 6
Unemplaced stakes to cover frontage of 4 legionaries, © 4 points. Up to 12
70 paces of ditch or palisade, © 35 points. Up to 6
Up to 12 regular command factors @ 10 points.
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 3 irregular command factors © 10 points to provide German, Spanish or Numidian
cavalry unit with a caetrati detachment of the same nationality, or elephant units with a
detachment of xh archers and xh slingers.

This list covers armies from the reforms of Marius until those of Augustus. The option to use a Roman Ally-
General simulates the temporary alliance of rival leaders in civil war, such as Cassius with Brutus, or Anthony
with Octavian. Red vexilla are used as PA standards if more than onelegion is represented. If only one legion is
present, the eagle with its enlarged senior cohortcanserve asan A standard only. The elite option forlegionaries
can cover an elite legion such as Caesar's 10th, or provide increased status for a 1st cohort. Bithynian allies
assisted against Mithridates, and Armeniahelped somewhat nominally against Parthia. Minimums marked * or
** apply only ifany troopsso markedare used. Bithynians, Armenians, Macedonians, elephants, or morethan 20
Spaniards cannot be usedtogether. Stakes cannot be usedunless the opposing armycouldhave scythed chariots.
Mounting artillery on the upcast of a ditch or behinda palisade does not raise it sufficiently to shootovertroops
in front. Thracian, Bithynian and Macedonian cavalry can fight in wedge. Legionaries can fight in testudo.

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60. ANCIENT BRITISH.
55 BC to 75 AD.

C-in-C with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or on
foot as LMI or LHI, JLS, Sh, © 100 points. 1
Sub-General with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or
on foot as LMI or LHI, JLS, Sh, © 50 points. Up to 1
Ally-General with JLS in two-horse light chariot with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver, or
on foot as LMI or LHI, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. Up to 4
Roman Ally-General mounted on horse as HC, JLS, Sh, © 75 points. *1
Religious group of sacrificing druids, screaming women, stationary altar and fires, @ 85 points. Up to 1
Two-horse light chariots with "Irregular B" crew of unarmed driver and 1 with JLS, @ 16
points. Up to 24
Cavalry "Irregular C" LC, JLS, Sh, © 6 points. 20 to 40
Naked fanatics "Irregular A" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 5 points. Up to 12
Foot warriors "Irregular C" LMI, JLS, Sh, @ 3 points. 50 to 300
Slingers "Irregular C" LI, S, @ 2 points. Up to 150
Adolescent javelin skirmishers "Irregular C" LI, JLS, © 2 points. Up to 40
Women, slaves, elderly and children "Irregular D" LMI, IPW, © 1 point. Up to 50
Roman auxiliary cavalry "Regular C" HC, JLS, Sh, @ 10 points. *6 to 18
Extra to upgrade! Roman cavalry to "Regular B", @ 1 point. Up to 12
Roman auxiliary infantry "Regular C" LHI, JLS, Sh, @ 6 points. *24 to 72
Extra to give XA of each Roman auxiliary infantry unit S in addition to JLS, @ 1 point. All or none
70 paces of set-up wagon laager, @ 70 points. Up to 5
Up to 5 regular command factors © 10 points.
Up to 15 irregular command factors @ 25 points.
Up to 5 irregular command factors © 10 points to provide chariot units with a detachment of
LC or LMI.

This list includes all British armies from Julius Caesar's expeditions to the final pacification ofthe province. The
several British allied generals permitted allow for large temporary confederacies such as Boudica's revolt. A
druidical religious or magical group took part in the unsuccessful defence of Mona. A Roman auxiliary grouping
intervened in a Brigantian internal dispute in favour of Queen Cartimandua. The naked fanatics are included in
analogy of the roles of Gaesati and Solduri among the continentalCelts. Since Britain was sufficiently conserva
tive to be still using woad tattoos and chariots long after they had been given up elsewhere, it is possible that small
groups of fanatics were also still around, possibly acting as bodyguards. However, Roman accounts of battles in
Britain do not show any greattendency for the inhabitantsto die fighting in a losing battle ifa handy escaperoute
existed. Tribes in different parts of Britain emphasised different arms. Slingers were especially favoured in the
south-west, and chariots in the north and south-east. Minimums marked * apply only ifany troops so marked are
used. Romans cannot be used with British allied generals, religious groups, or more than 50 slingers. There is a
tendency for wargamers with British armies to maximise the number of chariots, this praaice being known as
"The Ancient British Panzer Division". They usually lose. Those that rely instead on balance and close co-opera
tion between the various arms do much better. British armies do best in fairly heavily wooded terrain.

51
 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
Magazines
In U.K.:
Military Modelling
P.O. Box 35, Bridge Street, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP1 1EE.
Airfix Magazine
The Gresham Press, Old Woking, Surrey.
Both are monthly on general sale. Military Modelling is the more specialised while Airfix Magazine covers awider
field of general plastic modelling. Both carry articles on wargaming and Military Modelling especially has
advertisements from all the manufacturers and publishers of figures and books.
In U.S.A.:
The Courier
Box 1878, Brockton, MA 02401, U.S.A.
At present produced every two months, by direct subscription. This is an all wargaming magazine which we
strongly recommend to all U.S. wargamers in any period.

Model figures for wargamers

We recommend a thorough study ofthe advertisements in Military Modelling, or The Courier, but mention here
some ofthe manufacturers who have large ranges in the period covered by these Lists:
Miniature Figurines (15 &25mm), Hinchliffe Models (25mm),
1-5 Graham Road, Meltham,
Southampton, Hants. Huddersfield HD7 3NX.
Dixon Miniatures (25mm), Lamming Miniatures (25mm),
Ash Grove, Royles Head Lane, 254 Wincolm Lee,
Longwood, Huddersfield, W Yorks HD34T. Hull HU2 OPZ.
FreiKorps 15 (15mm), Peter Laing (15mm),
30 Cromwell Road, Minden, Sutton St. Nicholas,
Belfast 7, N. Ireland. Hereford HR1 3BD.
Mikes Models (15mm), Heroics &Ros Figures (6mm),
38 Queens Road, P.O. Box 26, Rectory Road,
Brighton, East Sussex BN1 3XB. Beckenham, Kent BR3 1HA.
Greenwood & Ball (25mm),
Unit 27, Bon Lea Trading Estate,
Thornaby, Co. Cleveland.

The Society of Ancients

An international Society for all interested inAncient and Medieval warfare, weapons and warriors. Produces abi
monthly magazine, Slingshot, for members, containing articles on military history, arms and equipment, wargame
reports and book and figure reviews. The Society sponsors national meetings for members and runs an annual
wargames championship. Whatever else you do, ifyou are interested infurthering your enjoyment ofthe hobby,
join the Society.
For details write to the Treasurer:
W. Thurlow, "Courtney", 15 Longfleet Road, Poole, Dorset.
Wargames Research Group
To back up our Rules and Lists we have the Armies and Enemies series ofreference books ranging from the
earliest times up to the Feudal period. This range has gained aworld-wide reputation and is used by many figure
manufacturers as a basis for their models.

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