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SPSS Data Analysis and Measurement Guide

SPSS is statistical analysis software used to analyze both primary and secondary data. It allows users to view data in variable view, designate dependent and independent variables, and prepare data for analysis. Data preparation in SPSS involves handling missing values through imputation methods like multiple imputation, identifying and addressing outliers, and coding variables. SPSS can then be used to conduct both supervised and unsupervised data analysis through various statistical techniques.

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RAM SARAN R 1827318
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55 views4 pages

SPSS Data Analysis and Measurement Guide

SPSS is statistical analysis software used to analyze both primary and secondary data. It allows users to view data in variable view, designate dependent and independent variables, and prepare data for analysis. Data preparation in SPSS involves handling missing values through imputation methods like multiple imputation, identifying and addressing outliers, and coding variables. SPSS can then be used to conduct both supervised and unsupervised data analysis through various statistical techniques.

Uploaded by

RAM SARAN R 1827318
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SPSS

Ram Saran R

(1827318: [Link]@[Link])

 Measurement- Phenomena of measuring something


 Metric -Anything we derive out of measurement

Data- Two Categories


 Primary Data
 Secondary Data

 Numeric --- a) Interval data(3) b) Ratio(4)


 Non Numeric(categorical data) --- a) Ordinal(2) b) Nominal(1)

1. Nominal- Only for reference; E.g. Aadhar Card No, Locations,


Blood Group etc.
2. Ordinal- Can be ranked; E.g. Rating of faculties in CU( Likert
Scales)
3. Interval- Difference between successive intervals is equal. Have
presence of grading zero. E.g. Temperature scale
4. Ratio Scale-

Nominal and Ordinal: Weakest Measurements: Non Metric


Data: Non Parametric
Interval and Ratio: Strongest Measurement: Metric Data:
Parametric

Any data taken out of descriptive data- Stastic


SPSS Software- 20

 Variable view- Shows data dictionary: Makes sense to dataset


 Role- Change to Target from input, it becomes dependent
variables

Two types of Data Analysis

 Supervised- when data has dependent variable[ e.g. y=g(x) ]


 Unsupervised- when there is independent variable[x1,x2,x3….xn]

Data Preparation

 Missingness
 Outliers- Unnamed Observations- High or low number will lead to skewing
of data from mean value
 Coding

Missingness – Causes: - Operator’s mistake,

Failed to collect the data

Overcoming: - Take and replace with average,

Remove the column or row

(Finding missing values in excel- select tab and press Ctrl+G- go to special and
check “blank”)
Imputation (works only on numerical values)

Imputation means to replace

 Analyze- Multiple Imputation- Analyze Patterns (used only for numerical)

“N” represents no. of missing values

 Go to the file Data, click Analyze- Multiple Imputation- Impute Missing


Data Values- select the data with highest no. of missing values-create new
dataset( select one more variable for reference purpose or SPSS will show
error)

We can change the number of imputation (e.g. 5 imputations means 5 data


sets will be generated). Better to use more datasets to increase accuracy.
Depend on the objectives.

(Accuracy- Errors are less)

Change Original Data to various dataset numbers to see imputed data

Save the dataset as excel file— File-Save as- Excel


Open saved excel file – apply filter to data- uncheck all blanks
Copy it to new sheet
Data-data analysis- descriptive statistics-ok- input range (select including
the range)- check labels- give output range-summary statistics- confidence
level- ok

Look at skewness values- if its positive, it means its right skewed. If the
value is close to zero, it is symmetric.

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