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CA – Final
Financial Reporting - (Old Course)

Financial Instruments

Compiled by: CA Vinesh R. Savla

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Accounting and Reporting of Financial

Instruments (Ind AS 32/107/109)
Ind AS 32 “Financial Instruments: Presentation”
Ind AS 107 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures”
Ind AS 109 “Financial Instruments”

Financial Instrument: A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial
asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

A financial asset is any asset that is:

(a) cash (Currency (cash), Deposit of cash with a bank)
(b) an equity instrument of another entity;

(c) a contractual right to:

(i) receive ♦ cash or ♦ another financial asset from another entity; or
Example: Trade accounts receivable
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions
that are potentially favourable to the entity; or

A financial liability is any liability that is:

A contractual obligation:
(i) to deliver
♦ cash or
♦ another financial asset to another entity; or
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions
that are potentially unfavourable to the entity; or

Illustration 1 (Exchange of Financial Liability at Unfavourable terms):

A company borrowed Rs. 50 lacs @ 12% p.a. Tenure of the loan is 10 years. Interest is
payable every year and the principal is repayable at the end of 10th year. The company
defaulted in payment of interest for the year 4, 5 and 6.
A loan reschedule agreement took place at the end of 7 year. As per the agreement the
company is required to pay Rs. 90 lacs at the end of 8th year. Calculate the additional
amount to be paid on account of rescheduling and also the book value of loan at the end of
8th year when reschedule agreement took place.
Assume: Interest is compounded in case of default.
Assume that interest due for the 7th and 8th year have also not been paid.
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Solution:
Outstanding Amount at the end of 8th year = Rs. 50,00,000 x 1.12 x 1.12 x 1.12 x 1.12 x 1.12
= Rs. 88,11,708 (i.e. adding interest for 4th to 8th year)
Rescheduled amount to be paid at the end of the 8th year = Rs. 90,00,000
Additional amount to be paid on rescheduling = Rs. 90,00,000 - Rs. 88,11,7081 = Rs.
1,88,291
At the end of the 8th year, book value of loan will become Nil.

Illustration 2:
Entity A holds an option to purchase equity shares in a listed entity B for Rs. 100 per share at
the end of a 90 day period. Evaluate the contract whether a financial asset or a financial
liability? What if the entity A has written the option?
Solution:
The above call option gives entity A, a contractual right to exchange cash of Rs. 100 for an
equity share in another entity and will be exercised if the market value of the share exceeds
Rs.100 at the end of the 90 day period. If the market value of a share will be such that the
entity A will gain on the exercise date, it will exercise the call option.
Since entity A stands to gain if the call option is exercised, the exchange is potentially
favourable to the entity. Therefore, the option is a derivative financial asset from the time
the entity becomes a party to the option contract.
On the other hand, if entity A writes an option under which the counterparty can force the
entity to sell equity shares in the listed entity B for Rs. 100 per share, then entity A will be
said to have a contractual obligation to exchange its equity shares to another entity for cash
of Rs. 100 per share on potentially unfavourable terms i.e. if the holder exercises the option,
on account of the market price per share being above the exercise price of Rs. 100 per share
at the end of the 90 day period.
Since entity A stands to lose if the option is exercised, the exchange is potentially
unfavourable and the option is a derivative financial liability from the time the entity
becomes a party to the option contract.

Clarifications:
1. ‘Perpetual’ debt instruments (such as ‘perpetual’ bonds, debentures and capital notes):
The holder and issuer of the instrument have a financial asset and a financial liability,
respectively.

2. Leases under Ind AS 17:

A finance lease is regarded as a financial instrument and an operating lease is not regarded
as a financial instrument.

3. Physical assets (such as inventories, property, plant and equipment), leased assets and
intangible assets (such as patents and trademarks):
Physical assets, leased assets and intangible assets are not financial assets because control
of such physical and intangible assets creates an opportunity to generate an inflow of cash
or another financial asset, but it does not give rise to a present right to receive cash or
another financial asset.
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4. Assets (such as prepaid expenses):

Future economic benefit from prepaid expenses is the receipt of goods or services, rather
than the right to receive cash or another financial asset. Therefore, such prepaid expenses
shall not be considered as financial assets.
Similarly, most warranty obligations are not financial liabilities because the outflow of
economic benefits associated with them is the delivery of goods and services rather than a
contractual obligation to pay cash or another financial asset.

5. Liabilities or assets that are not contractual:

Non contractual liabilities or assets are not financial liabilities or financial assets.

Equity Instrument:
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an
entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Preference Shares (Financial liability or an equity instrument ??):

In determining whether a preference share is a financial liability or an equity instrument, an
issuer assesses the particular rights attaching to the share to determine whether it exhibits
the fundamental characteristic of a financial liability.

Redemption option:
1. A preference share that provides for redemption on a specific date or at the option of the
holder contains a financial liability because the issuer has an obligation to transfer financial
assets to the holder of the share

2. An option of the issuer to redeem the shares for cash does not satisfy the definition of a
financial liability because the issuer does not have a present obligation to transfer financial
assets to the shareholders.

3. When distributions to holders of the preference shares, whether cumulative or

noncumulative, are at the discretion of the issuer, the shares are equity instruments.

Illustration 3 (Mandatorily Redeemable Preference Shares With Mandatory Fixed

Dividends):
A Company has issued 6% mandatorily redeemable preference shares with mandatory fixed
dividends. Evaluate whether such preference shares are an equity instrument or a financial
liability to the issuer entity?
Solution:
In determining whether a mandatorily redeemable preference share is a financial liability or
an equity instrument, it is necessary to examine the particular contractual rights attaching
to the instrument's principal and return components.
The instrument in this example provides for mandatory periodic fixed dividend payments
and mandatory redemption by the issuer for a fixed amount at a fixed future date. Since
there is a contractual obligation to deliver cash (for both dividends and repayment of
principal) to the shareholder that cannot be avoided, the instrument is a financial liability in
its entirety.
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Illustration 4 (Non-redeemable Preference Shares With Mandatory Fixed Dividends):

A Company issued non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory fixed dividends.
Evaluate whether such preference shares are an equity instrument or a financial liability to
the issuer entity?
Solution:
When preference shares are non-redeemable, the appropriate classification is determined
by the other rights attached to them. Classification is based on an assessment of the
contractual arrangement's substance and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity
instrument.
It is necessary to examine the particular contractual rights attaching to the instrument's
principal and return components. In this example, the shares are non-redeemable and thus
the amount of the principal has equity characteristics, but the entity has a contractual
obligation to pay dividends that provides the shareholders with a lender's return. This
obligation is not negated if the entity is unable to pay the dividends because of lack of funds
or insufficient distributable profits. Therefore, the obligation to pay the dividends meets the
definition of a financial liability.
The overall classification is that the shares may be a compound instrument, which may
require each component to be accounted for separately. It would be a compound
instrument if the coupon was initially set at a rate other than the prevailing market rate or
the terms specified payment of discretionary dividends in addition to the fixed coupon. If
the coupon on the preference shares was set at market rates at the date of issue and there
were no provisions for the payment of discretionary dividends, the entire instrument would
be classified as a financial liability, because the stream of cash flows is in perpetuity.

Illustration 5 (Non-redeemable Preference Shares with Dividend Payments linked to

Ordinary Shares):
A company issued Non-redeemable preference shares with dividend payments linked to
ordinary shares. Evaluate whether such preference shares are an equity instrument or a
financial liability to the issuer entity?
Solution:
An entity issues a non-redeemable preference shares on which dividends are payable only if
the entity also pays a dividend on its ordinary shares.
The dividend payments on the preference shares are discretionary and not contractual,
because no dividends can be paid if no dividends are paid on the ordinary shares, which are
an equity instrument. As the perpetual preference shares contain no contractual obligation
ever to pay dividends and there is no obligation to repay the principal, they should be
classified as equity in their entirety.
Where the dividend payments are also cumulative, that is, if no dividends are paid on the
ordinary shares, the preference dividends are deferred, the perpetual shares will be
classified as equity only if the dividends can be deferred indefinitely and the entity does not
have any contractual obligations whatsoever to pay those dividends.
A liability for the dividend payable would be recognised once the dividend is declared.
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Derivatives:

Forward Contracts: Both parties have a contractual right and a contractual obligation.

Option: Option-holder has a right not an obligation to exchange the financial asset but the
writer (seller) of the option has the obligation to exchange the financial asset upon exercise
of the option.

Others: Interest rate and currency swaps, interest rate caps, collars and floors Etc.

Classification of Financial Assets:

An entity shall classify financial assets depending upon the following 2 criteria and options
elected by the entity:
(a) the entity’s Business Model (BM) for managing the financial assets and
(b) the Contractual Cash Flow Characteristics (CCFC) of the financial asset
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Contractual Cash Flow Characteristic (CCFC) Test:

Principal and Interest for SPPI TEST: Ind AS 109 requires an entity to classify a financial
asset on the basis of its contractual cash flow characteristics if the financial asset is held
within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows
or within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash
flows and selling financial assets.

Classification of Debt Instruments (Financial Assets):

Classification of Debt Instruments has been explain by way of following flowchart:

Classification of Equity (Financial Asset):

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Classification of Derivatives (Financial Asset):

Derivative classified as financial asset would be measured at Fair Value Through Profit and
Loss (FVTPL) only.

Classification of Financial Liabilities:

Financial Liabilities are classified as financial liability measured at fair value through profit or
loss and financial liability measured at amortised cost.

A Table showing classification of various items into Financial Asset or Financial Liability:
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Recognition of Financial Instrument:

Initial recognition:
An entity shall recognise a financial asset or a financial liability in its balance sheet when,
and only when, the entity becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Trade Date:
The trade date is the date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset.

Generally, interest does not start to accrue on the asset and corresponding liability until the
settlement date when title passes.

Settlement Date:
The settlement date is the date that an asset is delivered to or by an entity.

When settlement date accounting is applied an entity accounts for any change in the fair
value of the asset to be received during the period between the trade date and the
settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset.
In other words, the change in value is not recognised for assets measured at amortised cost;
it is recognised in profit or loss for assets classified as financial assets measured at fair value
through profit or loss; and it is recognised in other comprehensive income for financial
assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.
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Illustration 6:
Let us say on 30th March 2015 an entity enters into an agreement to purchase a Financial
Asset for Rs. 100 which is the Fair Value on that date
On Balance Sheet date i.e. 31/3/2015 the Fair Value is 102 and on Settlement date i.e.
2/4/2015 Fair Value is 103.
Pass necessary Journal entries on trade date and settlement date when the asset acquired is
measured at: (a) Amortised cost (b) FVTPL (c) FVTOCI
Solution:
Financial Asset at Amortised Cost – Trade Date Accounting:

Financial Asset at Amortised Cost – Settlement Date Accounting:

Financial Asset at FVTPL – Trade Date Accounting:

Financial Asset at FVTPL– Settlement Date Accounting:

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Financial Asset at FVTOCI – Trade Date Accounting:

Financial Asset at FVTOCI – Settlement Date Accounting:

Measurement of Financial Instruments:

Initial measurement: At initial recognition, an entity shall measure a financial asset or
financial liability at its fair value plus or minus transaction costs, in the case of a financial
asset or financial liability not subsequently measured at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss.

The best evidence of the fair value of a financial instrument at initial recognition is normally
the transaction price.

Transaction Costs for Initial Recognition:

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Subsequent Measurement of Financial Assets:

Financial Asset Subsequently Measured at Amortised Cost

(Applicable to Debt Instruments only):

Financial Asset Subsequently Measured at Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive

Income (FVTOCI):
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Financial Asset Subsequently Measured At Fair Value Through Profit or Loss:

(Residuary Category):
A financial asset shall be measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured
at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Option to designate a Financial Asset at Fair value Through Profit or Loss:

An entity may, at initial recognition, irrevocably designate a financial asset as measured at
fair value through profit or loss if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a
measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as an ‘accounting
mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the
gains and losses on them on different basis.

Illustration 7 (Financial Asset Accounted as FVTPL):

A Company invested in Equity shares of another entity on 15th March for Rs. 10,000.
Transaction Cost = Rs. 200 (not included in Rs.10,000). Fair Value on Balance Sheet date i.e.
31st March 2015 = Rs. 12,000. Pass necessary Journal Entries
Solution:

Illustration 8 (Financial Asset Accounted as FVTOCI):

A Company invested in Equity shares of another entity on 15th March for Rs. 10,000.
Transaction Cost = Rs. 200 (not included in Rs. 10,000). Fair Value on Balance Sheet date i.e.
31st March 2015 = Rs. 12,000. Pass necessary Journal entries.
Solution:
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Illustration 9 (Financial Asset Accounted as Amortised Cost):

A Company lends Rs. 100 lacs to another company @ 12% p.a. interest on 1/4/2015.
It incurs Rs. 40,000 incremental costs for documentation.
Loan tenure = 5 years with Interest charged annually.
Solution:
This is based on the assumption that interest rate is based on market rate of interest.

Subsequent Measurement of Financial Liabilities:

(i) Financial Liabilities Subsequently Measured at Amortised Cost
(ii) Financial Liabilities Subsequently Measured at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss (FVTPL)

Option to Designate a Financial Liability at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss:

An entity may, at initial recognition, irrevocably designate a financial liability as measured
at fair value through profit or loss when permitted, or when doing so results in more
relevant information, because either:
a. it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency
(sometimes referred to as ‘an accounting mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from
measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different
bases; or
b. a group of financial liabilities or financial assets and financial liabilities is managed and its
performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk
management or investment strategy, and information about the group is provided
internally on that basis to the entity’s key management personnel.

Illustration 10:
An entity is about to purchase a portfolio of fixed rate assets that will be financed by fixed
rate debentures. Both financial assets and financial liabilities are subject to the same
interest rate risk that gives rise to opposite changes in fair value that tend to offset each
other. Comment?
Solution:
In the absence of the fair value option, the entity may have classified the fixed rate assets as
FVTOCI with gains and losses on changes in fair value recognised in other comprehensive
income and the fixed rate debentures at amortised cost. Reporting both the assets and the
liabilities at fair value through profit and loss i.e. FVTPL corrects the measurement
inconsistency and produces more relevant information.
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Reclassification of Financial Assets and Liabilities:

When, and only when, an entity changes its business model for managing financial assets it
shall reclassify all affected financial assets.
Such changes are expected to be very infrequent. Such changes are determined by the
entity’s senior management as a result of external or internal changes and must be
significant to the entity’s operations and demonstrable to external parties.
Accordingly, a change in an entity’s business model will occur only when an entity either
begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations;
For example: When the entity has acquired, disposed of or terminated a business line.

Examples of a change in business model include the following:

a. An entity has a portfolio of commercial loans that it holds to sell in the short term. The
entity acquires a company that manages commercial loans and has a business model that
holds the loans in order to collect the contractual cash flows. The portfolio of commercial
loans is no longer for sale, and the portfolio is now managed together with the acquired
commercial loans and all are held to collect the contractual cash flows.
b. A financial services firm decides to shut down its retail mortgage business. That business
no longer accepts new business and the financial services firm is actively marketing its
mortgage loan portfolio for sale.

The following are not changes in business model:

a. A change in intention related to particular financial assets (even in circumstances of
significant changes in market conditions).
b. The temporary disappearance of a particular market for financial assets.
c. A transfer of financial assets between parts of the entity with different business models.

An entity shall not reclassify any financial liability.

Reclassification of Financial Asset:

If an entity reclassifies financial assets, it shall apply the reclassification prospectively from
the reclassification date.
The entity shall not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment
gains or losses) or interest.

CASE I:
AMORTISED COST TO FVTPL
 Its fair value is measured at the reclassification date.
 Any gain or loss arising from a difference between the previous amortised cost of the
financial asset and fair value is recognised in profit or loss.

CASE II:
AMORTISED COST TO FVTOCI:
 Its fair value is measured at the reclassification date.
 Any gain or loss arising from a difference between the previous amortised cost of the
financial asset and fair value is recognised in other comprehensive income.
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 The effective interest rate and the measurement of expected credit losses are not
adjusted as a result of the reclassification.

CASE III :
FVTPL TO AMORTISED COST:
 Its fair value at the reclassification date becomes its new gross carrying amount.
 Effective Interest rate is calculated based on the new gross carrying amount.

CASE IV:
FVTPL TO FVTOCI:
 The financial asset continues to be measured at fair value.
 The effective interest rate is determined on the basis of the fair value of the asset at the
reclassification date.

CASE V:
FVTOCI TO AMORTISED COST:
 The financial asset is reclassified at its fair value at the reclassification date.
 However, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in other comprehensive
income is removed from equity and adjusted against the fair value of the financial asset at
the reclassification date.
 As a result, the financial asset is measured at the reclassification date as if it had always
been measured at amortised cost. This adjustment affects other comprehensive income but
does not affect profit or loss and therefore is not a reclassification adjustment.
 The effective interest rate and the measurement of expected credit losses are not
adjusted as a result of the reclassification.

CASE VI:
FVTOCI TO FVTPL:
 The financial asset continues to be measured at fair value.
 The cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in other comprehensive income is
reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment at the
reclassification date.
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Derecognition of Financial Instruments:

Derecognition of Financial Assets:

An entity shall derecognise a financial asset when, and only when:
a) the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or
b) it transfers the financial asset

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between:

a) the carrying amount (measured at the date of derecognition) and
b) the consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability
assumed) shall be recognised in profit or loss.

Derecognition of Financial Liabilities:

An entity shall remove a financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) from its balance
sheet when, and only when, it is extinguished—i.e. when the obligation specified in the
contract is discharged or cancelled or expired.

NOTE:
1. An exchange between an existing borrower and lender of debt instruments with
substantially different terms shall be accounted for as an extinguishment of the original
financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability.
(Similar accounting for substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability)

2. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability (or part of a financial
liability) extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including
any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, shall be recognised in profit or loss.

Illustration 11:
Sea Ltd. has lent a sum of Rs. 10 lakhs @ 18% per annum for 10 years. The loan had a Fair
Value of Rs. 12,23,960 at the effective interest rate of 13%. To mitigate prepayment risks
but at the same time retaining control over the loan, Sea Ltd. transferred its right to receive
the Principal amount of the loan on its maturity with interest, after retaining rights over 10%
of principal and 4% interest that carries Fair Value of Rs. 29,000 and Rs. 1,84,620
respectively. The consideration for the transaction was Rs. 9,90,000. The interest
component retained included a 2% fee towards collection of principal and interest that has
a Fair Value of Rs. 65,160. Defaults, if any, are deductible to a maximum extent of the
company’s claim on Principal portion. You are required to show the Journal Entries to record
derecognition of the Loan.
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Solution:
(i) Calculation of securitized component of loan:

(ii) Apportionment of carrying amount in the ratio of fair values:

(iii) Entries to record the derecognition of the Loan:

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Illustration 12 (Factoring with / without recourse):

Entity A (the transferor) holds a portfolio of receivables with a carrying value of Rs.
1,000,000. It enters into a factoring arrangement with entity B (the transferee) under which
it transfers the portfolio to entity B in exchange for Rs. 900,000 of cash.
Entity B will service the loans after their transfer and debtors will pay amounts due directly
to entity B. Entity A has no obligations whatsoever to repay any sums received from the
factor and has no rights to any additional sums regardless of the timing or the level of
collection from the underlying debts. Comment.
Solution:
Entity A has transferred its rights to receive the cash flows from the asset via an assignment
to entity B. Furthermore, as entity B has no recourse to entity A for either late payment risk
or credit risk, entity A has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of
the portfolio.
Hence, entity A derecognises the entire portfolio. The difference between the carrying value
of Rs. 1,000,000 and cash received of Rs. 900,000 i.e. Rs. 100,000 is recognised immediately
as a financing cost in profit or loss.
Had Entity A not transferred its rights to receive the cash flows from the asset or there
would have been any credit default guarantee given by entity A, then it would have not led
to complete transfer of risk and rewards and entity A could not derecognise the portfolio
due to the same.

Impairment of Financial Assets:

Recognition of expected credit losses:
An entity shall recognise a loss allowance for expected credit losses:
• On a financial asset that is measured at Amortised Cost or FVTOCI
• A lease receivable
• A contract asset
• A loan commitment and
• A financial guarantee contract to which the impairment requirements apply
Credit Loss: The difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to an entity in
accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all
cash short falls), discounted at the effective interest rate.

CASE I: Credit Risk on that Financial Instrument has Increased Significantly since Initial
Recognition:
At each reporting date, an entity shall measure the loss allowance for a financial instrument
at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial
instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.

CASE II: Credit Risk on a Financial Instrument has not Increased Significantly Since Initial
Recognition:
If, at the reporting date, the credit risk on a financial instrument has not increased
significantly since initial recognition, an entity shall measure the loss allowance for that
financial instrument at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses.
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Embedded Derivatives:
An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid contract that also includes a non-
derivative host—with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument
vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative.

Example:
ABC Ltd., which issues bonds in the market. However, the payment of coupon and principal
component of the bond is indexed with the price of Gold. In such a scenario the payment of
coupon will increase or decrease in direct correlation with the price of gold in the market.
The bond issued by ABC ltd. is the debt instrument (Non-derivative), while the payments are
linked with another instrument which in this case is gold (Derivative component). This
derivative component is known as embedded derivative. The non-derivative component
here is also referred as host contract and the combined contract is hybrid in nature.

Accounting Treatment of Embedded Derivatives:

CASE I:
If a hybrid contract contains a host that is an asset within the scope of this Standard, an
entity shall apply the requirements of classification and measurement rules to the entire
hybrid contract.

CASE II:
If a hybrid contract contains a host that is not an asset within the scope of this Standard, an
embedded derivative shall be separated from the host and accounted for as a derivative
under this Standard if, and only if:
a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related
to the economic characteristics and risks of the host;
b) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the
definition of a derivative; and
c) the hybrid contract is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in
profit or loss.

If an embedded derivative is separated, the host contract shall be accounted for in

accordance with the appropriate Standards.
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Non-financial Contracts:
A contract to deal with a non-financial asset is not a financial instrument. Commodity
contracts normally result in either taking delivery or giving delivery of a non-financial
item. Such contracts are not regarded as a financial instrument as per financial
instruments accounting standard viz., Ind AS 109.
However, if the contract is capable of being settled net in cash or any other financial asset,
then such contract would be treated as though it is a financial instrument.

Illustration 13:
Entity XYZ enters into a fixed price forward contract to purchase 10,00,000 kilograms of
copper in accordance with its expected usage requirements.
The contract permits XYZ to take physical delivery of the copper at the end of 12 months or
to pay or receive a net settlement in cash, based on the change in fair value of copper. Is the
contract covered under Financial Instruments standard?
Solution:
The above contract needs to be evaluated to determine whether it falls within the scope of
the financial instruments standards. The contract is a derivative instrument because there is
no initial net investment, the contract is based on the price of copper and it is to be settled
at a future date.
However, if XYZ intends to settle the contract by taking delivery and has no history for
similar contracts of settling net in cash, or of taking delivery of the copper and selling it
within a short period after delivery for the purpose of generating a profit from short term
fluctuations in price or dealer's margin, the contract is not accounted for as a derivative
under Ind AS 109.
Instead, it is accounted for as an executory contract and if it becomes onerous then Ind AS
37 would apply.

Compound Financial Instruments:

The issuer of a non-derivative financial instrument shall evaluate the terms of the financial
instrument to determine whether it contains both a liability and an equity component.
An entity recognises separately the components of a financial instrument that:
(a) creates a financial liability of the entity and
(b) grants an option to the holder of the instrument to convert it into an equity instrument
of the entity.
For example: A bond or similar instrument convertible by the holder into a fixed number of
ordinary shares of the entity is a compound financial instrument.

Accounting treatment:
Step I: Determines the carrying amount of the liability component by measuring the fair
value of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component
Step II: The carrying amount of the equity instrument represented by the option to convert
the instrument into ordinary shares is then determined by deducting the fair value of the
financial liability from the fair value of the compound financial instrument as a whole
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Illustration 14:
On 1 April, 2015, Delta Ltd. issued Rs. 30,00,000, 6 % convertible debentures of face value of
Rs. 100 per debenture at par. The debentures are redeemable at a premium of 10% on
31.03.19 or these may be converted into ordinary shares at the option of the holder, the
interest rate for equivalent debentures without conversion rights would have been 10%.
Being compound financial instrument, you are required to separate equity and debt portion
as on 01.04.15.
Solution:
Computation of Equity and Debt Component of Convertible Debentures as on 1.4.15:
Present value of the principal repayable after four years 22,44,000
[33,00,000 x .680 at 10% Discount factor]
Present value of Interest 5,70,600
[1,80,000 x 3.17 (4 years cumulative 10% discount factor)]
Value of debt component 28,14,600
Value of equity component 1,85,400_
Proceeds of the issue 30,00,000

Treasury Shares (Entity’s Own Equity Instruments):

- An entity’s own equity instruments are not recognised as a financial asset regardless of the
reason for which they are reacquired.
- If an entity reacquires its own equity instruments, those instruments (‘treasury shares’)
shall be deducted from equity.
- No gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or
cancellation of an entity’s own equity instruments.
Example:
A Limited buys back 1,00,000 of its own equity shares in the market for Rs. 5 per share. The
shares will be held as treasury shares to enable A Limited to satisfy its obligations under its
employee share option scheme. The following entry will be made to recognise the purchase
of the treasury shares as a deduction from equity:
Dr Equity Rs. 5,00,000
Cr Cash Rs. 5,00,000

Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains:

 Interest, dividends, losses and gains relating to a financial instrument or a component
that is a financial liability shall be recognised as income or expense in profit or loss.
 Distributions to holders of an equity instrument shall be recognised by the entity directly
in equity.
 Transaction costs of an equity transaction shall be accounted for as a deduction from
equity.
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Illustration 15:
Entity B places its privately held ordinary shares that are classified as equity with a stock
exchange and simultaneously raises new capital by issuing new ordinary shares on the stock
exchange. Transaction costs are incurred in respect of both transactions. Determine the
treatment of the incurred transactions costs?
Solution: Since the issue of new shares is the issue of an equity instrument, but the placing
of the existing equity instruments with the exchange is not, the transaction costs will need
to be allocated between the two transactions.
Transaction costs in respect of the new shares issued will be recognised in equity whereas
the transaction costs incurred in placing the existing shares with the stock exchange will be
recognised in profit or loss.

Illustration 16:
An entity issues a non-redeemable callable subordinated bond with a fixed 6% coupon. The
coupon can be deferred in perpetuity at the issuer’s option. The issuer has a history of
paying the coupon each year and the current bond price is predicated on the holders
expectation that the coupon will continue to be paid each year. In addition the stated policy
of the issuer is that the coupon will be paid each year, which has been publicly
communicated. Evaluate?
Solution: Although there is both pressure on the issuer to pay the coupon, to maintain the
bond price, and a constructive obligation to pay the coupon, there is no contractual
obligation to do so. Therefore the bond is classified as an equity instrument.

Illustration 17:
A zero coupon bond is an instrument where no interest is payable during the instrument's
life and that is normally issued at a deep discount to the value at which it will be redeemed.
Evaluate?
Solution: Although there are no mandatory periodic interest payments, the instrument
provides for mandatory redemption by the issuer for a determinable amount at a fixed or
determinable future date. Since there is a contractual obligation to deliver cash for the value
at which the bond will be redeemed, the instrument is classified as a financial liability.

Offsetting a Financial Asset and a Financial Liability:

A financial asset and a financial liability shall be offset and the net amount presented in the
balance sheet when, and only when, an entity:

Example: Company X owes Company Y Rs.20 million at the end of 31 March. As part of
another contract, Company Y owes Company X Rs.15 million at 31 March. Company X has
the legal right to set off the asset and liability but historically, Company X has settled one
month after Company Y settles. Can Company X offset the asset and liability?
No, since Company X cannot demonstrate the intention to settle net or simultaneously for
all payments.
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Miscellaneous Illustrations:
Illustration 18:
XYZ ltd grants loans to its employees at 4% amounting to Rs. 10,00,000 at the beginning of
2015-16. The principal amount is repaid over a period of 5 years whereas the accumulated
interest computed on reducing balance at simple interest is collected in 2 equal annual
instalments after collection of the principal amount.
Assume the benchmark interest rate is 8%.
Show the accounting entries on 1-4-2015 and 31-3-2016.
Solution:
Computation of Fair Value at Initial Recognition

Working Notes:
Computation of Interest to be paid on 31/3/2021 and 31/3/2022

Computation of Fair Value Loss

Journal Entry at Initial Recognition:

Note: Employee benefit is transferred to Statement of Profit and Loss.

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Computation of Interest on Amortised Cost

Journal Entry on 31/3/2016:

Note: Similar entries would be done at the end of each year.

Illustration 19:
ABC Ltd. Issued Debentures amounting to Rs. 100 lacs.
As per the terms of the issue it has been agreed to issue equity shares amounting to Rs. 150
lacs to redeem the debentures at the end of 3rd year.
Assume comparable market yield is 10% for year 0 and 1, and 10.5% for Year 2 end. Show
accounting entries
Solution:
Value of Debentures to be recorded at initial:
Present Value of 150 lacs at 10%
= 150 lacs x PVIF (10% at the end of 3rd year)
= 150 lacs x 0.7513
= 112,69,500

Journal Entries at Inception

Journal Entries at 1st Year End

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Journal Entries at 2nd Year End:

Working Note: Present Value of 150 lacs at 10.5% compared to Book Value
i.e. 150 lacs x 0.905 = 135,75,000 compared to 123,96,450 = 11,78,550

Journal Entries at 3rd Year End:

Working Note: Present Value of 150 lacs at 10.5% compared to Book Value
i.e. 150 lacs x 1 = 150,00,000 compared to 135,75,000 = 14,25,000

On conversion to Equity Shares:

Illustration 20:
As point of staff welfare measures, Y Co. Ltd. has contracted to lend to its employees sums
of money at 5 percent per annum rate of interest. The amounts lent are to be repaid along-
with the interest in five equal annual instalments. The market rate of interest is 10 per cent
per annum. Y lent Rs. 16,00,000 to its employees on 1st January, 2015. Following the
principles of recognition and measurement as laid down in Ind AS 109, you are required to
record the entries for the year ended 31st December, 2015 for the transaction and also
calculate the value of the loan initially to be recognized and the amortized cost for all the
subsequent years. For purposes of calculation, the following discount factors at interest rate
of 10 percent may be adopted. At the end of year:
1. 909
2. 827
3. 751
4. 683
5. 620

Solution: (i) Calculation of initial recognition amount of loan to employees:

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(ii) Calculation of amortised cost of loan to employees:

* Rs. 3,05,083 x 10% = Rs. 30,508. The difference of Rs. 409 (Rs. 30,917 – Rs. 30,508) is due
to approximation in computation.

(iii) Journal Entries in the books of Y Ltd.

For the year ended 31st December, 2015 (regarding loan to employees)
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Illustration 21:
K Ltd. issued 5,00,000, 6% Convertible Debentures of Rs. 10 each on the 1st April 2015. The
debentures are due for redemption on 31st March, 2019 at a premium of 10% convertible
into equity shares to the extent of 50% and the balance to be settled in cash to the
debenture holders. The interest rate on equivalent debentures without conversion rights
was 10%. You are required to separate the debt & equity components at the time of the
issue and show the accounting entry in the company's books at initial recognition.

The following Present Values of Rs. 1 at 6% and at 10% are supplied to you.

Solution:
Computation of Debt Component of Convertible Debentures as on 1.4.2015

Journal entry at initial recognition

Illustration 22:
Look-Like Investments Ltd. deals in Equity Derivatives. Their current portfolio comprises of
the following instruments:
K-Tech Rs. 2800 Call Expiry June 2016, 1000 unit bought at Rs. 167 each (cost)
K- Tech Rs. 2900 Call Expiry June 2016, 1800 unit bought at Rs. 103 each (cost)
K-Tech Rs. 2700 Put Expiry June 2016, 2000 unit bought at Rs. 68 each (cost).
What will be the profit or loss to Look-Like Investments Ltd. in the following situations?
(i) K-Tech closes on the expiry day at Rs. 3,020
(ii) K-Tech closes on the expiry day at Rs. 2,900
(iii) K-Tech closes on the expiry day at Rs. 2,540
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Solution:

Illustration 23:

Solution:
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Illustration 24:
A company borrowed a sum of Rs. 85 lakhs for its expansion. The terms of loan were as
follows:
(i) Tenure of the loan will be 10 years.
(ii) Interest is payable @ 12% p.a. and the principal is repayable at the end of 10th year.
The company defaulted in the payment of interest for the year 4, 5 and 6.
A loan reschedule agreement took place at the end of 7th year. As per the agreement the
company is required to pay Rs. 150 lakhs at the end of 8th year.
You are required to calculate the additional amount to be paid on account of rescheduling
and also the book value of the loan at the end of 8th year when reschedule took place
assuming that interest will be compounded in case of default.
Solution
Outstanding Amount at the end of 8th year = Rs. 85,00,000 x 1.12 x 1.12 x 1.12 x 1.12 x 1.12
= Rs. 1,49,79,904 (i.e. adding interest for 4th to 8th year)
Rescheduled amount to be paid at the end of the 8th year = Rs. 1,50,00,000
Additional amount to be paid on rescheduling = Rs. 1,50,00,000 - Rs. 1,49,79,904
= Rs. 20,096.
At the end of the 8th year, book value of loan will become Nil.
Note: In the above solution it is assumed that interest due for the 7th and 8th year have
also not been paid.
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Major Changes in Ind AS 32 vis-à-vis IAS 32: Resulting in Carve out/carve in

Ind AS IAS
In Ind AS 32, an exception has been included As per accounting treatment prescribed under
to the definition of "financial liability", IAS 32, equity conversion option in case of
whereby conversion option in a convertible foreign currency denominated convertible
bond denominated in foreign currency to bonds is considered a derivative liability which
acquire a fixed number of entity’s own is embedded in the bond. Gains or losses
equity instruments is classified as an equity arising on account of change in fair value of the
instrument if the exercise price is fixed in any derivative need to be recognised in the
currency. statement of profit and loss as per IAS 32.

Reasons: This treatment as per IAS 32 is not appropriate in instruments, such as, FCCBs since
the number of shares convertible on the exercise of the option remains fixed and the amount
at which the option is to be exercised in terms of foreign currency is also fixed; merely the
difference in the currency should not affect the nature of derivative, i.e., the option. Further,
the fair value of the option is based on the fair value of the share prices of the company. If
there is decrease in the share price, the fair value of derivative liability would also decrease
which would result in recognition of gain in the statement of profit and loss. This would bring
unintended volatility in the statement of profit and loss due to volatility in share prices. This
will also not give a true and fair view of the liability as in this situation, when the share prices
fall, the option will not be exercised. However, it has been considered that if such option is
classified as equity, fair value changes would not be required to be recognised. Accordingly,
the exception has been made in definition of financial liability in Ind AS 32.
Not Resulting in Carve out: Presentation of Dividends:
Ind AS IAS
This requirement is not provided in Ind AS 32 consequential IAS 32 requires presentation of
to the removal of option regarding two statement dividends classified as an
approach in Ind AS 1. Ind AS 1 requires that the expense in the separate income
components of profit or loss and components of other statement, where separate
comprehensive income shall be presented as a part of the income statement is presented.
statement of profit and loss.
Major Change in Ind AS 107 vis-à-vis IFRS 7 Not Resulting in Carve Out:
Particulars Ind AS IFRS
Disclosure of description This requirement is not provided IFRS 7 requires disclosure
of Gains and Losses in Ind AS 107 consequential to the of description of gains
presented in the Separate removal of option regarding two and losses presented in
Income Statement statement approach in Ind AS 1 as the separate income
compared to IAS 1. Ind AS 1 statement, where
requires that the components of separate income
profit or loss and components of statement is presented.
other comprehensive income shall
be presented as a part of the
statement of profit and loss