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Earth Processes: Geomorphology Overview

The core of the Earth is made up of iron and nickel, with an outer liquid core and inner solid core. Heat from radioactive decay and residual formation energy maintains the Earth's temperature. Geomorphic processes shape the Earth's surface through endogenous internal forces like earthquakes, volcanoes, and magma; and exogenous external forces like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition. Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plate movement, while volcanic eruptions release magma at the Earth's surface in effusive or explosive events depending on gas content. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical, chemical, and biological processes.

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Hazel Reyes
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6 views2 pages

Earth Processes: Geomorphology Overview

The core of the Earth is made up of iron and nickel, with an outer liquid core and inner solid core. Heat from radioactive decay and residual formation energy maintains the Earth's temperature. Geomorphic processes shape the Earth's surface through endogenous internal forces like earthquakes, volcanoes, and magma; and exogenous external forces like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition. Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plate movement, while volcanic eruptions release magma at the Earth's surface in effusive or explosive events depending on gas content. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Uploaded by

Hazel Reyes
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

EARTH SCIENCE

EARTH PROCESSES (GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES)

THE CORE
 The core of the Earth made up of Iron and Nickel
 Outer Core – composed of liquid Iron and Nickel
 Inner Core – composed mostly of solid Iron
 The source of Heat:
o Residual Heat – thermal energy left over from the formation of Earth via bombardment
and accretion.
o Radioactive Decay – the release of energy and energetic particles from radioactive
materials heats up surrounding particles

GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES
- Physical processes which create and modify landforms on the surface of the earth.
 Endogenous (Endogenic) [Link] (Exogenic) Processes

A. Endogenic Processes (Internal Origin)


 Processes driven by the internal heat of the Earth
 Mountain building processes.

EARTHQUAKES
• Earthquakes occur as a result of moving tectonic plates. The main cause is when the pressure
from two pushing rocks become too much, and one breaks.
• FACTS:
• Most earthquakes occur in the “ring of fire”
• The strongest earthquake ever recorded had a magnitude of 9.5
• There are at least one earthquake per year with a magnitude of 8.0 or higher on
average
• There are at least 500,000 earthquakes per year
• The longest recorded earthquake lasted for 10 minutes

VOLCANIC ERUPTION
• Volcanoes are considered as Earth's geologic architects.
• Effusive eruptions
- magma is less viscous
- allows gas to escape and the magma to flows down the volcano's slopes.
• Explosive eruptions
- viscous molten rock traps the gasses, building pressure until it violently breaks free.
Magma
• Magma is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth.
• When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava.
How Magma Forms?
• Magma forms when rocks reach temperature high enough to melt them and or the pressure is
lesser.
Types of Magma
• Mafic Magma- it erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earth’s
surface as lava.
• Intermediate Magma- this more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools
as andesite rock.
• Felsic Magma- its high silica content causes it to be viscous or sticky, so eruptions of it tend to
be violent and messy.
B. Exogenic Processes (External Origin)
• Processes driven by the energy in sunlight.
• Mountain destroying processes.
WEATHERING
 Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of
the Earth.
 Types of Weathering:
1) Physical or Mechanical Weathering - no change in chemical composition of
rocks
2) Chemical Weathering - changes the molecular structure of rocks and soil.
Types:
1. Oxidation - chemical union of oxygen atoms with another substance
to create a new product.
2. Solution and Carbonation - rock-forming minerals dissolve in water-
solution.
- carbon-dioxide and water molecules reacting with in decomposing
rock material - carbonation.
3. Hydrolysis - a new solution (a mixture of two or more substances) is
formed as chemicals in rock interact with water.
2) Biological Weathering - plants and animals contribute to weathering.

EROSION and TRANSPORTATION


• Erosion is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and moved
elsewhere by gravity, or by a moving transport agent .
• Mass wasting is the large movement of rock, soil and debris downward due to the
force of gravity.
• Transportation refers to the processes by which the sediment is moved along.

DEPOSITION
• Rock particles are deposited somewhere else --the final step in the erosional-
depositional system.

Prepared By:

April Mae L. Torres, LPT

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