JIB 115 PLANT DIVERSITY

T1b 31 January 2019, Thursday, 12-1 pm

Chapter 4-Tissues

Course Manager:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazirah Ahmad Azli
E-mail:nazirah@[Link]
Tel:04-6534556

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Microscope We l e a d
Microscope We l e a d
Leaf Quiz We l e a d
 CELLS We l e a d

 Cells discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

 Cell Theory was generally developed around
1838 by Schleiden and Schwann.
◦ All living organisms are composed of cells and cells
form a unifying structural basis of organization.
 Development in microscopy aids in the study
of cells: Light→Compound & Dissecting,
Electron→TEM,SEM,STM
Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells We l e a d

• Prokaryotic - Cells lacking a nucleus.

• Eukrayotic - Cells containing a nucleus.
– Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies
found within eukaryotic cells.
• Difference between plant & animal cell
CELL STRUCTURE We l e a d
Chapter 4-Tissues
 Outline We l e a d

• Organs and Tissues

• Meristematic Tissues
– Apical Meristems
– Lateral Meristems
– Intercalary Meristems
• Tissues Produced by Meristems
– Simple Tissues
– Complex Tissues
 Organs and Tissues We l e a d

• Plants have three or four major groups of organs:

– Roots
– Stems
– Leaves
– Flowers

• Each organ is composed of tissues.

– A tissue is a group of cells performing a similar
function.
– There may be more than one tissue per organ.
 Meristematic Tissues
Apical Meristems We l e a d

• Meristems - Permanent regions of growth and

active cell division
• Apical Meristems - Found at the tips of roots
and shoots
– Roots and shoots increase in length as the apical
meristems produce new cells (= primary growth).
 Meristematic Tissues
Apical Meristems We l e a d

Primary meristems develop

from apical meristems.
• Protoderm
• Ground Meristem
• Procambium
Primary meristems produce
primary tissues. Longitudinal axis of a
plant showing the
location of meristems
 Meristematic Tissues
Lateral Meristems We l e a d

• Lateral Meristems - Produce secondary tissues

that increase the girth of roots and stems (=
secondary growth)
– Vascular Cambium - Produces tissues that
function primarily in support and conduction.
• Composed of a thin cylinder of brick-shaped cells that
extends the length of stems and roots
– Cork Cambium - Lies outside vascular cambium
just inside the outer bark
• Produces bark
 Meristematic Tissues
Intercalary Meristems We l e a d

• Grasses and related plants do not have

vascular cambium nor cork cambium.
– They have intercalary meristems.
– Intercalary Meristems
• In vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment area)
• Add to stem length
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Simple Tissues We l e a d

 Simple Tissues - Consist of only one kind of cell

 Parenchyma - Composed of parenchyma cells
Parenchyma cells:
-Thin, pliable walls
-Usually 14-sided at maturity
-Living cytoplasm, often
containing large vacuoles and
various secretions
-May remain alive a long time Parenchyma cells
-Have spaces between them
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Simple Tissues We l e a d

– Types of parenchyma tissue and cells:

• Aerenchyma - Parenchyma tissue with extensive connected
air spaces, usually in aquatic plants
• Chlorenchyma - Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts
that function in photosynthesis
• Transfer cells - Develop irregular extensions of inner wall
that greatly increase surface area of plasma membrane
– Nectaries of flowers
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Simple Tissues We l e a d

• Collenchyma tissue -
Contains collenchyma cells
– Collenchyma cells:
• Living cytoplasm
• May remain alive a long time
• Cell walls thick, with uneven Collenchyma cells
thickness
• Pliable and strong, thus
providing flexible support
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Simple Tissues We l e a d

• Sclerenchyma tissue - Contains sclerenchyma

cells
– Sclerenchyma cells:
• Thick, tough, secondary walls, normally impregnated
with lignin
• Dead at maturity
• Function in support
• Two types:
– sclereids
– fibers
Tissues Produced By Meristems
Simple Tissues We l e a d

o Sclereids
• Stone Cells
• Scattered in tissue
• Cells as long as wide
Sclerids
Tissues Produced By Meristems
Simple Tissues We l e a d

– Fibers
– Much longer than wide and contain lumen (tiny cavity)

Fibres in cross section and longitudinal section

 We l e a d

Sclereids
Parenchyma cells

Collenchyma cells Fibres

 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

• Complex tissues - Composed of two or more

kinds of cells
– Vascular tissues include xylem and phloem.
• Xylem - Chief conducting tissue for water and
minerals that are absorbed by the roots
– Composed of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels,
tracheids and ray cells
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

– Vessels – Long tubes

made of vessel elements
• Vessel elements:
– Thick secondary cell walls
Vessel
– Open at both ends elements
– Secondary walls develop
irregularly
– Perforation plate between
end walls

Spiral
thickenings
on vessel walls
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

• Tracheids
• Tapered at the ends with pairs of
pits that allow water to pass
from cell to cell
– Pits - Areas without secondary cell
Tracheids
• Dead at maturity Tracheids

• Thick secondary cell walls

• May have spiral thickenings on
cell walls
• Rays - Function in lateral
conduction and food storage
– Composed of long-lived
parenchyma cells
 We l e a d

Tracheids & Vessel elements

 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

 Phloem - Conducts dissolved food

materials produced by photosynthesis
throughout plant
• Composed of sieve tube members, companion
cells, fibers, parenchyma cells and ray cells
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

• Sieve Tube Members:

• Lack secondary cell walls and nuclei
• Lay end to end to form sieve tubes
• Walls have sieve plates with small pores
• Callose forms callus plug - Prevents leaking of sieve tube
contents when cell injured

• Companion cells - Aid in conduction of food

Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues
We l e a d

Phloem
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

• Epidermis- Protective layer that is one cell-layer thick covering all plant organs
Composed mostly of parenchyma cells, guard cells of stomata, secretory glands
and hairs

Cross section of a
leaf showing thick
cuticle secreted by
the epidermis
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

– Cutin - Fatty substance on the surface of outer walls

of epidermis that forms cuticle
• Wax secreted on cuticle
• Cuticle and wax prevent water loss by evaporation
– Resistant to bacteria and other disease organisms
– Root epidermal cells produce root hairs.
• Increase absorptive area of root surface
– Leaves have stomata bordered by pairs of guard cells.
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

 Periderm - Replaces epidermis when cork

cambium begins producing new tissue
– Constitutes outer bark
– Primarily composed of cork cells
• Dead at maturity
• While still alive, cytoplasm secretes
suberin (fatty substance) into walls.
– Makes cork cells waterproof and helps protect phloem

• Lenticels - Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells

formed by cork cambium that protrude through the
surface of periderm. Allows for gaseous exchange.
 We l e a d

Pockets of tissue that protrude through the

surface of periderm. Function in gas exchange
between the air & the interior of the stem
 Tissues Produced By Meristems
Complex Tissues We l e a d

• Secretory Cells and Tissue

– Secretory cells may function individually or as part
of a secretory tissue.
• Flower nectar
• Citrus oils
• Glandular hair mucilage
• Latex
• Resins
 Review We l e a d

• Organs and Tissues

• Meristematic Tissues
– Apical Meristems
– Lateral Meristems
– Intercalary Meristems
• Tissues Produced by Meristems
– Simple Tissues
– Complex Tissues
 Thank you

Presented by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazirah Ahmad Azli, Biology Section, School of
Distance Education USM