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FM-Frequency Modulation PM - Phase Modulation: EELE445-14

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), including their complex envelopes, transmitted angle-modulated signals, instantaneous frequency, modulation constants, and differences between FM and PM. Bessel functions are used to describe the spectrum of FM and PM signals with sinusoidal modulation.

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Muh Nur Fauzi
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7 views27 pages

FM-Frequency Modulation PM - Phase Modulation: EELE445-14

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), including their complex envelopes, transmitted angle-modulated signals, instantaneous frequency, modulation constants, and differences between FM and PM. Bessel functions are used to describe the spectrum of FM and PM signals with sinusoidal modulation.

Uploaded by

Muh Nur Fauzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FM- Frequency Modulation

PM - Phase Modulation

EELE445-14
Lecture 30

DSB-SC, AM, FM and PM


DSB - SC Complex Envelope : g (t ) = Ac m(t )

AM Complex Envelope : g (t ) = Ac (1 + m(t ) )

SSB - SC Complex Envelope : g (t ) = Ac [m(t ) ± jmˆ (t )]

jD p m ( t )
PM Complex Envelope : g (t ) = Ac e

jD f ∫−t ∞ m (σ ) dσ
FM Complex Envelope : g (t ) = Ac e

1
FM and PM

g (t ) = R(t )e jθ ( t ) = Ac e jθ ( t ) Complex Envelope


R (t ) = g (t ) = Ac the real envelope is a constant
→ power is constant

Transmitted angle - modulated signal :


[ ]
s (t ) = Re g (t )e jωct = Ac cos[ωct + θ (t )]

FM and PM

Transmitted angle - modulated signal :


[ ]
s(t ) = Re g (t )e jωct = Ac cos[ωc t + θ (t )]
for PM : θ (t ) = D p m(t )
rad
D p ≡ phase sensitivity or modulation constant
volt
t
for FM : θ (t ) = D f ∫ m(σ )dσ
−∞

rad
D f ≡ frequency deviation or modulation constant
volt − sec
Hz
D f = 2π
volt

2
FM and PM

Relationship between mf(t) and mp(t):

D p ⎡ dm p (t ) ⎤
m f (t ) =
D f ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦
Df t
m p (t ) =
Dp ∫ −∞
m f (σ )dσ

Figure 5–8 Angle modulator circuits. RFC = radio-frequency choke.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

3
Figure 5–8 Angle modulator circuits. RFC = radio-frequency choke.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

Instantaneous Frequency
s(t ) = R(t ) cosψ (t )
= Ac cosψ (t ) FM or PM
= Ac cos(ωct + θ (t ))

The instantaneous frequency in Hz is :


•
1 1 ⎡ dψ (t ) ⎤ θ (t )
f i (t ) = ωi (t ) = = f +
2π 2π ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦ 2π
c

4
FM and PM differences
PM: instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier
phase is proportional to the amplitude of m(t)
θ ( t ) = D p m ( t ) radians
radians •Modulation Constant
D p in • Modulation sensitivity
volt • Phase sensitivity

Instantaneous phase in radians : ψ (t ) = ωct + θ (t ) = ωct + D p m(t )

• •
dψ (t ) θ (t ) D m(t )
Instantaneous frequency in Hz : f i (t ) = = fc + = fc + p
2πdt 2π 2π

FM and PM differences
FM: instantaneous frequency deviation from
the carrier frequency is proportional to m(t)
t
θ ( t ) = D f ∫ m (α ) d α radians
−∞
radians
D f in
volt − sec
t
The instantaneous phase in radians : ψ (t ) = ωct + θ (t ) = ωct + D f ∫ m(α )dα
−∞

•
dψ (t ) θ (t ) D m(t )
The instantaneous frequency in Hz : f i (t ) = = fc + = fc + f
2πdt 2π 2π

5
FM and PM differences
FM: instantaneous frequency deviation from
the carrier frequency is proportional to m(t)

1 • 1
f d (t ) ≡ f i (t ) − f c = θ (t ) = D f m (t )
2π 2π

radians
Dp = K p ⇒
Modulation volt
Constants rad Hz
Df = K f ⇒ = 2π
volt − sec volt

FM
1 ⎡ dθ ( t ) ⎤
frequency deviation ≡ f d (t ) = f i (t ) − f c =
2π ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦
⎧ 1 ⎡ dθ (t ) ⎤ ⎫ 1
peak frequency deviation ≡ ΔF = max ⎨ ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦ ⎬ = 2π D f V p
⎩ 2π ⎭
V p = max[m(t )]
ΔF
frequency modulation index ≡ β f = B is the bandwidth of m(t)
B

6
PM and digital modulation
phase deviation ≡ θ (t )
peak phase deviation ≡ Δθ = max[θ (t )] = D pV p
V p = max[m(t )]
phase modulation index ≡ βp = Δθ

note :
when m(t) is a sinusoidal signal set such that the PM and
FM signals have the same peak frequency deviation, then β p = β f

For Digital signals the modulation index :


2 Δθ
h≡
π
where 2Δθ is the pk - pk phase change in one symbol duration, Ts

Figure 5–9 FM with a sinusoidal baseband modulating signal.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

7
Figure 5–9 FM with a sinusoidal baseband modulating signal.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

FM from PM and PM from FM

8
FM/PM s(t) waveforms

FM and PM with m(t)=cos(2πfm


Let

For PM

For FM

Define the modulation indices:

9
FM and PM Signals
Define the modulation indices:

FM and PM Signals
Then

10
Spectrum Characteristics of FM

• FM/PM is exponential modulation


Let φ ( t ) = β sin( 2π f m t )

u ( t ) = Ac cos( 2π f c t + β sin( 2π f m t ))
(
= Re Ac e j ( 2πf c t + β sin( 2πf m t )) )
u(t) is periodic in fm
we may therefore use the Fourier series

Spectrum Characteristics of FM

• FM/PM is exponential modulation


u ( t ) = Ac cos( 2π f c t + β sin( 2π f m t ))
(
= Re Ac e j ( 2πf c t + β sin( 2πf m t )) )
u(t) is periodic in fm
we may therefore use the Fourier series

11
Spectrum with Sinusoidal Modulation

g (t ) = e jβ sin(2πf mt )
u(t) is periodic in fm
we may therefore use the Fourier series

Jn Bessel Function

12
Jn Bessel Function

TABLE 5–2 FOUR-PLACE VALUES OF


THE BESSEL FUNCTIONS Jn (β)

13
TABLE 5–3 ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS:
VALUES FOR β WHEN Jn(β) = 0

Figure 5–11 Magnitude spectra for FM or PM with sinusoidal modulation


for various modulation indexes.

Ac J 1 ( β = 1) cos( 2π ( f c + 1 f1 )t )
Ac J 0 ( β = 1) cos( 2π f c t )
Ac J −1 ( β = 1) cos( 2π ( f c − 1 f1 )t )

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

14
Figure 5–11 Magnitude spectra for FM or PM with sinusoidal modulation for
various modulation indexes.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

NBFM- Narrowband Frequency Modulation


WBFM - Wideband Frequency
Modulation Carson’s Bandwidth Rule

EELE445-14
Lecture 31

30

15
Narrowband FM
•Only the Jo and J1 terms are significant
•Same Bandwidth as AM
•Using Eulers identity, and φ(t)<<1:

Notice the sidebands are “sin”, not “cos” as in AM

Narrowband FM as a Phaser

AM

NBFM

16
Frequency Multiplication:
Wideband FM from Narrowband FM
si(t) so(t)
ωc (s(t))n n x ωc
βFM n x βFM

so ( t ) = Re( e jφ ( t ) e j 2πf c t ) n = Re( e jnφ ( t ) e j 2πnf c t )


t
n φ ( t ) = nD f ∫ m ( λ )dλ
−∞

β fmout = n β f min
•The Output Carrier frequency = n x fc
•The output modulation index = n x βfm
•The output bandwidth increases according to Carson’s Rule

Effective Bandwidth- Carson’s Rule for


Sine Wave Where
Modulation
β is the modulation
index fm is the sinusoidal
modulation frequency

•Notice for FM, if kfa>> fm, increasing fm does not increase Bc much
•Bc is linear with fm for PM

17
Figure 5–11 Magnitude spectra for FM or PM with sinusoidal modulation for
various modulation indexes.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

Figure 5–11 Magnitude spectra for FM or PM with sinusoidal modulation for


various modulation indexes.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

18
Figure 5–11 Magnitude spectra for FM or PM with sinusoidal modulation
for Various modulation indexes.

Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0

When m(t) is a sum of sine


waves

19
When m(t) is a sum of sine waves

Sideband Power
Signal Amplitude: Ac := 1V

Modulating frequency: fm := 1KHz


Carrier peak deveation: Δf := 2.4KHz

Δf
Modulation index: β :=
fm β = 2.4

∞
Reference equation: x ( t) ∑ ⎡⎣Ac ⋅Jn ( n , β ) ⋅cos ⎡⎣( ω c + n ⋅ω m) ⋅t⎤⎦⎤⎦
n= −∞

2
Ac
Power in the signal: P c := P c = 0.5 W
2 ⋅1 Ω

Carsons rule bandwidth: BW := 2 ⋅( β + 1 ) ⋅fm 3 1


BW = 6.8 × 10
s

Order of significant sidbands predicted by Carsons rule: n := round ( β + 1 )


n= 3

k
( Ac ⋅Jn( n ,β) )2
Power as a function of number of sidebands: P sum( k ) :=
∑ 2 ⋅1 Ω
n= −k

P sum( n)
Percent of power predicted by Carsons rule: ⋅100 = 99.118
Pc

20
Power vs Bandwidth
PERCENT OF TOTAL POWER
100

P sum ( k)
⋅ 100 50
Pc

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
k

Sideband Power β=2.4

k := 0 .. 10
J k := Jn ( k , β ) β = 2.4
P k := ( Jk)
2

n= 3

0 0
0 2.508·10 -3 0 6.288·10-6 n

∑
1 0.52 1 0.271
P0 + 2 ⋅ P j = 0.991
2 0.431 2 0.186
3 0.198 3 0.039 j= 1
J = 4 0.064 P = 4 4.135·10-3
5 0.016 5 2.638·10-4
6 3.367·10 -3 6 1.134·10-5
7 5.927·10 -4 7 3.513·10-7
8 9.076·10 -5 8 8.237·10-9
9 1.23·10 -5 9 1.513·10 -10
10 1.496·10 -6 10 2.238·10 -12

21
Sideband Power β=0.1

j := 0 .. 5 β := 0.1
n := 1
V j := Jn ( j , β )
U j := ( V j)
2

⎛⎜ 0.998 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 0.995 ⎞⎟
⎜ 0.05 ⎟ ⎜ 2.494 × 10 − 3 ⎟ n
⎜ −3⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.249 × 10 ⎟ ⎜ 1.56 × 10 − 6 ⎟
U0 + 2 ⋅
∑ Uj = 1
V = ⎜ −5⎟ U = ⎜ ⎟ j= 1
⎜ 2.082 × 10 ⎟ ⎜ 4.335 × 10 − 10 ⎟
⎜ −7⎟ ⎜ − 14
⎟
⎜ 2.603 × 10 ⎟ ⎜ 6.775 × 10 ⎟
⎜ 2.603 × 10 − 9 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠

Sideband Power β=0.6

β := 0.6 n := 1

W j := Jn ( j , β )
X j := ( W j)
2

⎛ 0.912 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 0.832 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
n
⎜
⎜
0.287
⎟
⎟
⎜
0.082
−3 ⎟
X0 + 2 ⋅
∑ X j = 0.996
0.044
⎜ 1.907 × 10 ⎟ j= 1
W = ⎜ −3
⎟ X = ⎜ −5 ⎟
⎜ 4.4 × 10 ⎟ ⎜ 1.936 × 10 ⎟
⎜ −4 ⎟ ⎜ −7 ⎟
⎜ 3.315 × 10 ⎟ ⎜ 1.099 × 10
⎟
⎜ −5 ⎟ ⎜ 3.979 × 10 − 10 ⎟
⎝ 1.995 × 10 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

22
filename: [Link]
avo 09/21/04 FM/PM modulation index: set to π /2 for peak
last edit date:2/27/07 phase dev of π /2
set to Δ f/fm for frequency modulation. spectrum
Ac := 1 is the same for sinewave
4 79 modulation.
fc := 0 ⋅10

0
Fm := 10 Modulating frequency- single sinewave
x
M :=
10
n := round( M + 1) 2 * n is the number of significant sidebands per Carsons rule
Bandwidth:= 2 ⋅n⋅Fm
n=9 Modulation_index:= M

⎡ n ⎤
( ) ∑
Si( f) := Ac ⋅⎢ ( J0 ( M) ) ⋅δ f , fc +
⎢
⎡ Jn( k , M) ⋅δ ⎡f , f + k ⋅Fm ⎤ + ( −1) k⋅Jn( k , M) ⋅δ ⎡f , f − k ⋅Fm ⎤ ⎤ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ (c )⎦ ⎣ (c )⎦ ⎦ ⎥
⎣ k=1 ⎦

(
B( f) := δ ⎡ f , fc + ( n + 0) ⋅Fm⎤ + δ f , fc − n⋅Fm
⎣ ⎦ ) ( )
f := fc − ( n + 1) ⋅Fm , fc − n⋅Fm .. ⎡⎣ fc + ( n + 1) ⋅Fm⎤⎦

Bandwidth = 18 Modulation_index= 7.9

β=.4, Sideband Level =β/2 for Narrowband FM

Single Sided Spectrum


Bessel Functions
1
Modulation_index
0.8
0.8
0.6

0.4
0.6
0.2
Peak Volts

0 0.4
0.2

0.4 0.2

0.6

0.8 0

1
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.2
Carrier J0 2 1 0 1 2
1st Sidebands J1
Spectrum
2nd Sidebands J2

23
β=.9, Sideband Level =β/2 for Narrowband FM
Single Sided Spectrum
Bessel Functions 1
1
Modulation_index
0.8

0.6

0.4
0.5
0.2

Peak Volts
0

0.2

0.4 0

0.6

0.8

1
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.5
Carrier J0 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1st Sidebands J1
Spectrum
2nd Sidebands J2

β=2.4, Carrier Null

Single Sided Spectrum


Bessel Functions 0.6
1

0.8 Modulation_index
0.4
0.6

0.4
0.2
0.2
Peak Volts

0 0
0.2

0.4 0.2

0.6

0.8 0.4

1
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.6
Carrier J0 4 2 0 2 4
1st Sidebands J1
Spectrum
2nd Sidebands J2

24
β=3.8, first sideband null

Single Sided Spectrum


Bessel Functions 0.6
1

0.8 Modulation_index
0.4
0.6

0.4
0.2
0.2

Peak Volts
0 0
0.2

0.4 0.2

0.6

0.8 0.4

1
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.6
Carrier J0 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
1st Sidebands J1
Spectrum
2nd Sidebands J2

β=5.1, second sideband null

Single Sided Spectrum


Bessel Functions 0.4
1

0.8 Modulation_index

0.6
0.2
0.4

0.2
Peak Volts

0 0
0.2

0.4

0.6 0.2

0.8

1
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.4
Carrier J0 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
1st Sidebands J1
Spectrum
2nd Sidebands J2

25
Power vs BW, β=0.1

⎛ 2 n ⎞
P ( M , n) := ⎜ ∑ Jn( k , M) ⎟
J0 ( M) 2 second term includes power in +Jn
+ and power in -Jn, i.e the upper and
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ k=1 ⎠ lower sideband pairs
M = 0.1
% power vs bandwidth
Fm = 1 Hz
n
Bandwidth = 2 Hz
99.99995

99.9999
P ( M , n)
⋅100 = 100
2
P ( M , k) Ac
⋅10099.99985
2 2
Ac
2
99.9998

99.99975

99.9997

99.99965
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
k
Number of Sideband pairs

Power vs BW, β=0.9


⎝ ⎠
M = 0.9
% power vs bandwidth
100 Fm = 1 Hz
n
Bandwidth = 4 Hz

99.5
P ( M , n)
⋅100 = 99.958
2
P ( M , k) Ac
⋅100
2 2
Ac
99
2

98.5

98
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
k
Number of Sideband pairs

26
Power vs BW, β=2.4

⎝ ⎠
M = 2.4
% power vs bandwidth
100 Fm = 1 Hz
n
Bandwidth = 8 Hz

90

P ( M , n)
⋅100 = 99.945
2
P ( M , k) 80 Ac
⋅100
2 2
Ac
2
70

60

50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
k
Number of Sideband pairs

27

Common questions

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Narrowband FM uses minimal bandwidth, similar to that of amplitude modulation (AM), focusing on Jo and J1 sidebands. On the other hand, wideband FM encompasses a broader bandwidth as predicted by Carson's Rule, considering more sidebands. The difference lies in the required transmission bandwidth and the effectiveness of capturing all significant spectral components for different applications .

Phase modulation can be derived from frequency modulation by considering the integrals and derivatives of the phase or frequency deviations over time. The relationship is defined such that the phase deviation in PM equals the integral of the frequency deviation in FM, expressed in terms of equivalent modulation indices. This conversion leverages the mathematical connection where time derivatives/integrals bridge FM and PM .

In FM systems, an increase in modulating frequency does not significantly expand the bandwidth due to its dependence on frequency deviation as dictated by Carson's Rule. However, in PM systems, an increase in modulating frequency results in a linear bandwidth expansion as PM bandwidth directly correlates to changes in modulation frequency. Hence, FM is more efficient at managing high-frequency modulations .

In angle modulator circuits, the radio-frequency choke (RFC) is significant because it helps prevent high-frequency signals from passing through while allowing direct current to flow. It stabilizes the supply to the modulator, minimizing fluctuations that could distort FM or PM signals, ensuring high fidelity and consistent output .

Carson's Rule provides an approximation for the bandwidth that should capture most of the signal power. It indicates that nearly all power is captured by covering two times the sum of the peak deviation and modulating signal frequency. In practice, however, slight discrepancies can occur, as Carson's Rule is an estimate that does not account for power in less significant distant sidebands which can slightly reduce the total captured power compared to theoretical predictions .

In narrowband FM, the sidebands have a sinusoidal shape due to the dependency of FM on the rate of change of the phase of the wave, which sinusoids naturally describe. This contrasts with AM, where the sidebands are determined by the waveform envelope, typically yielding a cosine shape. The FM signal's instantaneous frequency variation translates to sinusoidal modulating signal forms .

The modulation index directly impacts the bandwidth of both narrowband and wideband FM signals. For narrowband FM, the modulation index is small, maintaining the bandwidth close to that of amplitude modulation. Conversely, in wideband FM, as the modulation index increases, the bandwidth expands significantly, encompassing a range as determined by Carson's Rule. This increased bandwidth incorporates more sideband energies leading to fidelity in transmission .

Carson's Rule approximates the bandwidth required for frequency modulated signals by considering both the modulation index and the maximum frequency deviation. The rule is expressed as BW = 2(Δf + fm), where Δf is the peak frequency deviation and fm is the maximum modulating frequency. The application of Carson's Rule indicates that as the modulation index increases, leading to a wider bandwidth, which is significant in wideband FM but less so in narrowband FM, where only the first few sidebands matter .

Bessel functions are critical in determining the amplitude of various sidebands in a frequency modulated (FM) signal. Each sideband of the modulated signal corresponds to a Bessel function of the first kind, and the amplitude for the nth sideband is proportional to Jn(β), where β is the modulation index. This relationship helps predict which sidebands will have significant amplitudes and helps in calculating the total power across the modulated signal spectrum .

FM and PM are related in a way that the modulation indices can be correlated to their peak deviations. For FM, the modulation index is defined using the peak frequency deviation, while for PM it is defined using the peak phase deviation. They are mathematically expressed with respect to the sine wave modulation as β = Δf/fm for FM and β = Δθ for PM. These definitions highlight how both modulations can convert into each other by adjusting frequency or phase sensitivity, where m(t) represents a sinusoidal signal .

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